SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 37
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
4D Trajectories and Automation
Connotations and Lessons Learned from Past
Research
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Center for Applied ATM Research
2
Overview
• Definitions
• 4D trajectories – some history
• Trajectories for deconfliction
• RNAV, Automation - Is anything new?
• 4DT Lessons Learned
– Prediction, Uncertainty, Accuracy
– Data Link, Definition, semantics, ontology
– Open and closed loop, 3D solutions for 4DT and CDA
– Ownership and Contracts
– UPTs, Complexity and self-organizing systems
– Defined track procedures
• Simple 4DT ConOps and Transition
New Technology New Possibilities!
NextGen requirement for
trajectory based control
Datalink negotiation of
Trajectories
Available in NextGenTracking, Conformance
Monitoring Automated
4DT update
Available by 2015 in NextGenAutomated
4D Trajectory Based
Control
New Concept for NextGenTime Based Metering
New capability for NextGenaRea NAVigation to
RNP 0.01
AvailabilityNew Enablers
New Technology New Possibilities!
NextGen requirement for
trajectory based control
Datalink negotiation of
Trajectories
Available in NextGenTracking, Conformance
Monitoring Automated
4DT update
Available by 2015 in NextGenAutomated
4D Trajectory Based
Control
New Concept for NextGenTime Based Metering
Available in 1942 as Gee the
Home Chain, became LORAN
aRea NAVigation to
RNP 0.01
AvailabilityNew Enabler?
New Technology New Possibilities!
NextGen requirement for
trajectory based control
Datalink negotiation of
Trajectories
Available in NextGenTracking, Conformance
Monitoring Automated
4DT update
Available by 2015 in NextGenAutomated
4D Trajectory Based
Control
Procedural and 4DT ControlTime Based Metering
Available in 1942 as Gee the
Home Chain, became LORAN
aRea NAVigation to
RNP 0.01
AvailabilityNew Enabler?
New Technology New Possibilities!
NextGen requirement for
trajectory based control
Datalink negotiation of
Trajectories
Available in NextGenTracking, Conformance
Monitoring Automated
4DT update
Procedural Control automated
in NAS Host software - late 60’s
Automated
4D Trajectory Based
Control
Procedural and 4DT ControlTime Based Metering
Available in 1942 as Gee the
Home Chain, became LORAN
aRea NAVigation to
RNP 0.01
AvailabilityNew Enabler?
New Technology New Possibilities!
NextGen requirement for
trajectory based control
Datalink negotiation of
Trajectories
Automated conformance
monitoring in NAS Host in late
60’s
Tracking, Conformance
Monitoring Automated
4DT update
Procedural Control automated
in NAS Host software - late 60’s
Automated
4D Trajectory Based
Control
Procedural and 4DT ControlTime Based Metering
Available in 1942 as Gee the
Home Chain, became LORAN
aRea NAVigation to
RNP 0.01
AvailabilityNew Enabler?
New Technology New Possibilities!
CPDLC since 1980’s datalink
trajectories (civil) mid-90’s
Datalink negotiation of
Trajectories
Automated conformance
monitoring in NAS Host in late
60’s
Tracking, Conformance
Monitoring Automated
4DT update
Procedural Control automated
in NAS Host software - late 60’s
Automated
4D Trajectory Based
Control
Procedural and 4DT ControlTime Based Metering
Available in 1942 as Gee the
Home Chain, became LORAN
aRea NAVigation to
RNP 0.01
Available just not fully usedOLD Capabilities
Definitions 1
• 4D Trajectory. The precise description of the flight
path of an aircraft as a 4 dimensional continuum from
its current position to the point at which it shuts down
at its destination. (thus every point on a 4D Trajectory
is precisely associated with a time)
• 3D Trajectory. The precise description of the flight
path of an aircraft as a 3 dimensional continuum from
its current position to the point at which it shuts down
at its destination (There is no time associated with any
point on a 3D trajectory)
• Which of the above trajectories can be used for
efficient deconfliction?
Definitions 2
• 3½ D Trajectory. A 3D trajectory with
Required Time of Arrival (RTA) defined for one
or more points on the 3D continuum
– What is the difference between RTA and ETA? -
• Optimal Trajectory. A 4D trajectory which, if
flown, would result in the most efficient use of
the airline resources (as judged by the aircraft
operator – a business decision)
• User Preferred Trajectory (UPT). A UPT is a
trajectory chosen by the aircraft operator; it is
not necessarily optimal in any respect
History and Procedural Control
• Aircraft flew from fix to fix marked by beacon fires,
colored lights and then radio beacons
• Eventually aircraft had to be separated in IMC
• This is so called ‘procedural control’
– Aircraft identifies fixes that it will cross (flight plans)
– Gives estimated time and level crossing each fix
– Controller copies this information onto paper strip for each fix
with time and level
– If 2 strips at a fix have same time and level then delay one of the
aircraft at preceding fix or alter its level
– Pass ‘clearance’ to the aircraft
– Monitor aircraft position reports at fixes
History and Procedural Control
• Aircraft flew from fix to fix marked by beacon fires,
colored lights and then radio beacons
• Eventually aircraft had to be separated in IMC
• This is so called ‘procedural control’
– Aircraft identifies fixes that it will cross (3D Trajectory)
– Gives estimated time and level crossing each fix (4D UPT)
– Controller copies this information onto paper strip for each fix
with time and level (Ground model of 4D Trajectory)
– If 2 strips at a fix have same time and level then delay one of the
aircraft at preceding fix or alter its level (Conflict resolution)
– Pass ‘clearance’ to the aircraft (Trajectory Negotiation)
– Monitor aircraft position reports at fixes (Conformance Monitor)
•
The ATM Safety Process
• Build model of aircraft trajectories
• Monitor aircraft and correct model or aircraft
trajectory if an aircraft deviates
• Identify conflicting trajectories
– ‘What-if’ model deconfliction
– Choose preferred deconfliction
– Transmit the deconfliction action to the aircraft
