Presentation given by Bioversity senior scientist Mauricio R. Bellon, Montpellier, France, Sept 2011. A look at seed systems using a recent study of maize in Mexico as an example.

1. The governance of seed systems: Key to new and useful genetic variation Mauricio R. Bellon Bioversity International Invited presentation at the Colloque FRB “Les Ressources Génétiques face aux nouveaux enjeux environnementaux, économiques et sociétaux.” Montpellier, France, September 22, 2011

7. Source: Bellon et al. PNAS 2011 Maize agro-climatic environment WL DL WUMA H Total General characteristics No. of seed lots (SL) 177 47 62 318 604 SL of landraces (%) 98.3 97.9 98.4 97.5 97.9 Average no SL/farmer 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.5 *¶ SL saved by farmer (%, 2003) 75.7 85.1 82.3 72.6 75.5 If not saved, obtained from family, friends, neighbors 88.1 85.7 100.0 85.1 87.0 Number of years that a SL is saved 10.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 10.0 ‡§ SL obtained outside community historical 13.0 12.8 4.8 28.6 20.4 †¶ SL obtained outside community 2003 1.7 0.0 0.0 6.6 3.7 †¶ SL provided to other farmers 2002 25.4 23.4 29.0 18.2 21.9 SL provided outside the community 2002 1.7 4.3 0 3.8 2.8 Farmers who experimented (%) 19.3 22.5 12.5 34.1 25.6 †¶ Number of experimental SL (historical) 30 13 5 79 127 Experimental SL of improved varieties 10 4 1 4 19 Experimental SL retained 6 1 0 9 16 SL of improved varieties retained 2 1 0 0 3

8. Source: Bellon et al. PNAS 2011

11. CIMMYT maize trial sites, derived from international testing trials database, in relation to rural poverty areas Source: Bellon, M. R., D. Hodson, D. Bergvinson, D. Beck, E. Martinez-Romero and Y. Montoya. 2005. Targeting agricultural research to benefit poor farmers: Relating poverty mapping to maize environments in Mexico. Food Policy 30: 476-492 Trial Sites Outside Poor Areas (n = 149) Trial Sites Within Poor Areas (n = 9)

12. Distribution of latest maize collections in Mexico Data: Proyecto Global de Maices Nativos, CONABIO http://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/genes/proyectoMaices.html