SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 12
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Smallholder and community forest management in
   the tropics: what we know and where we are going
                Amy Duchelle, Peter Cronkleton, Marina Londres
                             FSC Side Event, Rio+20, 16th June 2012
THINKING beyond the canopy
Why the community-based forest
            management model?
Community-based forestry emerged in the 1970-1990s with goals of
ecologically sustainable management, socioeconomic benefits, local
access to resources (Charnley & Poe 2007)
Model was a reaction to:
- Government-led control over forest resources (with focus on
  industrial and commercial interests) – with degraded forests
  delegated to communities – and resulting struggles of forest
  peoples around the world to defend their forests and forest
  resources (Menzies 2007)
- Mainstreaming of the idea of forest peoples as “stewards of
  biodiversity” and validation of their local environmental
  knowledge and collective institutions for resource management
  (Ostrom 1990, 1999; Berkes et al. 2000; Colchester 2008)
                                                       THINKING beyond the canopy
Who are the smallholders & communities
managing forests and forest resources?




  Timber harvesters                                Charcoal producers
                      NTFP collectors




                                                     Agroforesters
                       Fishermen
      Farmers                           Among many others…
                                           THINKING beyond the canopy
Recent justifications for promotion of
   smallholder and community forestry

• Devolution of forestlands (back) to
communities: now own or manage ¼
of world‟s tropical forests (White &
Martin 2002; Sunderlin et al. 2008)
• Evidence of forest conservation in
community-managed forests (Bray et
al. 2008; Nepstad et al. 2006; Porter-Bolland
et al. 2012)
• Tropical forests contribute ~20% of
the income of the rural poor (Angelsen
et al. forthcoming)
• Successful links to external
governance systems and markets
(certified CFEs) (Wiersum et al. 2011)
                                                THINKING beyond the canopy
What does the community forestry
         model look like in policy?

• Community Forest Enterprises in Mexico (1917 onwards)
• Joint Forest Management in India (1988)
• Extractive Reserves (and other sustainable use protected areas)
   in Brazil (1989)
• Community Forest User Groups in Nepal (1993)
• Community forest concessions in Petén, Guatemala (1994)
• Social Forestry systems in Indonesia (1999)

 All of these models represent variations on co-management
 of forests by local people and the state, with widely differing
 degrees of actual management rights for smallholders and
 communities.
                                                 THINKING beyond the canopy
Case #1: Brazil nut in southwestern
                   Amazon


                             Acre, Brazil




 Madre de Dios, Peru            Pando, Bolivia




• Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) are “forest giants” in mature, upland
  forests of the southwestern Amazon
• Fruits collected ground during the rainy season (January – March)
• Provide livelihood base for thousands of rural producers in the region
  (Duchelle et al. 2011)
                                                           THINKING beyond the canopy
Brazil nut policy vs. reality in Bolivia

• 1996 Forestry Law and Agrarian
  Reform Law (=> devolution of
  rights from private estates to local
  communities)
• 500 ha decree, which undercut
  the traditional tree tenure system
  and resulted in local conflicts
  (Cronkleton et al. 2010), including
  reported Brazil nut thefts by                                         Cronkleton et al. 2010

  members of the same community
   (Duchelle et al. 2011)

• Bolivian technical norms for Brazil nut management (2005) require
  management plans and controversial “no-take zones” that have little to
  do with Brazil nut ecology or local practices
   (Guariguata et al. 2008)

• Economic benefits of organic and Fair Trade certification; FSC
  certification has not gotten off the ground (Duchelle etTHINKING beyond the canopy
                                                           al. forthcoming)
Case #2: Community forestry
           concessions in Petén, Guatemala
                             Radachowsky et al. 2012

• 12 community concessions and 2
  industrial concessions in Multiple-Use
  Zone of Guatemala‟s Maya Biosphere
  Reserve (created in 1990;
  concessions granted 1994-2000)

• Concessions contingent on
  community organization, NGO
  accompaniment, and 3rd party
  certification within 3 years

• Diversity in community concessions
  (residents with forest-based history
  vs. recent immigrants, non-residents)

• FSC cert. of timber in all concessions          M. Guariguata
  and xate palm (Chamaedorea spp) in
  several as of 2008
                                                           THINKING beyond the canopy
Outcomes in the Petén (governance,
          ecological, socio-economic)
                             Radachowsky et al. 2012