– Monitor the implementation of the deconfliction
• Repeat
• This can be a cognitive or an automated process and is the
same for radar and procedural control
• Note that 4D trajectories are used even if only in the
controllers head
Trajectory Based Operations
• Trajectory based operations are not ‘new’
• What is new:
– Accuracy of the aircraft implementation of trajectory
(ANP)
– Accuracy of passing information with
Communications via data link (RCP)
– Surveillance capabilities dependent and non-
cooperative
– Automation and Decision Support Tool capabilities
• Vast improvements in accuracy speed and
capabilities
Trajectory ‘Prediction’
• Trajectory ‘prediction’ is or should be a misnomer
• If an aircraft is cleared to fly a certain trajectory, even
in today’s system, they will fly it within the bounds of the
accuracy of the clearance
– Fly WEST from KORD to KIAD is very inefficient but as the
aircraft flies that trajectory it can be safely deconflicted
• Guidance from the FMS or the Ground provides
feedback to keep an aircraft on trajectory
• Cannot be called a ‘prediction’ unless there is no
tracking and/or no feedback loop
• Trajectory Generation is a more correct term
• Accurate generation of a 4D trajectory is efficient
• Accurate Navigation on a 4D trajectory is safe as the
4DT is used for deconfliction
RNAV – RNP
• aRea NAVigation – RNAV – the capability to navigate
anywhere without the need to overfly radio beacons
• This is NOT new, aircraft have had this capability for
nearly 65 years
• Can use VOR/DME, TACAN, GPS, LORAN etc
• Specifications now require specific aids and alarm
levels set based on the RNP
• Required Navigational Perforrmance – RNP –
specified in miles or decimal fractions of a nautical
mile
• RNP 1 means fly to an accuracy of 1 nautical mile,
RNP 0.001 means fly to the accuracy of 1/1000 of a
nautical mile (around 6 meters)
Accuracy
• Accuracy is ANP NOT the same as Required
Navigational Performance (RNP)
• The FMS generates a trajectory and then controls the
aircraft along the trajectory as accurately as possible
• Modern levels of en-route FMS accuracy can be
measured within 10 meters or less with no altitude
error and within 10 seconds
• The alarm levels on the FMS / navigation systems may
be set far wider than the achieved accuracy
• RNP requires that an aircraft fly within the RNP
parameter for 95% and not more than twice the
parameter from the trajectory at any time
• Leads to the concept of an RNP ‘bubble’ width RNP
parameter and length of around 10 secs
• Aircraft can fly smoothly within bubble
Language Data link and Trajectories
• Assume an aircraft FMS has generated an RNP 0.001 trajectory
with a variable descent starting in a series of ‘S’ turns
• This cannot be described by radio or CPDLC as both use ‘natural
language’
• Thus aircraft without data link or even with CPDLC have the
accuracy of their handling limited by the limitations of the
communication medium to describe the trajectory
• Aircraft with no datalink still have a trajectory but it will be stylized
by its description in words
• Alternatively the ground system may display the trajectory and
advisories to a controller who then passes instructions to fly the
aircraft along the trajectory
• Aircraft with datalink can pass precise data between systems and
have no trajectory limitations
• Allows communications with graphical representations of
trajectory
• Datalink is therefore an enabler for precise 4D Trajectory Based
control systems
Standard Trajectory Definition?
• The presentations here are all about trajectories
• Trajectories are fundamental to safe Air Traffic
Management.
• Trajectories are being used in:
– Airborne Separation Assurance, TCAS, ADS-B, several
Ground systems and their differing tools NAS, URET, CTAS,
MTCD, CORA etc
• Air FMSs are using ARINC 702a/429/664 effectively
arrays of points rather than an object oriented
approach to describe a continuum
• In the PHARE programme the data part of the
trajectory object was exchanged – subsequent
exchanges sent only the changes in the data part
• This approach led to a huge reduction in data
transmissions and increase in accuracy
Trajectory Definition [2]
• All tools and systems that use trajectories should
have:
– Precisely the same data definition, semantics, and ontology.
– No misunderstanding of the information content
• Ontology – the capability to assume the other person
knows what you mean
– What is a YF-12A ? So what is a YF-12D ?
– More importantly - What is ‘altitude’ ?
• If different trajectories are used with different syntax
and semantics based on differing ontologies - it will be
DANGEROUS
Ground TracksGround Tracks
• FMS/RNAV procedures are based on ground tracks
and ground radius variable bank turns
• FMS’s only have maximum 22° bank control authority
(some airlines less)
• Generic procedures based on ground radius turns will
be inefficient or unflyable for some aircraft
• Wind is not a problem for the controller as the aircraft
trajectory guidance follows a track
• Wind forecasts are accurate to 5kts ground speed
• Airspeed corrections at height mean that 5Kts is
2.5Kts IAS easy to correct an error of this magnitude
Closed Loop Trajectories
• Fill in the blank: “Turn left <blank> 300”
• What is wrong in using ‘heading’?
– Giving a heading is open ended and potentially as dangerous as
just saying “descend” without a bottom limit
– A 4D trajectory turn will be on a TRACK not a heading and is
following the trajectory
• What is wrong with using turn left track 300?
• Breaks in the trajectory continuum MUST be avoided:
– They prevent tools like conflict probes and conformance
monitors working
– They increase the risk of conflicts and CFIT
– They reduce the accuracy of arrival sequencing and the
efficiency of the flight
• A 4D Trajectory is gate to gate and is a continuum -
breaks in these trajectories are dangerous
‘Conventional’ Radar Control -
Frankfurt
‘Conventional’ Radar Control -
Frankfurt
PHARE PD/2 1996
RNAV-RNP with Datalink -
Frankfurt
RNAV-RNP with Datalink -
Frankfurt
PHARE PD/2 1996
FAA RNAV/RNP Approaches
