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Rights to forests and carbon
Insights from Mexico, Brazil and Costa Rica

                             Esteve Corbera
                 School of International Development
                University of East Anglia, United Kingdom

                           Article co-authors:
    Manuel Estrada, Peter May, Guillermo Navarro and Pablo Pacheco


          Workshop on forest governance, decentralisation and REDD+
                     in Latin America and the Caribbean
              31st August - 3rd September, Oaxaca City, Mexico
Research premise, gaps and case studies

• The role of tenure in REDD+ has been relatively explored
 Insecure tenure - deforestation/degradation & appropriation of ES
 Secure tenure - environmental stewardship & legitimacy of benefit-sharing
 (See e.g. Sunderlin et al. 2009; Hatcher, 2009)

• However, very few studies have examined...
 a) the importance of tenure security for countries’ REDD+ strategies
 b) how they address tenure conflicts and complex “bundles of rights” in forests
 c) how they define and plan to enforce carbon rights and liabilities

• Three case studies: Mexico, Brazil and Costa Rica
 Divergent land-use histories and tenure systems
 Contrasting positions in REDD+ international negotiations
 Multiple approaches to REDD+, and to carbon rights/liabilities
Land and forest tenure - some insights

• Land and forest tenure systems
 Social relations, including property rights - authority (Sikor and Lund 2009)
 Influence access, control over land and forest resources
 Embed emerging claims over ecosystem services

• Forest tenure systems encompass multiple “bundles of rights”
 Access/withdrawal/management/exclusion/alienation (Ostrom and Schlager 1996)
 Forest tenure regimes are diverse - different actors hold different rights
 Colonial history, landscape dynamics, uneven political/economic powers, land-use
 policies...

• Characteristics of global/regional forest tenure
 States own between 76-65% of global forests (RRI, 2009; FAO, 2010a)
 In LA only 43%, of which 57% is controlled by communities and private actors
 Land reforms since the 1980s - conditional and not always effective in forest
 conservation terms (Pacheco and Barry 2009)
Forest tenure, REDD+, and carbon rights

• REDD+ is about receiving economic incentives for land-use
change emission reductions achieved against a baseline
 The difference in tons of carbon dioxide equivalent becomes tradable
 Division in units of trade (REDD+credits) allows exchange

• Forest tenure regimes define who is...
 1) Responsible for forest management/conservation policies and measures
 2) Entitled to (potentially tradable) carbon rights
 3) Liable for future carbon losses

• Who is entitled to carbon rights in complex tenure regimes?
 Will government retain rights over forest carbon?
 Who is entitled to carbon rights in communal and indigenous territories?
 Which legal and authority frameworks should
      determine the allocation of carbon rights?
      ensure accountability in trading and benefit-sharing terms?
Tenure, REDD+ strategies, carbon rights - Mexico

• Forest tenure: private (26%), public (4%), social property (70%)
   Distribution of forest tenure in Mexico


                   4%
             26%                         Social property (ejidos and communities)
                                         Private property (individuals, private enterprises/associations)
                                         Public property (protected areas)
                          70%




• Emergence of REDD+ initiatives across governance scales
 World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) Initiative
     SFM, expanding PAs, establishing pilots in PAs, and extending PES
 New regional and local initiatives being designed, some based on experience
 with voluntary carbon markets
Tenure, REDD+ strategies, carbon rights - Mexico

• Carbon rights framework under development (?)....
 SFM General Law 2003 - landowners are owners of their forest resources +
 should be compensated for providing ES
 Carbon rights to be ‘naturally’ attributed to landowners
 There is not yet a legal framework
      1) defining how carbon rights should be allocated/traded under different
      circumstances (taking into account forest tenure + contract law)
      2) regulating trade of carbon rights across initiatives and scales (a registry
      to ensure accountability)




                                                                                   Photo: Men in Rincón Chamula, Chiapas.
  Photo: Women in Rincón Chamula, Chiapas.