Industrial concessions (2)
• Strong governance reflecting well-developed model of private logging
   concessions; minimal deforestation and fire; financial profitability from timber

Non-resident community concessions (6)
• Strong governance - deliberately and voluntarily chose to work together;
  minimal deforestation and fire, income from timber

Resident community concessions with forest-based histories (2)
• Weak governance (poor financial management, internal conflicts, heavy
  external support); minimal deforestation and fire, income from timber and xate

Resident community concessions comprised of recent immigrants (4)
• Weak governance (low initial buy-in for forest management; 2/4 lost
  contracts & other 2 likely to fail, heavy internal conflicts); extremely high
  deforestation - cattle ranches; income from agriculture, cattle, timber
                                                            THINKING beyond the canopy
Cases illustrate key challenges
• Lack of genuine devolution to smallholders and communities
and recognition of customary rights (Larson et al. 2010)
• Discrepancies between legality and smallholders‟ reality in
forest management and land use (Cronkleton et al. 2010;
Radachowsky et al. 2012)

• Difficulties in linking communities to markets (Schmink 2004,
Scherr et al. 2005); heavy subsidies associated with   community
forest management (Humphries et al. 2012), „myth of    self-financing‟
(Radachowsky et al. 2012)




                                                 THINKING beyond the canopy
Where do we need to go?
 Acknowledge the achievements (incl. FSC support for
  smallholders)

 Harmonize forestry policies with local realities
   - recognize local management systems and genuinely devolve
     management authority to local people
   - reduce forest management bureaucracy (don‟t expect communities to
     act like companies)
   - minimize market externalities to increase return to local producers
   - improve dialogue between external actors and local resource users

 Rethink the model for smallholders and communities on
  the forest-farm interface
   - challenge our assumptions (types of forests and products used,
    local engagement in markets, decision making) THINKING beyond the canopy
Smallholder and community forest management in the tropics: what we know and where we are going

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Teaching Forest Stand Dynamics
Teaching Forest Stand DynamicsTeaching Forest Stand Dynamics
Teaching Forest Stand DynamicsEdward Wilson
 
Sustainable Forest Management Techniques by Joe John Ponnezhan
Sustainable Forest Management Techniques by Joe John PonnezhanSustainable Forest Management Techniques by Joe John Ponnezhan
Sustainable Forest Management Techniques by Joe John PonnezhanJoe Ponnezhan
 
Potentiality and constraint of Private Forest in Nepal
 Potentiality and constraint of Private Forest in Nepal Potentiality and constraint of Private Forest in Nepal
Potentiality and constraint of Private Forest in NepalDiveshShrestha1
 
Forest mensuration slide 1
Forest mensuration slide 1Forest mensuration slide 1
Forest mensuration slide 1Vivek Srivastava
 
Module 1 Overview Of Agroforestry Powerpoint Presentation
Module 1   Overview Of Agroforestry  Powerpoint PresentationModule 1   Overview Of Agroforestry  Powerpoint Presentation
Module 1 Overview Of Agroforestry Powerpoint Presentationdszamora
 
Provincial and local forest policy review
Provincial and local forest policy reviewProvincial and local forest policy review
Provincial and local forest policy reviewAnandJha108
 
Joint Forest Management
Joint Forest ManagementJoint Forest Management
Joint Forest ManagementGeo Basil Paul
 
Populus deltoides
Populus deltoidesPopulus deltoides
Populus deltoidesAliNawaz156
 
Forest Products Utilization
Forest Products UtilizationForest Products Utilization
Forest Products UtilizationAbiralAcharya1
 
Session 2.2 homegarden agroforestry for sustainability in sri lanka
Session 2.2 homegarden agroforestry for sustainability in sri lankaSession 2.2 homegarden agroforestry for sustainability in sri lanka
Session 2.2 homegarden agroforestry for sustainability in sri lankaWorld Agroforestry (ICRAF)
 
Silviculture iof (silviculture system)
Silviculture iof (silviculture system)Silviculture iof (silviculture system)
Silviculture iof (silviculture system)Deepak Gautam Tutunga
 
Forest disturbance
Forest disturbanceForest disturbance
Forest disturbanceAnandJha108
 