• Currently, RNAV procedures are based on historic 3D tracks
• Uploaded to the FMS and flown by aircraft
• TARGETS uses this methodology
Single Lane for next 100 miles
• ‘RNAV should not be used as a way of forcing aircraft
to accurately follow a line, but as a way of accurately
knowing where an aircraft will be’ (CEO Jet Blue)
• Current FAA usage of RNAV-RNP is to force aircraft to
follow a single precise trajectory
• Inefficient for the aircraft puts B777 behind ATR42
• This problem shown in EUROCONTROL research in
1996 now being replicated by FAA a decade later
• Prevents efficient Continuous Descent Approaches
Continuous Descent Approaches (CDA)
• CDA can reduce:
– fuel usage/emissions
– Noise and noise footprint of airport
– Reduce flying time and cut operating costs
• Problem:
– aircraft have differing ideal descent rates and speeds
– Use of fixed precise RNAV/RNP STARs requires extra
separation
– Runway utilization can drop by 50%
– Use of fixed STARs with sophisticated tools and restricting
the aircraft the runway utilization reduction limited to a few
percent
• Unfortunately NextGen requires an increase in
runway utilization
CDA and Runway Efficiency
• If CDA are flown on diverse UPT to a
touchdown time
– All the benefits of CDA are available
– The aircraft fly their own preferred speeds and
descent rates
– Runway utilization can be maintained or increased
– What noise there is spread
– Requires DST to sequence and deconflict
– These DST have been available for 10 years
• Should not forget climb phase
– Single power setting climb very efficient
– Steady climb rate separates inbound and outbound
traffic
Contracted Trajectory
• Negotiation of trajectory results in a ‘contract’
between the aircraft and ‘the system’
• Contract:
– Aircraft shall follow the contracted trajectory (broadcast
intent) unless a new trajectory is negotiated – in emergency
the negotiation can be pre-empted
– The System shall ensure that the contracted trajectory is kept
conflict free – or negotiate a new trajectory
• This contractual approach results in airspace in
which all trajectories are known and can be relied on
for deconfliction
• EUROCONTROL research showed renegotiation of a
trajectory over data link using graphical inputs for
pilot and controller typically took less than 30
seconds
Large Sectors – Long Look Ahead
• The use of the 4D tools is suited to larger sectors and
allows a longer planning horizon.
• Long planning horizon also allows longer MTTR in
failure cases
• Gate-to-gate 4DT allow controllers to solve
trajectories downstream of their sector
• Teamwork across boundaries increases capacity
and decreases workload
• The ‘system’ should not enforce rules for planning
inside or outside sectors.
• Why delay of conflict resolution until ‘just-in-time’
when resolution can be done safely 300NM away with
4DT DST?
Self Organization and Flows
• UPTs will tend to be simple long legs – there will not
be complex patterns
• Simulations showed complex sectors becoming
simple
• Current system is ‘file and forget’ planning followed
by request for clearance - requires flow management
• 4DT / TBO can be more interactive trajectories
causing overload can be rejected to the operator
• Leads to a self-organizing system with distributed
flow management decision making
• Flow management will need to change as Miles-In-
Trail and metering fixes will not be valid
Disruptive 3D Techniques in 4D System
• Separation
– using ASAS or ground DST uses an RNAV/RNP
based 4D Trajectory
– If the pilot takes control ‘to avoid weather’
• FMS can no longer broadcast an intent
• all deconfliction and sequencing is unsafe
• Station Keeping, In-Trail
– The aircraft can either fly its contracted 4DT or
station keep, it cannot do both
– If the aircraft starts station keeping
• FMS can no longer broadcast an intent
• all deconfliction and sequencing is unsafe
Proposed 4DT ConOps
• Aircraft define 4D UPT within their capability and
transmit to the ground
• If not equipped or no datalink, the ground system
defines 4DT for them
• Ground DST deconflict 4DT and sequence
• Air and ground contract the 4DT
• ASAS/TCAS and ground DST monitor 4DTs
• Departures taxi out on trajectory and take off for
single power setting climb en-route
• Arrivals Diverse UPT CDA to touchdown then 4DT to
gate
• Minimum of airspace restrictions
• Unmanaged airspace no change
Transition Case
• The transition case will last decades
– Aircraft being delivered now not equipped
– Life of existing and new aircraft 20 years or more
• All aircraft have a 4D trajectory – some cannot define
or transmit it accurately
• ANSP should put 4D DST in place – this is possible
with ERAM and ATOP
• ANSP then uses 4D DST to control aircraft using 4D
Trajectories
• Unequipped aircraft get less efficient ‘pixelated’
trajectories
• When aircraft are equipped, they can immediately fly
UPT on more efficient routes – rewarding the
investment
• There is no need for mandates
Low Hanging Fruit
• Oceanic airspace could be converted to 4D
UPT very rapidly
• Use space based ADS-B or HF ADS
• Use space based voice comms (VOIP) or HF
• Trajectory based separation on cruise climb
UPT (reduces conflict risk considerably)
• Slightly extended radar separation say 30
miles
• TCAS / ASAS as backup
• Potential savings are huge – tons of fuel per
flight
Thoughts to ponder...Thoughts to ponder...
Aircraft can be given‘user preferred trajectories’ including:
unrestricted climbs -- cruise climb -- flight idle descents
the effects are:
Significant fuel savings and/or payload increases
Significant reduction in conflicts
Reduced airspace congestion
Reduced delays
Reduced air pollution
Reduced noise pollution
Why don’t we do it ?
Thoughts to ponder...Thoughts to ponder...
Aircraft can be given‘user preferred trajectories’ including:
unrestricted climbs -- cruise climb -- flight idle descents
the effects are:
Significant fuel savings and/or payload increases
Significant reduction in conflicts
Reduced airspace congestion
Reduced delays
Reduced air pollution
Reduced noise pollution
Why don’t we do it ?
Slide first presented - March 1997

