2. Table of Contents
Chapter: Cell Processes
Section 1: Chemistry of Life
Section 2: Moving Cellular Materials
Section 3: Energy for Life

3. Chemistry of Life
1
The Nature of Matter
• Matter - anything that has mass and takes
up space.
• Energy - anything that brings about change.

4. Chemistry in Life
1
Atoms
• Nucleus - center of atom
• contains protons and neutrons (equal mass)
• Proton (+)
• Neutron ( )
• Electron (-)
•orbits nucleus
Click image to view movie.

5. Chemistry in Life
1
Atoms
• Electrons -
involved in
chemical reactions.
• Atom - mostly
empty space

6. Chemistry in Life
1
Elements
• Element
• made of one kind of
atom
• in most simple form
• each has a 1 or 2
letter symbol

7. Chemistry in Life
1
Elements
• Periodic table
• Mass
• # of Protons
• Symbol

8. Chemistry in Life
1
Elements

9. Chemistry in Life
1
Compounds and Molecules
• Compounds - made of two or more
elements
• There are two types of
compounds— molecular
compounds and ionic
compounds.

10. Chemistry in Life
1
Molecular Compounds
• Molecular compound
• Made of molecules
held together by
chemical bonds
• Share outermost
electrons
• Have different
properties than
atoms alone

11. Chemistry in Life
1
Molecular Compounds
• Chemical reactions
• chemical bonds
break
• atoms rearranged
• new molecules
form

12. Chemistry in Life
1
Ions
• Ions
• Electrically charged atoms
• Formed when atoms combine after
becoming (+) or (-)

13. Chemistry in Life
1
Ionic Compounds
• Ionic Compound – molecule
held together because of
opposite charges attracting
one another
• One atom loses electron(s)
• Another atom gains
electron(s)
• Their charge holds them
together

14. Chemistry in Life
1
Mixtures
• Mixture - combination
of substances in which
individual substances
retain their own
properties
• Can be solids,
liquids, gases, or any
combination

15. Chemistry in Life
1
Mixtures
• Solution - 2 or more substances mixed
evenly
• Suspension
• substance evenly spread throughout
• Will sink to bottom after time

16. Chemistry in Life
1
Organic Compounds
• Organic Compounds
• always contain carbon and hydrogen
• usually are associated with living things.
• Inorganic Compounds
• make up nonliving things

17. Chemistry in Life
1
Organic Compounds

18. Chemistry in Life
1
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates
• organic molecules that
supply energy for cell
processes
• Sugars and starches
• Also part of cell
structures

19. Chemistry in Life
1
Lipids
• Lipids
• do not mix with
water
• Fats and oils
• Large amounts
of energy
• Part of cell
membrane

20. Chemistry in Life
1
Proteins
• Proteins
• made of amino acids
• building blocks of cellular structure
• Enzymes
• Proteins that regulate chemical reactions

21. Chemistry in Life
1
Nucleic Acids
• DNA
• deoxyribonucleic acid
• contains genetic
material
• RNA
• ribonucleic acid
• needed to make
enzymes and proteins.

22. Chemistry in Life
1
Inorganic Compounds
• Can contain the elements nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur.

23. Chemistry in Life
1
Importance of Water
• can live for weeks
without food
• only a few days
without water.

24. Chemistry in Life
1
Importance of Water
• all the chemical reactions in living things
take place in water solutions
• most organisms use water to transport
materials

25. Chemistry in Life
1
Characteristics of Water
• Negative part of a water molecule is
attracted to the positive part of another water
molecule

26. Chemistry in Life
1
Characteristics of Water
• temperature of water changes slowly
• acts like insulation

27. Chemistry in Life
1
Characteristics of Water
• water freezes - ice crystals form
• Ice floats – insulates water below

28. Section Check
1
Question 1
_______ is anything that has mass and takes
up space.
Answer
The answer is Matter. Everything in your
environment is made of matter.

29. Section Check
1
Question 2
A(n) _______ is made up of only one kind of
atom.
Answer
The answer is element. An element can’t be
broken down into a simpler form by chemical
reactions.