Role of silviculture in forest management
Role of silviculture in forest managementRole of silviculture in forest management
Role of silviculture in forest managementSyed Zahid Hasan
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Joint forest management
Joint forest management Joint forest management
Joint forest management
 
Teaching Forest Stand Dynamics
Teaching Forest Stand DynamicsTeaching Forest Stand Dynamics
Teaching Forest Stand Dynamics
 
Sustainable Forest Management Techniques by Joe John Ponnezhan
Sustainable Forest Management Techniques by Joe John PonnezhanSustainable Forest Management Techniques by Joe John Ponnezhan
Sustainable Forest Management Techniques by Joe John Ponnezhan
 
Potentiality and constraint of Private Forest in Nepal
 Potentiality and constraint of Private Forest in Nepal Potentiality and constraint of Private Forest in Nepal
Potentiality and constraint of Private Forest in Nepal
 
Forest classification
Forest classificationForest classification
Forest classification
 
Advance silvilculture iof
Advance silvilculture iofAdvance silvilculture iof
Advance silvilculture iof
 
Forest mensuration slide 1
Forest mensuration slide 1Forest mensuration slide 1
Forest mensuration slide 1
 
Module 1 Overview Of Agroforestry Powerpoint Presentation
Module 1   Overview Of Agroforestry  Powerpoint PresentationModule 1   Overview Of Agroforestry  Powerpoint Presentation
Module 1 Overview Of Agroforestry Powerpoint Presentation
 
Silvicultural systems
Silvicultural systemsSilvicultural systems
Silvicultural systems
 
Provincial and local forest policy review
Provincial and local forest policy reviewProvincial and local forest policy review
Provincial and local forest policy review
 
Joint Forest Management
Joint Forest ManagementJoint Forest Management
Joint Forest Management
 
Forest Policy.pptx
Forest Policy.pptxForest Policy.pptx
Forest Policy.pptx
 
Agroforestry
Agroforestry Agroforestry
Agroforestry
 
Populus deltoides
Populus deltoidesPopulus deltoides
Populus deltoides
 
Forest Products Utilization
Forest Products UtilizationForest Products Utilization
Forest Products Utilization
 
Session 2.2 homegarden agroforestry for sustainability in sri lanka
Session 2.2 homegarden agroforestry for sustainability in sri lankaSession 2.2 homegarden agroforestry for sustainability in sri lanka
Session 2.2 homegarden agroforestry for sustainability in sri lanka
 
Silviculture iof (silviculture system)
Silviculture iof (silviculture system)Silviculture iof (silviculture system)
Silviculture iof (silviculture system)
 
Forest disturbance
Forest disturbanceForest disturbance
Forest disturbance
 
Role of silviculture in forest management
Role of silviculture in forest managementRole of silviculture in forest management
Role of silviculture in forest management
 
Forest policy
Forest policyForest policy
Forest policy
 

Ähnlich wie Smallholder and community forest management in the tropics: what we know and where we are going

Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countries
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countriesLessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countries
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countriesCIFOR-ICRAF
 
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countries
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countriesLessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countries
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countriesCIFOR-ICRAF
 
Opportunities and obstacles for smallholder and community forestry in the MAP...
Opportunities and obstacles for smallholder and community forestry in the MAP...Opportunities and obstacles for smallholder and community forestry in the MAP...
Opportunities and obstacles for smallholder and community forestry in the MAP...CIFOR-ICRAF
 
Investment in the sustainable commons conditions for commons based enterprises
Investment in the sustainable commons conditions for commons based enterprisesInvestment in the sustainable commons conditions for commons based enterprises
Investment in the sustainable commons conditions for commons based enterprisesCIFOR-ICRAF
 
Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...
Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...
Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...CIFOR-ICRAF
 
Why managing and restoring tropical forests matter
Why managing and restoring tropical forests matterWhy managing and restoring tropical forests matter
Why managing and restoring tropical forests matterCIFOR-ICRAF
 
The investment effects of forest rights devolution: How community tenure is f...
The investment effects of forest rights devolution: How community tenure is f...The investment effects of forest rights devolution: How community tenure is f...
The investment effects of forest rights devolution: How community tenure is f...IFPRI-PIM
 