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Limited evaluation of the L39 Jet Trainer aircraft
Limited evaluation of the L39 Jet Trainer aircraftLimited evaluation of the L39 Jet Trainer aircraft
Limited evaluation of the L39 Jet Trainer aircraftBarend Bezuidenhout
 
IEEE CASE 2011, Italy - Conference Paper Presentation
IEEE CASE 2011, Italy - Conference Paper PresentationIEEE CASE 2011, Italy - Conference Paper Presentation
IEEE CASE 2011, Italy - Conference Paper Presentationashishrratnakar
 
Azenqos portfolio generic 27112014
Azenqos portfolio generic 27112014Azenqos portfolio generic 27112014
Azenqos portfolio generic 27112014Don Plooksawasdi
 
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160680 must wid clean
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160680 must wid cleanEmerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160680 must wid clean
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160680 must wid cleanEMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
 
Ess.robert
Ess.robertEss.robert
Ess.robertNASAPMC
 
Ann over
Ann overAnn over
Ann overNASAPMC
 
Vsat day-2008-comtech
Vsat day-2008-comtechVsat day-2008-comtech
Vsat day-2008-comtechSSPI Brasil
 
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-clean
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-cleanEmerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-clean
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-cleanEMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
 
Enhancing Pilot Ability to Perform Continuous Descent Approach with Descript...
Enhancing Pilot Ability to Perform Continuous Descent Approach with  Descript...Enhancing Pilot Ability to Perform Continuous Descent Approach with  Descript...
Enhancing Pilot Ability to Perform Continuous Descent Approach with Descript...Michael LaMarr
 
Ecx training 20140118
Ecx training 20140118Ecx training 20140118
Ecx training 20140118jpb602
 
Rebalancing NextGen to Transform the National Airspace System 08152013
Rebalancing NextGen to Transform the National Airspace System 08152013Rebalancing NextGen to Transform the National Airspace System 08152013
Rebalancing NextGen to Transform the National Airspace System 08152013Ronald Stroup
 
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160548 clean
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160548 cleanEmerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160548 clean
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160548 cleanEMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
 
SCF Partners' Day: Introduction to XRAN
SCF Partners' Day: Introduction to XRANSCF Partners' Day: Introduction to XRAN
SCF Partners' Day: Introduction to XRANSmall Cell Forum
 
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-rm
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-rmEmerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-rm
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-rmEMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
 
DIANA: Scenarios for QoS based integration of IP and ATM
DIANA: Scenarios for QoS based integration of IP and ATMDIANA: Scenarios for QoS based integration of IP and ATM
DIANA: Scenarios for QoS based integration of IP and ATMJohn Loughney
 
Final_Viva_Voce_Presentation_latest
Final_Viva_Voce_Presentation_latestFinal_Viva_Voce_Presentation_latest
Final_Viva_Voce_Presentation_latestNagendra Addagarla
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Limited evaluation of the L39 Jet Trainer aircraft
Limited evaluation of the L39 Jet Trainer aircraftLimited evaluation of the L39 Jet Trainer aircraft
Limited evaluation of the L39 Jet Trainer aircraft
 
IEEE CASE 2011, Italy - Conference Paper Presentation
IEEE CASE 2011, Italy - Conference Paper PresentationIEEE CASE 2011, Italy - Conference Paper Presentation
IEEE CASE 2011, Italy - Conference Paper Presentation
 
Azenqos portfolio generic 27112014
Azenqos portfolio generic 27112014Azenqos portfolio generic 27112014
Azenqos portfolio generic 27112014
 
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160680 must wid clean
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160680 must wid cleanEmerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160680 must wid clean
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160680 must wid clean
 
Ess.robert
Ess.robertEss.robert
Ess.robert
 
#1 gnss overview
#1 gnss overview#1 gnss overview
#1 gnss overview
 
Ann over
Ann overAnn over
Ann over
 
Vsat day-2008-comtech
Vsat day-2008-comtechVsat day-2008-comtech
Vsat day-2008-comtech
 
EGNOS for aviation: How does it work?
EGNOS for aviation: How does it work?EGNOS for aviation: How does it work?
EGNOS for aviation: How does it work?
 
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-clean
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-cleanEmerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-clean
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-clean
 
Lakhan_Gupta_CV
Lakhan_Gupta_CVLakhan_Gupta_CV
Lakhan_Gupta_CV
 
Enhancing Pilot Ability to Perform Continuous Descent Approach with Descript...
Enhancing Pilot Ability to Perform Continuous Descent Approach with  Descript...Enhancing Pilot Ability to Perform Continuous Descent Approach with  Descript...
Enhancing Pilot Ability to Perform Continuous Descent Approach with Descript...
 
Ecx training 20140118
Ecx training 20140118Ecx training 20140118
Ecx training 20140118
 
Rebalancing NextGen to Transform the National Airspace System 08152013
Rebalancing NextGen to Transform the National Airspace System 08152013Rebalancing NextGen to Transform the National Airspace System 08152013
Rebalancing NextGen to Transform the National Airspace System 08152013
 
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160548 clean
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160548 cleanEmerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160548 clean
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160548 clean
 
SCF Partners' Day: Introduction to XRAN
SCF Partners' Day: Introduction to XRANSCF Partners' Day: Introduction to XRAN
SCF Partners' Day: Introduction to XRAN
 
Azq android presentation
Azq android presentationAzq android presentation
Azq android presentation
 
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-rm
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-rmEmerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-rm
Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - ENGINEERING STUDIES1 Rp 160600 e lwa-wid-v21-rm
 
DIANA: Scenarios for QoS based integration of IP and ATM
DIANA: Scenarios for QoS based integration of IP and ATMDIANA: Scenarios for QoS based integration of IP and ATM
DIANA: Scenarios for QoS based integration of IP and ATM
 
Final_Viva_Voce_Presentation_latest
Final_Viva_Voce_Presentation_latestFinal_Viva_Voce_Presentation_latest
Final_Viva_Voce_Presentation_latest
 

Andere mochten auch

Rockwell Collins UAS eBook
Rockwell Collins UAS eBookRockwell Collins UAS eBook
Rockwell Collins UAS eBookdesgoh
 
Aircraft control systems
Aircraft control systemsAircraft control systems
Aircraft control systemsSanjay Singh
 
Aircraft Automation and the Degradation of Pilot Skills Webinar
Aircraft Automation and the Degradation of Pilot Skills WebinarAircraft Automation and the Degradation of Pilot Skills Webinar
Aircraft Automation and the Degradation of Pilot Skills WebinarERAUWebinars
 

Andere mochten auch (7)

Rockwell Collins UAS eBook
Rockwell Collins UAS eBookRockwell Collins UAS eBook
Rockwell Collins UAS eBook
 
Airbus Flight Control System
Airbus Flight Control SystemAirbus Flight Control System
Airbus Flight Control System
 
Fly by wire ppt pa1
Fly by wire ppt pa1Fly by wire ppt pa1
Fly by wire ppt pa1
 
Fly By Wire
Fly By WireFly By Wire
Fly By Wire
 
Aircraft control systems
Aircraft control systemsAircraft control systems
Aircraft control systems
 
Basic aircraft control system
Basic aircraft control systemBasic aircraft control system
Basic aircraft control system
 
