2. N* = the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy: 100 billion
fp = fraction of stars with planets around them: 50%
ne = number of planets per star ecologically able to sustain life: 1
fl = fraction of those planets where life actually evolves: 50%
fi = the fraction of fl that evolves intelligent life: 20%
fc = the fraction of fi that communicates: 20%
fL = the fraction of the planet's life during which the communicating
civilizations survives: 10,000 yrs
N = the number of communicating civilizations in the galaxy = 1000


3. Ancient Flyers
• date between 500 and
800 BCE
• Central America
• Don’t represent any
known animal
• Birds don’t have rudders
• Built 5X scale to be
testable

4. Ezekiel
• Bright clothes look like
metal
• Wheels within wheels
• Told to build monument
• 40 pages of
measurements

5. Puma Punku, Bolivia
• created from 500 B.C. to
the ice age
• very hard rocks of
granite and diorite
• impossible to replicate
these ruins
• 200 tons-450+ tons
• 13,000 ft plateau
• Natives had no written
language

6. Pyramids
• Technology lacking, no
wheel or pulley
• Positioning
• Mathematically perfect
• Middle of all land mass
• Sides face cardinal
directions
• 20 years to place 2.3
million stones
• Move, cut, place a 2-15
ton block every 2.5 min

7. The Nazca Lines
• Peruvian coastal plain
• 500 B.C. and A.D. 500
• almost complete lack of
windy weather or rain
• Area is a geologic
snapshot
• Only fully appreciated
from sky

8.  http://www.history.com/shows/ancient-
aliens/articles/evidence-of-ancient-aliens
 www.setileague.org/general/drake.htm
 Däniken, Erich von (1972). Chariots of the
Gods. Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 0-425-
16680-5.