Discuss the Changing discourses in policy arena and current status of Nepal.
Discuss the Changing discourses in policy arena and current status of Nepal.Discuss the Changing discourses in policy arena and current status of Nepal.
Discuss the Changing discourses in policy arena and current status of Nepal.Amit Chaudhary
 
Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...
Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...
Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...CIFOR-ICRAF
 
Edmund Barrow, et al.:Governments are Decentralizing Responsibility for Fores...
Edmund Barrow, et al.:Governments are Decentralizing Responsibility for Fores...Edmund Barrow, et al.:Governments are Decentralizing Responsibility for Fores...
Edmund Barrow, et al.:Governments are Decentralizing Responsibility for Fores...Sahel_BeyondForestryLaws
 
Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?
Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?
Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?Robert Nasi
 
Trends in Forest Ownership and Tenure_Indonesia Studies
Trends in Forest Ownership and Tenure_Indonesia StudiesTrends in Forest Ownership and Tenure_Indonesia Studies
Trends in Forest Ownership and Tenure_Indonesia StudiesVince Deschamps
 
The Dynamics of Forests, Livelihoods and Poverty Alleviation Relationships – ...
The Dynamics of Forests, Livelihoods and Poverty Alleviation Relationships – ...The Dynamics of Forests, Livelihoods and Poverty Alleviation Relationships – ...
The Dynamics of Forests, Livelihoods and Poverty Alleviation Relationships – ...IFPRIMaSSP
 
Thinking out of Conservation & Development Boxes in India
Thinking out of Conservation & Development Boxes in India Thinking out of Conservation & Development Boxes in India
Thinking out of Conservation & Development Boxes in India Ashish Kothari
 
Key governance issues and the fate of secondary forests as a tool for large-s...
Key governance issues and the fate of secondary forests as a tool for large-s...Key governance issues and the fate of secondary forests as a tool for large-s...
Key governance issues and the fate of secondary forests as a tool for large-s...CIFOR-ICRAF
 
Governing natural forest regeneration
Governing natural forest regenerationGoverning natural forest regeneration
Governing natural forest regenerationCIFOR-ICRAF
 

Ähnlich wie Smallholder and community forest management in the tropics: what we know and where we are going (20)

Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countries
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countriesLessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countries
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countries
 
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countries
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countriesLessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countries
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countries
 
Opportunities and obstacles for smallholder and community forestry in the MAP...
Opportunities and obstacles for smallholder and community forestry in the MAP...Opportunities and obstacles for smallholder and community forestry in the MAP...
Opportunities and obstacles for smallholder and community forestry in the MAP...
 
Investment in the sustainable commons conditions for commons based enterprises
Investment in the sustainable commons conditions for commons based enterprisesInvestment in the sustainable commons conditions for commons based enterprises
Investment in the sustainable commons conditions for commons based enterprises
 
Tree diversityday2012 guariguata.pptx
Tree diversityday2012 guariguata.pptxTree diversityday2012 guariguata.pptx
Tree diversityday2012 guariguata.pptx
 
Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...
Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...
Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...
 
Why managing and restoring tropical forests matter
Why managing and restoring tropical forests matterWhy managing and restoring tropical forests matter
Why managing and restoring tropical forests matter
 
The investment effects of forest rights devolution: How community tenure is f...
The investment effects of forest rights devolution: How community tenure is f...The investment effects of forest rights devolution: How community tenure is f...
The investment effects of forest rights devolution: How community tenure is f...
 
Discuss the Changing discourses in policy arena and current status of Nepal.
Discuss the Changing discourses in policy arena and current status of Nepal.Discuss the Changing discourses in policy arena and current status of Nepal.
Discuss the Changing discourses in policy arena and current status of Nepal.
 
Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...
Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...
Promoting tree regeneration in Sahel: Why is it so complicated and where do w...
 
upload.pptx
upload.pptxupload.pptx
upload.pptx
 
Edmund Barrow, et al.:Governments are Decentralizing Responsibility for Fores...
Edmund Barrow, et al.:Governments are Decentralizing Responsibility for Fores...Edmund Barrow, et al.:Governments are Decentralizing Responsibility for Fores...
Edmund Barrow, et al.:Governments are Decentralizing Responsibility for Fores...
 
Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?
Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?
Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?
 
