DNA Barcodes reveal incredible dipteran diversity at a site in Canada's Arctic.

1. DNA Barcodes Reveal Incredible Dipteran Diversity at a Site in Canada’s Arctic Jinjing Wang, Valerie Levesque-Beaudin, Paul Hebert, Ding Yang, Sarah Adamowicz

2. Jinjing Wang in Churchill

3. Place of Diptera in Insect Biodiversity 161 families 152244 species

4. Characters Used in Diptera Taxonomy

6. Churchill Northern Studies Centre Churchill, Manitoba, Canada Sub Arctic Low Arctic High Arctic

8. Previous Knowledge of Diptera of Churchill 32 Families; 280 Species

10. Field Collections 2004-2010

11. Collection Methods Year Period Malaise trap Pan trap Hand- sweep Pitfall Light trap Liver trap 2004 July-August Yes Yes Yes 2005 July-August Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2006 July-August Yes Yes 2007 July-August Yes Yes Yes 2008 July-August Yes Yes Yes 2009 July-August Yes Yes Yes Yes 2010 June-August Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

12. June-August 2010 Malaise Traps

13. June-August 2010 Malaise Traps

16. Number of Specimens 56 Families; 1817 BINs 1600 1800 0 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

17. Taxonomic Group Specimens Barcoded Species/ Barcode clusters Diptera 15,700 1,800 Hymenoptera 10,700 1,300 Lepidoptera 3,300 275 Coleoptera 2,300 250 Trichoptera 2,700 85 Ephemeroptera 650 40 Other insects 2,800 350 Collembola 1,050 100 Arachnids 5,600 775 Crustaceans 1,500 170 Molluscs 580 50 Annelids 1,200 130 Other marine invertebrates 340 60 Vertebrates 220 24 Plants 900 310 Seaweeds 270 65 Total 50,000 5,800

18. BIN composition of Diptera families from Churchill Family BINs Specimens Singletons Doubletons Slope Chironomidae 379 1977 165 52 0.084 Sciaridae 140 448 65 28 0.147 Mycetophilidae 120 409 67 12 0.164 Cecidomyiidae 110 157 85 13 0.456 Phoridae 106 418 52 13 0.125 Muscidae 97 1573 21 14 0.014 Anthomyiidae 92 839 28 14 0.034 Empididae 75 958 20 8 0.021 Syrphidae 69 923 16 10 0.018 Ceratopogonidae 68 243 26 14 0.098 Dolichopodidae 63 902 12 10 0.016 Chloropidae 48 808 10 4 0.013 Tipulidae 41 457 8 4 0.018 Sciomyzidae 41 425 8 4 0.019 Scathophagidae 32 568 8 6 0.012 Ephydridae 31 408 13 2 0.032 Tachinidae 31 118 10 3 0.087 Simuliidae 20 577 3 4 0.006 Limoniidae 20 176 7 3 0.041 Culicidae 18 772 5 3 0.007 Tabanidae 14 314 4 0 0.012 Pipunculidae 12 127 3 2 0.026 Calliphoridae 10 153 1 0 0.007

20. Observed and estimated diversity at 5 locations sampled during 2010 via Malaise trapping Site Families BINs Specimens Singletons Doubletons Chao2 Mean Landing Lake Tundra 35 253 631 163 45 548.21 Launch Road Fen 25 183 439 124 29 448.1 Twin Lake Fen 29 214 484 139 43 438.66 Ramsey Creek Boreal Forest 31 300 741 190 55 628.18 Twin Lake Boreal Forest 33 192 451 129 35 402.22 Total 45 677 2746 344 117 1182.71

21. Observed and estimated diversity at 5 locations sampled during 2010 via Malaise trapping Site Families BINs Specimens Singletons Doubletons Chao2 Mean Landing Lake Tundra 35 253 631 163 45 548.21 Launch Road Fen 25 183 439 124 29 448.1 Twin Lake Fen 29 214 484 139 43 438.66 Ramsey Creek Boreal Forest 31 300 741 190 55 628.18 Twin Lake Boreal Forest 33 192 451 129 35 402.22 Total 45 676 2746 344 117 1182.71

22. Temporal distribution of Diptera BIN richness collected in 2010 using all methods

23. Venn diagram showing BIN composition overlap among 5 locations sampled in a standardize way in summer 2010

24. Similarity in species composition of Diptera among five locations measured by Sørensen’s Similarity Index

25. The proportion of BINs found in 1, 2 and 3 periods at each location sampled in 2010 by Malaise trapping

26. 1817 Increase in species/BIN richness after this study

27. 1817 Increase in species/BIN richness after this study Churchill is Home to >1% of Diptera Biodiversity? Churchill 1.8K BINs Earth 152K species

28. Place of Diptera in Insect Biodiversity? 161 families 152244 species

30. Experience plays an important role in sampling Example of Muscidae Amateur Expert

31. Number of BINs in each location in each period for 5 locations from 2010