Aircraft Automation and the Degradation of Pilot Skills Webinar
Aircraft Automation and the Degradation of Pilot Skills WebinarAircraft Automation and the Degradation of Pilot Skills Webinar
Aircraft Automation and the Degradation of Pilot Skills Webinar
 

Ähnlich wie 4D Trajectories and Automation

#3 gnss requirements &amp; specifications
#3 gnss requirements &amp; specifications#3 gnss requirements &amp; specifications
#3 gnss requirements &amp; specificationsMohammedHusain20
 
AREA NAVVIGATION.pptx
AREA NAVVIGATION.pptxAREA NAVVIGATION.pptx
AREA NAVVIGATION.pptxCyprianObota
 
European Rotors - PBN and GNSS for Rotorcraft Operations
European Rotors - PBN and GNSS for Rotorcraft OperationsEuropean Rotors - PBN and GNSS for Rotorcraft Operations
European Rotors - PBN and GNSS for Rotorcraft OperationsLeonardo
 
Area Navigation notes 1.docx
Area Navigation notes 1.docxArea Navigation notes 1.docx
Area Navigation notes 1.docxCyprianObota
 
Area Navigation 2.docx
Area Navigation 2.docxArea Navigation 2.docx
Area Navigation 2.docxCyprianObota
 
AAI (Airports Authority of India) PPT
AAI (Airports Authority of India) PPTAAI (Airports Authority of India) PPT
AAI (Airports Authority of India) PPTLokesh Negi
 
SCFT-Training_v8.2-1
SCFT-Training_v8.2-1SCFT-Training_v8.2-1
SCFT-Training_v8.2-1mahesh savita
 
Airport Taxi/Departure Simulation
Airport Taxi/Departure SimulationAirport Taxi/Departure Simulation
Airport Taxi/Departure Simulationmschwirzke
 
ERAP OBE 2015_e catalogue
ERAP OBE 2015_e catalogueERAP OBE 2015_e catalogue
ERAP OBE 2015_e catalogueSashi B
 
Wgs 84 Ref Rnav
Wgs 84 Ref RnavWgs 84 Ref Rnav
Wgs 84 Ref Rnavcochez
 
nav 6 semi final and finals.ppt
nav 6 semi final and finals.pptnav 6 semi final and finals.ppt
nav 6 semi final and finals.pptGuillermoJrDiluvio
 
IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC REMOTE OPERATED USING BAT ALGORITHMNAVIGATION EQUIP...
IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC REMOTE OPERATED USING BAT ALGORITHMNAVIGATION EQUIP...IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC REMOTE OPERATED USING BAT ALGORITHMNAVIGATION EQUIP...
IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC REMOTE OPERATED USING BAT ALGORITHMNAVIGATION EQUIP...AlameluPriyadharshini
 

Ähnlich wie 4D Trajectories and Automation (20)

#3 gnss requirements &amp; specifications
#3 gnss requirements &amp; specifications#3 gnss requirements &amp; specifications
#3 gnss requirements &amp; specifications
 
AREA NAVVIGATION.pptx
AREA NAVVIGATION.pptxAREA NAVVIGATION.pptx
AREA NAVVIGATION.pptx
 
European Rotors - PBN and GNSS for Rotorcraft Operations
European Rotors - PBN and GNSS for Rotorcraft OperationsEuropean Rotors - PBN and GNSS for Rotorcraft Operations
European Rotors - PBN and GNSS for Rotorcraft Operations
 
Gps waas class 5 nov10
Gps waas class 5 nov10Gps waas class 5 nov10
Gps waas class 5 nov10
 
Gps waas class 5 nov10
Gps waas class 5 nov10Gps waas class 5 nov10
Gps waas class 5 nov10
 
Area Navigation notes 1.docx
Area Navigation notes 1.docxArea Navigation notes 1.docx
Area Navigation notes 1.docx
 
Area Navigation 2.docx
Area Navigation 2.docxArea Navigation 2.docx
Area Navigation 2.docx
 
Strel streaming
Strel streamingStrel streaming
Strel streaming
 
AAI (Airports Authority of India) PPT
AAI (Airports Authority of India) PPTAAI (Airports Authority of India) PPT
AAI (Airports Authority of India) PPT
 
SCFT-Training_v8.2-1
SCFT-Training_v8.2-1SCFT-Training_v8.2-1
SCFT-Training_v8.2-1
 
Airport Taxi/Departure Simulation
Airport Taxi/Departure SimulationAirport Taxi/Departure Simulation
Airport Taxi/Departure Simulation
 
310ch5.pdf
310ch5.pdf310ch5.pdf
310ch5.pdf
 
Kealy fidaforever
Kealy fidaforeverKealy fidaforever
Kealy fidaforever
 
ERAP OBE 2015_e catalogue
ERAP OBE 2015_e catalogueERAP OBE 2015_e catalogue
ERAP OBE 2015_e catalogue
 
Software Defined RAN
Software Defined RANSoftware Defined RAN
Software Defined RAN
 
Wgs 84 Ref Rnav
Wgs 84 Ref RnavWgs 84 Ref Rnav
Wgs 84 Ref Rnav
 
Using EGNOS in the General Aviation Community
Using EGNOS in the General Aviation CommunityUsing EGNOS in the General Aviation Community
Using EGNOS in the General Aviation Community
 
FINAL ROPS (1).pptx
FINAL ROPS (1).pptxFINAL ROPS (1).pptx
FINAL ROPS (1).pptx
 
nav 6 semi final and finals.ppt
nav 6 semi final and finals.pptnav 6 semi final and finals.ppt
nav 6 semi final and finals.ppt
 
IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC REMOTE OPERATED USING BAT ALGORITHMNAVIGATION EQUIP...
IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC REMOTE OPERATED USING BAT ALGORITHMNAVIGATION EQUIP...IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC REMOTE OPERATED USING BAT ALGORITHMNAVIGATION EQUIP...
IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC REMOTE OPERATED USING BAT ALGORITHMNAVIGATION EQUIP...
 