Trends in Forest Ownership and Tenure_Indonesia Studies
Trends in Forest Ownership and Tenure_Indonesia StudiesTrends in Forest Ownership and Tenure_Indonesia Studies
Trends in Forest Ownership and Tenure_Indonesia Studies
 
The Dynamics of Forests, Livelihoods and Poverty Alleviation Relationships – ...
The Dynamics of Forests, Livelihoods and Poverty Alleviation Relationships – ...The Dynamics of Forests, Livelihoods and Poverty Alleviation Relationships – ...
The Dynamics of Forests, Livelihoods and Poverty Alleviation Relationships – ...
 
Thinking out of Conservation & Development Boxes in India
Thinking out of Conservation & Development Boxes in India Thinking out of Conservation & Development Boxes in India
Thinking out of Conservation & Development Boxes in India
 
Key governance issues and the fate of secondary forests as a tool for large-s...
Key governance issues and the fate of secondary forests as a tool for large-s...Key governance issues and the fate of secondary forests as a tool for large-s...
Key governance issues and the fate of secondary forests as a tool for large-s...
 
Deepak Gautam iof
Deepak Gautam iofDeepak Gautam iof
Deepak Gautam iof
 
Governing natural forest regeneration
Governing natural forest regenerationGoverning natural forest regeneration
Governing natural forest regeneration
 
Loggers Culture
Loggers CultureLoggers Culture
Loggers Culture
 

Mehr von CIFOR-ICRAF

REDD+ et marche du carbone. Instrument de developpement ou marche de dupes de...
REDD+ et marche du carbone. Instrument de developpement ou marche de dupes de...REDD+ et marche du carbone. Instrument de developpement ou marche de dupes de...
REDD+ et marche du carbone. Instrument de developpement ou marche de dupes de...CIFOR-ICRAF
 
La RDC dans le paysage des projets et des programmes juridictionnels REDD+
La RDC dans le paysage des projets et des programmes juridictionnels REDD+La RDC dans le paysage des projets et des programmes juridictionnels REDD+
La RDC dans le paysage des projets et des programmes juridictionnels REDD+CIFOR-ICRAF
 
Cadre légal et réglementaire du marché carbone en RDC
Cadre légal et réglementaire du marché carbone en RDCCadre légal et réglementaire du marché carbone en RDC
Cadre légal et réglementaire du marché carbone en RDCCIFOR-ICRAF
 
Exploitation minière artisanale, moyens de subsistance et déforestation dans ...
Exploitation minière artisanale, moyens de subsistance et déforestation dans ...Exploitation minière artisanale, moyens de subsistance et déforestation dans ...
Exploitation minière artisanale, moyens de subsistance et déforestation dans ...CIFOR-ICRAF
 
Qu'est-ce qui influence l'efficacité des interventions de conservation des fo...
Qu'est-ce qui influence l'efficacité des interventions de conservation des fo...Qu'est-ce qui influence l'efficacité des interventions de conservation des fo...
Qu'est-ce qui influence l'efficacité des interventions de conservation des fo...CIFOR-ICRAF
 
Industries miniéres et justice climatique en Afrique centrale : étude de droi...
Industries miniéres et justice climatique en Afrique centrale : étude de droi...Industries miniéres et justice climatique en Afrique centrale : étude de droi...
Industries miniéres et justice climatique en Afrique centrale : étude de droi...CIFOR-ICRAF
 
Enjeux de la future politique forestière de la République Démocratique du Congo
Enjeux de la future politique forestière de la République Démocratique du CongoEnjeux de la future politique forestière de la République Démocratique du Congo
Enjeux de la future politique forestière de la République Démocratique du CongoCIFOR-ICRAF
 
Incentive Scheme for Smallholders
Incentive Scheme for Smallholders Incentive Scheme for Smallholders
Incentive Scheme for Smallholders CIFOR-ICRAF
 
Capacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainability
Capacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainabilityCapacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainability
Capacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainabilityCIFOR-ICRAF
 
Monitoring songbirds' online market
Monitoring songbirds' online market Monitoring songbirds' online market
Monitoring songbirds' online market CIFOR-ICRAF
 
Supporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free Coffee
Supporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free CoffeeSupporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free Coffee
Supporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free CoffeeCIFOR-ICRAF
 
Pathways to sustainable trade and system dynamic simulation
Pathways to sustainable trade and system dynamic simulationPathways to sustainable trade and system dynamic simulation
Pathways to sustainable trade and system dynamic simulationCIFOR-ICRAF
 