30. Section Check
1
Question 3
Which best describes
the structure in this
illustration?
A. atom
B. element
C. molecular
compound
D. ionic compound

31. Section Check
1
Answer
The answer is C. Molecular compounds form
when different atoms share their outermost
electrons.

32. Moving Cellular Materials
2
Passive Transport
• Cell’s membrane -
selectively
permeable
• allows some
things to enter
or leave and
keeps other
things in or out

33. Moving Cellular Materials
2
Passive Transport
• Passive transport - movement of substances
through the cell membrane without the use of
energy
• 3 Types
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Facilitated diffusion

34. Moving Cellular Materials
2
Diffusion
• Diffusion - movement of molecules from an
area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
• Equilibrium –
when molecules
become
concentrated
equally in all
areas

35. Moving Cellular Materials
2
Osmosis—The Diffusion of Water
• Osmosis - the diffusion of water through a
cell membrane is called.

36. Moving Cellular Materials
2
Facilitated Diffusion
• The movement of large molecules through a
membrane with the help of transport proteins

37. Moving Cellular Materials
2
Active Transport
• Active transport
- energy is needed
to move materials
through a cell
membrane against
the concentration
gradient

38. Moving Cellular Materials
2
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
• Endocytosis -
process of
taking
substances into
a cell by
surrounding it
with the cell
membrane

39. Moving Cellular Materials
2
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
• Exocytosis - process of taking substances OUT
of a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane

40. Section Check
2
Question 1
What is diffusion?
Answer
Diffusion is the type of passive transport in
which molecules in a more dense area
randomly move to an area that is less dense
until equilibrium is reached.

41. Section Check
2
Question 2
_______ is the diffusion of water through a
cell membrane.
Answer
The answer is osmosis. Cells contain water
and are surrounded by water. These water
molecules move by diffusion into and out of
cells.

42. Section Check
2
Question 3
Which carries oxygen throughout your body?
A. red blood cells
B. white blood cells
C. sex cells
D. none of the above

43. Section Check
2
Answer
The answer is A. Oxygen molecules from the
lungs diffuse into red blood cells which carry
oxygen throughout your body.

44. Energy for Life
3
Trapping and Using Energy
• Metabolism - The total of all chemical
reactions in an organism is called.

45. Energy for Life
3
Trapping and Using Energy
• Enzymes
• Cause
chemical
reactions
• Can be used
over and over
Click image to view movie.

46. Energy for Life
3
Photosynthesis
• Producers -
Organisms
that make
their own
• Consumers
- Organisms
that cannot
make their
own food

47. Energy for Life
3
Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis uses light
energy to make sugars
(chemical energy), which
can be used as food.
• Chlorophyll – green
pigment found in
chloroplasts that performs
photosynthesis

48. Energy for Life
3

49. Energy for Life
3
Storing Carbohydrates
• Excess sugar made is stored as starches or
other carbohydrates

50. Energy for Life
3
Respiration
• Cellular respiration – changes chemical
energy into useable energy
• Movement, heat, etc.
• Requires oxygen

51. Energy for Life
3
Breaking Down Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates  Glucose  Useable energy
Cellular Respiration:

52. Energy for Life
3

53. Energy for Life
3
Fermentation
• Fermentation
– releases
smaller
amount of
energy when
oxygen is not
present
• Occurs only in cytoplasm (not mitochondria)

54. Section Check
3
Question 1
_______ is the total of all chemical reactions
in an organism.
Answer
The answer is metabolism. All of the
activities of an organism involve chemical
reactions in some way.

55. Section Check
3
Question 2
Which does this equation represent?
A. respiration C. photosynthesis
B. fermentation D. chemosynthesis

56. Section Check
3
Answer
The answer is C. During photosynthesis, plants
take in carbon dioxide and water and combine
it with light energy to make sugars, which they
use for food.

57. Section Check
3
Question 3
_______ is the type of food molecules most
easily broken down by cells.
Answer
The answer is carbohydrates. As
carbohydrates are broken down, energy is
released.

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59. End of Chapter Summary File