Mehr von Bruce Ware, PMI Certified PM Professional (6)

ATM I4D Flight Trial by Chief Pilot
ATM I4D Flight Trial by Chief PilotATM I4D Flight Trial by Chief Pilot
ATM I4D Flight Trial by Chief Pilot
 
ERASMUS Strategic Deconfliction to Benefit SESAR Presentation 2009
ERASMUS Strategic Deconfliction to Benefit SESAR Presentation 2009ERASMUS Strategic Deconfliction to Benefit SESAR Presentation 2009
ERASMUS Strategic Deconfliction to Benefit SESAR Presentation 2009
 
CASSIS Controlled Time of Arrival Flight Trials: Results and Analysis Present...
CASSIS Controlled Time of Arrival Flight Trials: Results and Analysis Present...CASSIS Controlled Time of Arrival Flight Trials: Results and Analysis Present...
CASSIS Controlled Time of Arrival Flight Trials: Results and Analysis Present...
 
PHARE - Compilation
PHARE - CompilationPHARE - Compilation
PHARE - Compilation
 
NorthernCross Demo 2009
NorthernCross Demo 2009NorthernCross Demo 2009
NorthernCross Demo 2009
 
CATS Contract of Objectives presentation
CATS Contract of Objectives presentationCATS Contract of Objectives presentation
CATS Contract of Objectives presentation
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Commit University
 
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.YounusS2
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxMatsuo Lab
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Adtran
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1DianaGray10
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfinfogdgmi
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfAijun Zhang
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024D Cloud Solutions
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemAsko Soukka
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Will Schroeder
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Websitedgelyza
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?IES VE
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024SkyPlanner
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding TeamAdam Moalla
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdfPedro Manuel
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1DianaGray10
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsSafe Software
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
 