Cenários de desmatamento para o Brasil Plataforma REDD BRASIL
Cenários de desmatamento para o Brasil Plataforma REDD BRASILCenários de desmatamento para o Brasil Plataforma REDD BRASIL
Cenários de desmatamento para o Brasil Plataforma REDD BRASILCIFOR-ICRAF
 
A Plataforma REDD+ Brasil: contexto
A Plataforma REDD+ Brasil: contexto   A Plataforma REDD+ Brasil: contexto
A Plataforma REDD+ Brasil: contexto CIFOR-ICRAF
 
Research priorities in seagrass ecosystems to enhance blue carbon as Natural...
Research priorities in seagrass ecosystems to enhance blue carbon  as Natural...Research priorities in seagrass ecosystems to enhance blue carbon  as Natural...
Research priorities in seagrass ecosystems to enhance blue carbon as Natural...CIFOR-ICRAF
 
The role of mangrove blue carbon research to support national climate mitigat...
The role of mangrove blue carbon research to support national climate mitigat...The role of mangrove blue carbon research to support national climate mitigat...
The role of mangrove blue carbon research to support national climate mitigat...CIFOR-ICRAF
 
Mangrove restoration – where to restore & can we monitor? case for Indonesia
Mangrove restoration – where to restore & can we monitor? case for IndonesiaMangrove restoration – where to restore & can we monitor? case for Indonesia
Mangrove restoration – where to restore & can we monitor? case for IndonesiaCIFOR-ICRAF
 
Trees, forests and landscapes for people and the planet
Trees, forests and landscapes for people and the planetTrees, forests and landscapes for people and the planet
Trees, forests and landscapes for people and the planetCIFOR-ICRAF
 
Blue Carbon Dialogue: Bridging Science and Policy for Effective Implementatio...
Blue Carbon Dialogue: Bridging Science and Policy for Effective Implementatio...Blue Carbon Dialogue: Bridging Science and Policy for Effective Implementatio...
Blue Carbon Dialogue: Bridging Science and Policy for Effective Implementatio...CIFOR-ICRAF
 
Academic Framework of Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCE)
Academic Framework of Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCE)Academic Framework of Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCE)
Academic Framework of Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCE)CIFOR-ICRAF
 

Mehr von CIFOR-ICRAF (20)

REDD+ et marche du carbone. Instrument de developpement ou marche de dupes de...
REDD+ et marche du carbone. Instrument de developpement ou marche de dupes de...REDD+ et marche du carbone. Instrument de developpement ou marche de dupes de...
REDD+ et marche du carbone. Instrument de developpement ou marche de dupes de...
 
La RDC dans le paysage des projets et des programmes juridictionnels REDD+
La RDC dans le paysage des projets et des programmes juridictionnels REDD+La RDC dans le paysage des projets et des programmes juridictionnels REDD+
La RDC dans le paysage des projets et des programmes juridictionnels REDD+
 
Cadre légal et réglementaire du marché carbone en RDC
Cadre légal et réglementaire du marché carbone en RDCCadre légal et réglementaire du marché carbone en RDC
Cadre légal et réglementaire du marché carbone en RDC
 
Exploitation minière artisanale, moyens de subsistance et déforestation dans ...
Exploitation minière artisanale, moyens de subsistance et déforestation dans ...Exploitation minière artisanale, moyens de subsistance et déforestation dans ...
Exploitation minière artisanale, moyens de subsistance et déforestation dans ...
 
Qu'est-ce qui influence l'efficacité des interventions de conservation des fo...
Qu'est-ce qui influence l'efficacité des interventions de conservation des fo...Qu'est-ce qui influence l'efficacité des interventions de conservation des fo...
Qu'est-ce qui influence l'efficacité des interventions de conservation des fo...
 
Industries miniéres et justice climatique en Afrique centrale : étude de droi...
Industries miniéres et justice climatique en Afrique centrale : étude de droi...Industries miniéres et justice climatique en Afrique centrale : étude de droi...
Industries miniéres et justice climatique en Afrique centrale : étude de droi...
 