                                                                                          Copyright Esteve Corbera
          Copyright Esteve Corbera
Tenure, REDD+ strategies, carbon rights - Brazil

• Amazon forest tenure: public (76%), private property (24%)
  Distribution of public forest tenure in the Amazon biome




                                     21%
                                                      Indigenous reserves
                   33%                                Sustainable use areas
                                                      Exclusively protected areas
                                     10%              Land reform settlements
                                                      Under dispute
                                5%
                           5%




• Haphazard development of REDD+ early actions
 Federal PES & legislation in process (Hall 2008; Wunder et al. 2008)
 Amazon Fund - support to land titling processes, among others
 Pilot REDD+ project promoted by the state of Mato Grosso
 “Bolsa Floresta” Program - incentives to reduce degradation in Amazonas state
 “Juma Sustainable Development Reserve” in the state of Amazonas
Tenure, REDD+ strategies, carbon rights - Brazil

• There is not (yet) a national carbon rights legal framework
 Congress considering a specific law to regulate REDD+-related carbon rights
 (private owners and communities likely to be granted with carbon rights)
 Mgt of Public Forests Law 2007 - concessionaires cannot trade forest carbon
 Amazonas Law of CC, EnvCons and SD + Complementary Law no. 53, on the state
 system of Conservation Units 2007




     Establish the Bolsa Floresta
     Program + the concept of              Carbon rights derived from Bolsa
     ES products & services               Floresta activities and management
                                           activities in the Juma reserve and
     Set the Sustainable                    other State PAs granted to SAF
     Amazonas Foundation (SAF)
Tenure, REDD+ strategies, carbon rights - Costa Rica

• Forest tenure: public (45%), private property (55%)
 Types and distribution of forest tenure regimes, Costa Rica



                                21%
                                                National parks and biological reserves
                                                Protected wilderness areas (private & public property)
                     50%                        Indigenous reserves
                                    19%         Private forests
                              10%



• National strategy developed under the WB-FCPF
 Emphasis put on improving PAs management, SFM and extending PES
 Support for titling processes, particularly in Protected Wilderness Areas

• Carbon rights legal framework (Resolution 546-90)
 Landowners are entitled to carbon rights
 Carbon rights tradable under private (sub-national projects) & public contract law
 PES participants implicitly transfer carbon rights to the State
Take-home messages

• Forest tenure - historical, evolving, complex, critical for REDD+
• Tenure clarity - preliminary but not sufficient step in REDD+
 Mixed evidence re: secure tenure and increased conservation
 Some tenure regimes should widen actual rights to use & trade resources/ES
 Access to a new property right may enhance rather than reduce conflict

• In reviewed countries....
 State likely to retain carbon rights only from protected areas
 Trend towards linking carbon rights with forest ownership (but not always)

• Lack of clarity on the contractual terms underpinning carbon
 rights trade and on associated liabilities
 Who will be made liable for carbon losses in a community context?
 How will we deal with contrasting systems of formal and customary law?
 Which authorities will be legitimate to register carbon transactions and
 monitor/enforce penalties?
Take-home messages




 Many open questions!
 which need to be resolved...

                Thank you

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Rights to forests and carbon: Insights from Mexico, Brazil and Costa Rica