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
 
20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
 
201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
 

4D Trajectories and Automation

  • 1. 4D Trajectories and Automation Connotations and Lessons Learned from Past Research Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Center for Applied ATM Research
  • 2. 2 Overview • Definitions • 4D trajectories – some history • Trajectories for deconfliction • RNAV, Automation - Is anything new? • 4DT Lessons Learned – Prediction, Uncertainty, Accuracy – Data Link, Definition, semantics, ontology – Open and closed loop, 3D solutions for 4DT and CDA – Ownership and Contracts – UPTs, Complexity and self-organizing systems – Defined track procedures • Simple 4DT ConOps and Transition
  • 3. New Technology New Possibilities! NextGen requirement for trajectory based control Datalink negotiation of Trajectories Available in NextGenTracking, Conformance Monitoring Automated 4DT update Available by 2015 in NextGenAutomated 4D Trajectory Based Control New Concept for NextGenTime Based Metering New capability for NextGenaRea NAVigation to RNP 0.01 AvailabilityNew Enablers
  • 4. New Technology New Possibilities! NextGen requirement for trajectory based control Datalink negotiation of Trajectories Available in NextGenTracking, Conformance Monitoring Automated 4DT update Available by 2015 in NextGenAutomated 4D Trajectory Based Control New Concept for NextGenTime Based Metering Available in 1942 as Gee the Home Chain, became LORAN aRea NAVigation to RNP 0.01 AvailabilityNew Enabler?
  • 5. New Technology New Possibilities! NextGen requirement for trajectory based control Datalink negotiation of Trajectories Available in NextGenTracking, Conformance Monitoring Automated 4DT update Available by 2015 in NextGenAutomated 4D Trajectory Based Control Procedural and 4DT ControlTime Based Metering Available in 1942 as Gee the Home Chain, became LORAN aRea NAVigation to RNP 0.01 AvailabilityNew Enabler?
  • 6. New Technology New Possibilities! NextGen requirement for trajectory based control Datalink negotiation of Trajectories Available in NextGenTracking, Conformance Monitoring Automated 4DT update Procedural Control automated in NAS Host software - late 60’s Automated 4D Trajectory Based Control Procedural and 4DT ControlTime Based Metering Available in 1942 as Gee the Home Chain, became LORAN aRea NAVigation to RNP 0.01 AvailabilityNew Enabler?
  • 7. New Technology New Possibilities! NextGen requirement for trajectory based control Datalink negotiation of Trajectories Automated conformance monitoring in NAS Host in late 60’s Tracking, Conformance Monitoring Automated 4DT update Procedural Control automated in NAS Host software - late 60’s Automated 4D Trajectory Based Control Procedural and 4DT ControlTime Based Metering Available in 1942 as Gee the Home Chain, became LORAN aRea NAVigation to RNP 0.01 AvailabilityNew Enabler?
  • 8. New Technology New Possibilities! CPDLC since 1980’s datalink trajectories (civil) mid-90’s Datalink negotiation of Trajectories Automated conformance monitoring in NAS Host in late 60’s Tracking, Conformance Monitoring Automated 4DT update Procedural Control automated in NAS Host software - late 60’s Automated 4D Trajectory Based Control Procedural and 4DT ControlTime Based Metering Available in 1942 as Gee the Home Chain, became LORAN aRea NAVigation to RNP 0.01 Available just not fully usedOLD Capabilities
  • 9. Definitions 1 • 4D Trajectory. The precise description of the flight path of an aircraft as a 4 dimensional continuum from its current position to the point at which it shuts down at its destination. (thus every point on a 4D Trajectory is precisely associated with a time) • 3D Trajectory. The precise description of the flight path of an aircraft as a 3 dimensional continuum from its current position to the point at which it shuts down at its destination (There is no time associated with any point on a 3D trajectory) • Which of the above trajectories can be used for efficient deconfliction?
  • 10. Definitions 2 • 3½ D Trajectory. A 3D trajectory with Required Time of Arrival (RTA) defined for one or more points on the 3D continuum – What is the difference between RTA and ETA? - • Optimal Trajectory. A 4D trajectory which, if flown, would result in the most efficient use of the airline resources (as judged by the aircraft operator – a business decision) • User Preferred Trajectory (UPT). A UPT is a trajectory chosen by the aircraft operator; it is not necessarily optimal in any respect
  • 11. History and Procedural Control • Aircraft flew from fix to fix marked by beacon fires, colored lights and then radio beacons • Eventually aircraft had to be separated in IMC • This is so called ‘procedural control’ – Aircraft identifies fixes that it will cross (flight plans) – Gives estimated time and level crossing each fix – Controller copies this information onto paper strip for each fix with time and level – If 2 strips at a fix have same time and level then delay one of the aircraft at preceding fix or alter its level – Pass ‘clearance’ to the aircraft – Monitor aircraft position reports at fixes
  • 12. History and Procedural Control • Aircraft flew from fix to fix marked by beacon fires, colored lights and then radio beacons • Eventually aircraft had to be separated in IMC • This is so called ‘procedural control’ – Aircraft identifies fixes that it will cross (3D Trajectory) – Gives estimated time and level crossing each fix (4D UPT) – Controller copies this information onto paper strip for each fix with time and level (Ground model of 4D Trajectory) – If 2 strips at a fix have same time and level then delay one of the aircraft at preceding fix or alter its level (Conflict resolution) – Pass ‘clearance’ to the aircraft (Trajectory Negotiation) – Monitor aircraft position reports at fixes (Conformance Monitor) •
  • 13. The ATM Safety Process • Build model of aircraft trajectories • Monitor aircraft and correct model or aircraft trajectory if an aircraft deviates • Identify conflicting trajectories – ‘What-if’ model deconfliction – Choose preferred deconfliction – Transmit the deconfliction action to the aircraft – Monitor the implementation of the deconfliction • Repeat • This can be a cognitive or an automated process and is the same for radar and procedural control • Note that 4D trajectories are used even if only in the controllers head
  • 14. Trajectory Based Operations • Trajectory based operations are not ‘new’ • What is new: – Accuracy of the aircraft implementation of trajectory (ANP) – Accuracy of passing information with Communications via data link (RCP) – Surveillance capabilities dependent and non- cooperative – Automation and Decision Support Tool capabilities • Vast improvements in accuracy speed and capabilities
  • 15. Trajectory ‘Prediction’ • Trajectory ‘prediction’ is or should be a misnomer • If an aircraft is cleared to fly a certain trajectory, even in today’s system, they will fly it within the bounds of the accuracy of the clearance – Fly WEST from KORD to KIAD is very inefficient but as the aircraft flies that trajectory it can be safely deconflicted • Guidance from the FMS or the Ground provides feedback to keep an aircraft on trajectory • Cannot be called a ‘prediction’ unless there is no tracking and/or no feedback loop • Trajectory Generation is a more correct term • Accurate generation of a 4D trajectory is efficient • Accurate Navigation on a 4D trajectory is safe as the 4DT is used for deconfliction
  • 16. RNAV – RNP • aRea NAVigation – RNAV – the capability to navigate anywhere without the need to overfly radio beacons • This is NOT new, aircraft have had this capability for nearly 65 years • Can use VOR/DME, TACAN, GPS, LORAN etc • Specifications now require specific aids and alarm levels set based on the RNP • Required Navigational Perforrmance – RNP – specified in miles or decimal fractions of a nautical mile • RNP 1 means fly to an accuracy of 1 nautical mile, RNP 0.001 means fly to the accuracy of 1/1000 of a nautical mile (around 6 meters)
  • 17. Accuracy • Accuracy is ANP NOT the same as Required Navigational Performance (RNP) • The FMS generates a trajectory and then controls the aircraft along the trajectory as accurately as possible • Modern levels of en-route FMS accuracy can be measured within 10 meters or less with no altitude error and within 10 seconds • The alarm levels on the FMS / navigation systems may be set far wider than the achieved accuracy • RNP requires that an aircraft fly within the RNP parameter for 95% and not more than twice the parameter from the trajectory at any time • Leads to the concept of an RNP ‘bubble’ width RNP parameter and length of around 10 secs • Aircraft can fly smoothly within bubble
  • 18. Language Data link and Trajectories • Assume an aircraft FMS has generated an RNP 0.001 trajectory with a variable descent starting in a series of ‘S’ turns • This cannot be described by radio or CPDLC as both use ‘natural language’ • Thus aircraft without data link or even with CPDLC have the accuracy of their handling limited by the limitations of the communication medium to describe the trajectory • Aircraft with no datalink still have a trajectory but it will be stylized by its description in words • Alternatively the ground system may display the trajectory and advisories to a controller who then passes instructions to fly the aircraft along the trajectory • Aircraft with datalink can pass precise data between systems and have no trajectory limitations • Allows communications with graphical representations of trajectory • Datalink is therefore an enabler for precise 4D Trajectory Based control systems