Enjeux de la future politique forestière de la République Démocratique du Congo
Enjeux de la future politique forestière de la République Démocratique du CongoEnjeux de la future politique forestière de la République Démocratique du Congo
Enjeux de la future politique forestière de la République Démocratique du Congo
 
Incentive Scheme for Smallholders
Incentive Scheme for Smallholders Incentive Scheme for Smallholders
Incentive Scheme for Smallholders
 
Capacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainability
Capacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainabilityCapacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainability
Capacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainability
 
Monitoring songbirds' online market
Monitoring songbirds' online market Monitoring songbirds' online market
Monitoring songbirds' online market
 
Supporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free Coffee
Supporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free CoffeeSupporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free Coffee
Supporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free Coffee
 
Pathways to sustainable trade and system dynamic simulation
Pathways to sustainable trade and system dynamic simulationPathways to sustainable trade and system dynamic simulation
Pathways to sustainable trade and system dynamic simulation
 
Cenários de desmatamento para o Brasil Plataforma REDD BRASIL
Cenários de desmatamento para o Brasil Plataforma REDD BRASILCenários de desmatamento para o Brasil Plataforma REDD BRASIL
Cenários de desmatamento para o Brasil Plataforma REDD BRASIL
 
A Plataforma REDD+ Brasil: contexto
A Plataforma REDD+ Brasil: contexto   A Plataforma REDD+ Brasil: contexto
A Plataforma REDD+ Brasil: contexto
 
Research priorities in seagrass ecosystems to enhance blue carbon as Natural...
Research priorities in seagrass ecosystems to enhance blue carbon  as Natural...Research priorities in seagrass ecosystems to enhance blue carbon  as Natural...
Research priorities in seagrass ecosystems to enhance blue carbon as Natural...
 
The role of mangrove blue carbon research to support national climate mitigat...
The role of mangrove blue carbon research to support national climate mitigat...The role of mangrove blue carbon research to support national climate mitigat...
The role of mangrove blue carbon research to support national climate mitigat...
 
Mangrove restoration – where to restore & can we monitor? case for Indonesia
Mangrove restoration – where to restore & can we monitor? case for IndonesiaMangrove restoration – where to restore & can we monitor? case for Indonesia
Mangrove restoration – where to restore & can we monitor? case for Indonesia
 
Trees, forests and landscapes for people and the planet
Trees, forests and landscapes for people and the planetTrees, forests and landscapes for people and the planet
Trees, forests and landscapes for people and the planet
 
Blue Carbon Dialogue: Bridging Science and Policy for Effective Implementatio...
Blue Carbon Dialogue: Bridging Science and Policy for Effective Implementatio...Blue Carbon Dialogue: Bridging Science and Policy for Effective Implementatio...
Blue Carbon Dialogue: Bridging Science and Policy for Effective Implementatio...
 
Academic Framework of Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCE)
Academic Framework of Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCE)Academic Framework of Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCE)
Academic Framework of Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCE)
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 

Smallholder and community forest management in the tropics: what we know and where we are going