  • 1. Rights to forests and carbon Insights from Mexico, Brazil and Costa Rica Esteve Corbera School of International Development University of East Anglia, United Kingdom Article co-authors: Manuel Estrada, Peter May, Guillermo Navarro and Pablo Pacheco Workshop on forest governance, decentralisation and REDD+ in Latin America and the Caribbean 31st August - 3rd September, Oaxaca City, Mexico
  • 2. Research premise, gaps and case studies • The role of tenure in REDD+ has been relatively explored Insecure tenure - deforestation/degradation & appropriation of ES Secure tenure - environmental stewardship & legitimacy of benefit-sharing (See e.g. Sunderlin et al. 2009; Hatcher, 2009) • However, very few studies have examined... a) the importance of tenure security for countries’ REDD+ strategies b) how they address tenure conflicts and complex “bundles of rights” in forests c) how they define and plan to enforce carbon rights and liabilities • Three case studies: Mexico, Brazil and Costa Rica Divergent land-use histories and tenure systems Contrasting positions in REDD+ international negotiations Multiple approaches to REDD+, and to carbon rights/liabilities
  • 3. Land and forest tenure - some insights • Land and forest tenure systems Social relations, including property rights - authority (Sikor and Lund 2009) Influence access, control over land and forest resources Embed emerging claims over ecosystem services • Forest tenure systems encompass multiple “bundles of rights” Access/withdrawal/management/exclusion/alienation (Ostrom and Schlager 1996) Forest tenure regimes are diverse - different actors hold different rights Colonial history, landscape dynamics, uneven political/economic powers, land-use policies... • Characteristics of global/regional forest tenure States own between 76-65% of global forests (RRI, 2009; FAO, 2010a) In LA only 43%, of which 57% is controlled by communities and private actors Land reforms since the 1980s - conditional and not always effective in forest conservation terms (Pacheco and Barry 2009)
  • 4. Forest tenure, REDD+, and carbon rights • REDD+ is about receiving economic incentives for land-use change emission reductions achieved against a baseline The difference in tons of carbon dioxide equivalent becomes tradable Division in units of trade (REDD+credits) allows exchange • Forest tenure regimes define who is... 1) Responsible for forest management/conservation policies and measures 2) Entitled to (potentially tradable) carbon rights 3) Liable for future carbon losses • Who is entitled to carbon rights in complex tenure regimes? Will government retain rights over forest carbon? Who is entitled to carbon rights in communal and indigenous territories? Which legal and authority frameworks should determine the allocation of carbon rights? ensure accountability in trading and benefit-sharing terms?
  • 5. Tenure, REDD+ strategies, carbon rights - Mexico • Forest tenure: private (26%), public (4%), social property (70%) Distribution of forest tenure in Mexico 4% 26% Social property (ejidos and communities) Private property (individuals, private enterprises/associations) Public property (protected areas) 70% • Emergence of REDD+ initiatives across governance scales World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) Initiative SFM, expanding PAs, establishing pilots in PAs, and extending PES New regional and local initiatives being designed, some based on experience with voluntary carbon markets
  • 6. Tenure, REDD+ strategies, carbon rights - Mexico • Carbon rights framework under development (?).... SFM General Law 2003 - landowners are owners of their forest resources + should be compensated for providing ES Carbon rights to be ‘naturally’ attributed to landowners There is not yet a legal framework 1) defining how carbon rights should be allocated/traded under different circumstances (taking into account forest tenure + contract law) 2) regulating trade of carbon rights across initiatives and scales (a registry to ensure accountability) Photo: Men in Rincón Chamula, Chiapas. Photo: Women in Rincón Chamula, Chiapas. Copyright Esteve Corbera Copyright Esteve Corbera
  • 7. Tenure, REDD+ strategies, carbon rights - Brazil • Amazon forest tenure: public (76%), private property (24%) Distribution of public forest tenure in the Amazon biome 21% Indigenous reserves 33% Sustainable use areas Exclusively protected areas 10% Land reform settlements Under dispute 5% 5% • Haphazard development of REDD+ early actions Federal PES & legislation in process (Hall 2008; Wunder et al. 2008) Amazon Fund - support to land titling processes, among others Pilot REDD+ project promoted by the state of Mato Grosso “Bolsa Floresta” Program - incentives to reduce degradation in Amazonas state “Juma Sustainable Development Reserve” in the state of Amazonas
  • 8. Tenure, REDD+ strategies, carbon rights - Brazil • There is not (yet) a national carbon rights legal framework Congress considering a specific law to regulate REDD+-related carbon rights (private owners and communities likely to be granted with carbon rights) Mgt of Public Forests Law 2007 - concessionaires cannot trade forest carbon Amazonas Law of CC, EnvCons and SD + Complementary Law no. 53, on the state system of Conservation Units 2007 Establish the Bolsa Floresta Program + the concept of Carbon rights derived from Bolsa ES products & services Floresta activities and management activities in the Juma reserve and Set the Sustainable other State PAs granted to SAF Amazonas Foundation (SAF)
  • 9. Tenure, REDD+ strategies, carbon rights - Costa Rica • Forest tenure: public (45%), private property (55%) Types and distribution of forest tenure regimes, Costa Rica 21% National parks and biological reserves Protected wilderness areas (private & public property) 50% Indigenous reserves 19% Private forests 10% • National strategy developed under the WB-FCPF Emphasis put on improving PAs management, SFM and extending PES Support for titling processes, particularly in Protected Wilderness Areas • Carbon rights legal framework (Resolution 546-90) Landowners are entitled to carbon rights Carbon rights tradable under private (sub-national projects) & public contract law PES participants implicitly transfer carbon rights to the State
  • 10. Take-home messages • Forest tenure - historical, evolving, complex, critical for REDD+ • Tenure clarity - preliminary but not sufficient step in REDD+ Mixed evidence re: secure tenure and increased conservation Some tenure regimes should widen actual rights to use & trade resources/ES Access to a new property right may enhance rather than reduce conflict • In reviewed countries.... State likely to retain carbon rights only from protected areas Trend towards linking carbon rights with forest ownership (but not always) • Lack of clarity on the contractual terms underpinning carbon rights trade and on associated liabilities Who will be made liable for carbon losses in a community context? How will we deal with contrasting systems of formal and customary law? Which authorities will be legitimate to register carbon transactions and monitor/enforce penalties?
  • 11. Take-home messages Many open questions! which need to be resolved... Thank you