  • 19. Standard Trajectory Definition? • The presentations here are all about trajectories • Trajectories are fundamental to safe Air Traffic Management. • Trajectories are being used in: – Airborne Separation Assurance, TCAS, ADS-B, several Ground systems and their differing tools NAS, URET, CTAS, MTCD, CORA etc • Air FMSs are using ARINC 702a/429/664 effectively arrays of points rather than an object oriented approach to describe a continuum • In the PHARE programme the data part of the trajectory object was exchanged – subsequent exchanges sent only the changes in the data part • This approach led to a huge reduction in data transmissions and increase in accuracy
  • 20. Trajectory Definition [2] • All tools and systems that use trajectories should have: – Precisely the same data definition, semantics, and ontology. – No misunderstanding of the information content • Ontology – the capability to assume the other person knows what you mean – What is a YF-12A ? So what is a YF-12D ? – More importantly - What is ‘altitude’ ? • If different trajectories are used with different syntax and semantics based on differing ontologies - it will be DANGEROUS
  • 21. Ground TracksGround Tracks • FMS/RNAV procedures are based on ground tracks and ground radius variable bank turns • FMS’s only have maximum 22° bank control authority (some airlines less) • Generic procedures based on ground radius turns will be inefficient or unflyable for some aircraft • Wind is not a problem for the controller as the aircraft trajectory guidance follows a track • Wind forecasts are accurate to 5kts ground speed • Airspeed corrections at height mean that 5Kts is 2.5Kts IAS easy to correct an error of this magnitude
  • 22. Closed Loop Trajectories • Fill in the blank: “Turn left <blank> 300” • What is wrong in using ‘heading’? – Giving a heading is open ended and potentially as dangerous as just saying “descend” without a bottom limit – A 4D trajectory turn will be on a TRACK not a heading and is following the trajectory • What is wrong with using turn left track 300? • Breaks in the trajectory continuum MUST be avoided: – They prevent tools like conflict probes and conformance monitors working – They increase the risk of conflicts and CFIT – They reduce the accuracy of arrival sequencing and the efficiency of the flight • A 4D Trajectory is gate to gate and is a continuum - breaks in these trajectories are dangerous
  • 23. ‘Conventional’ Radar Control - Frankfurt ‘Conventional’ Radar Control - Frankfurt PHARE PD/2 1996
  • 24. RNAV-RNP with Datalink - Frankfurt RNAV-RNP with Datalink - Frankfurt PHARE PD/2 1996
  • 25. FAA RNAV/RNP Approaches • Currently, RNAV procedures are based on historic 3D tracks • Uploaded to the FMS and flown by aircraft • TARGETS uses this methodology
  • 26. Single Lane for next 100 miles • ‘RNAV should not be used as a way of forcing aircraft to accurately follow a line, but as a way of accurately knowing where an aircraft will be’ (CEO Jet Blue) • Current FAA usage of RNAV-RNP is to force aircraft to follow a single precise trajectory • Inefficient for the aircraft puts B777 behind ATR42 • This problem shown in EUROCONTROL research in 1996 now being replicated by FAA a decade later • Prevents efficient Continuous Descent Approaches
  • 27. Continuous Descent Approaches (CDA) • CDA can reduce: – fuel usage/emissions – Noise and noise footprint of airport – Reduce flying time and cut operating costs • Problem: – aircraft have differing ideal descent rates and speeds – Use of fixed precise RNAV/RNP STARs requires extra separation – Runway utilization can drop by 50% – Use of fixed STARs with sophisticated tools and restricting the aircraft the runway utilization reduction limited to a few percent • Unfortunately NextGen requires an increase in runway utilization
  • 28. CDA and Runway Efficiency • If CDA are flown on diverse UPT to a touchdown time – All the benefits of CDA are available – The aircraft fly their own preferred speeds and descent rates – Runway utilization can be maintained or increased – What noise there is spread – Requires DST to sequence and deconflict – These DST have been available for 10 years • Should not forget climb phase – Single power setting climb very efficient – Steady climb rate separates inbound and outbound traffic
  • 29. Contracted Trajectory • Negotiation of trajectory results in a ‘contract’ between the aircraft and ‘the system’ • Contract: – Aircraft shall follow the contracted trajectory (broadcast intent) unless a new trajectory is negotiated – in emergency the negotiation can be pre-empted – The System shall ensure that the contracted trajectory is kept conflict free – or negotiate a new trajectory • This contractual approach results in airspace in which all trajectories are known and can be relied on for deconfliction • EUROCONTROL research showed renegotiation of a trajectory over data link using graphical inputs for pilot and controller typically took less than 30 seconds
  • 30. Large Sectors – Long Look Ahead • The use of the 4D tools is suited to larger sectors and allows a longer planning horizon. • Long planning horizon also allows longer MTTR in failure cases • Gate-to-gate 4DT allow controllers to solve trajectories downstream of their sector • Teamwork across boundaries increases capacity and decreases workload • The ‘system’ should not enforce rules for planning inside or outside sectors. • Why delay of conflict resolution until ‘just-in-time’ when resolution can be done safely 300NM away with 4DT DST?
  • 31. Self Organization and Flows • UPTs will tend to be simple long legs – there will not be complex patterns • Simulations showed complex sectors becoming simple • Current system is ‘file and forget’ planning followed by request for clearance - requires flow management • 4DT / TBO can be more interactive trajectories causing overload can be rejected to the operator • Leads to a self-organizing system with distributed flow management decision making • Flow management will need to change as Miles-In- Trail and metering fixes will not be valid
  • 32. Disruptive 3D Techniques in 4D System • Separation – using ASAS or ground DST uses an RNAV/RNP based 4D Trajectory – If the pilot takes control ‘to avoid weather’ • FMS can no longer broadcast an intent • all deconfliction and sequencing is unsafe • Station Keeping, In-Trail – The aircraft can either fly its contracted 4DT or station keep, it cannot do both – If the aircraft starts station keeping • FMS can no longer broadcast an intent • all deconfliction and sequencing is unsafe
  • 33. Proposed 4DT ConOps • Aircraft define 4D UPT within their capability and transmit to the ground • If not equipped or no datalink, the ground system defines 4DT for them • Ground DST deconflict 4DT and sequence • Air and ground contract the 4DT • ASAS/TCAS and ground DST monitor 4DTs • Departures taxi out on trajectory and take off for single power setting climb en-route • Arrivals Diverse UPT CDA to touchdown then 4DT to gate • Minimum of airspace restrictions • Unmanaged airspace no change
  • 34. Transition Case • The transition case will last decades – Aircraft being delivered now not equipped – Life of existing and new aircraft 20 years or more • All aircraft have a 4D trajectory – some cannot define or transmit it accurately • ANSP should put 4D DST in place – this is possible with ERAM and ATOP • ANSP then uses 4D DST to control aircraft using 4D Trajectories • Unequipped aircraft get less efficient ‘pixelated’ trajectories • When aircraft are equipped, they can immediately fly UPT on more efficient routes – rewarding the investment • There is no need for mandates
  • 35. Low Hanging Fruit • Oceanic airspace could be converted to 4D UPT very rapidly • Use space based ADS-B or HF ADS • Use space based voice comms (VOIP) or HF • Trajectory based separation on cruise climb UPT (reduces conflict risk considerably) • Slightly extended radar separation say 30 miles • TCAS / ASAS as backup • Potential savings are huge – tons of fuel per flight
  • 36. Thoughts to ponder...Thoughts to ponder... Aircraft can be given‘user preferred trajectories’ including: unrestricted climbs -- cruise climb -- flight idle descents the effects are: Significant fuel savings and/or payload increases Significant reduction in conflicts Reduced airspace congestion Reduced delays Reduced air pollution Reduced noise pollution Why don’t we do it ?
  • 37. Thoughts to ponder...Thoughts to ponder... Aircraft can be given‘user preferred trajectories’ including: unrestricted climbs -- cruise climb -- flight idle descents the effects are: Significant fuel savings and/or payload increases Significant reduction in conflicts Reduced airspace congestion Reduced delays Reduced air pollution Reduced noise pollution Why don’t we do it ? Slide first presented - March 1997