  • 1. Smallholder and community forest management in the tropics: what we know and where we are going Amy Duchelle, Peter Cronkleton, Marina Londres FSC Side Event, Rio+20, 16th June 2012 THINKING beyond the canopy
  • 2. Why the community-based forest management model? Community-based forestry emerged in the 1970-1990s with goals of ecologically sustainable management, socioeconomic benefits, local access to resources (Charnley & Poe 2007) Model was a reaction to: - Government-led control over forest resources (with focus on industrial and commercial interests) – with degraded forests delegated to communities – and resulting struggles of forest peoples around the world to defend their forests and forest resources (Menzies 2007) - Mainstreaming of the idea of forest peoples as “stewards of biodiversity” and validation of their local environmental knowledge and collective institutions for resource management (Ostrom 1990, 1999; Berkes et al. 2000; Colchester 2008) THINKING beyond the canopy
  • 3. Who are the smallholders & communities managing forests and forest resources? Timber harvesters Charcoal producers NTFP collectors Agroforesters Fishermen Farmers Among many others… THINKING beyond the canopy
  • 4. Recent justifications for promotion of smallholder and community forestry • Devolution of forestlands (back) to communities: now own or manage ¼ of world‟s tropical forests (White & Martin 2002; Sunderlin et al. 2008) • Evidence of forest conservation in community-managed forests (Bray et al. 2008; Nepstad et al. 2006; Porter-Bolland et al. 2012) • Tropical forests contribute ~20% of the income of the rural poor (Angelsen et al. forthcoming) • Successful links to external governance systems and markets (certified CFEs) (Wiersum et al. 2011) THINKING beyond the canopy
  • 5. What does the community forestry model look like in policy? • Community Forest Enterprises in Mexico (1917 onwards) • Joint Forest Management in India (1988) • Extractive Reserves (and other sustainable use protected areas) in Brazil (1989) • Community Forest User Groups in Nepal (1993) • Community forest concessions in Petén, Guatemala (1994) • Social Forestry systems in Indonesia (1999) All of these models represent variations on co-management of forests by local people and the state, with widely differing degrees of actual management rights for smallholders and communities. THINKING beyond the canopy
  • 6. Case #1: Brazil nut in southwestern Amazon Acre, Brazil Madre de Dios, Peru Pando, Bolivia • Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) are “forest giants” in mature, upland forests of the southwestern Amazon • Fruits collected ground during the rainy season (January – March) • Provide livelihood base for thousands of rural producers in the region (Duchelle et al. 2011) THINKING beyond the canopy
  • 7. Brazil nut policy vs. reality in Bolivia • 1996 Forestry Law and Agrarian Reform Law (=> devolution of rights from private estates to local communities) • 500 ha decree, which undercut the traditional tree tenure system and resulted in local conflicts (Cronkleton et al. 2010), including reported Brazil nut thefts by Cronkleton et al. 2010 members of the same community (Duchelle et al. 2011) • Bolivian technical norms for Brazil nut management (2005) require management plans and controversial “no-take zones” that have little to do with Brazil nut ecology or local practices (Guariguata et al. 2008) • Economic benefits of organic and Fair Trade certification; FSC certification has not gotten off the ground (Duchelle etTHINKING beyond the canopy al. forthcoming)
  • 8. Case #2: Community forestry concessions in Petén, Guatemala Radachowsky et al. 2012 • 12 community concessions and 2 industrial concessions in Multiple-Use Zone of Guatemala‟s Maya Biosphere Reserve (created in 1990; concessions granted 1994-2000) • Concessions contingent on community organization, NGO accompaniment, and 3rd party certification within 3 years • Diversity in community concessions (residents with forest-based history vs. recent immigrants, non-residents) • FSC cert. of timber in all concessions M. Guariguata and xate palm (Chamaedorea spp) in several as of 2008 THINKING beyond the canopy
  • 9. Outcomes in the Petén (governance, ecological, socio-economic) Radachowsky et al. 2012 Industrial concessions (2) • Strong governance reflecting well-developed model of private logging concessions; minimal deforestation and fire; financial profitability from timber Non-resident community concessions (6) • Strong governance - deliberately and voluntarily chose to work together; minimal deforestation and fire, income from timber Resident community concessions with forest-based histories (2) • Weak governance (poor financial management, internal conflicts, heavy external support); minimal deforestation and fire, income from timber and xate Resident community concessions comprised of recent immigrants (4) • Weak governance (low initial buy-in for forest management; 2/4 lost contracts & other 2 likely to fail, heavy internal conflicts); extremely high deforestation - cattle ranches; income from agriculture, cattle, timber THINKING beyond the canopy
  • 10. Cases illustrate key challenges • Lack of genuine devolution to smallholders and communities and recognition of customary rights (Larson et al. 2010) • Discrepancies between legality and smallholders‟ reality in forest management and land use (Cronkleton et al. 2010; Radachowsky et al. 2012) • Difficulties in linking communities to markets (Schmink 2004, Scherr et al. 2005); heavy subsidies associated with community forest management (Humphries et al. 2012), „myth of self-financing‟ (Radachowsky et al. 2012) THINKING beyond the canopy
  • 11. Where do we need to go?  Acknowledge the achievements (incl. FSC support for smallholders)  Harmonize forestry policies with local realities - recognize local management systems and genuinely devolve management authority to local people - reduce forest management bureaucracy (don‟t expect communities to act like companies) - minimize market externalities to increase return to local producers - improve dialogue between external actors and local resource users  Rethink the model for smallholders and communities on the forest-farm interface - challenge our assumptions (types of forests and products used, local engagement in markets, decision making) THINKING beyond the canopy