Event / Evento: II Workshop on Sugarcane Physiology for Agronomic Applications Speaker / Palestrante: Gaspar H. Korndörfer (Federal University of Uberlândia) Date / Data: Oct, 29-30th 2013 / 29 e 30 de outubro de 2013 Place / Local: CTBE/CNPEM Campus, Campinas, Brazil Event Website / Website do evento: www.bioetanol.org.br/sugarcanephysiology

1. Silicon importance on Aliviating
Biotic and Abiotic Stress on
Sugarcane
GASPAR H. KORNDÖRFER, Prof. Titular
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL UBERLANDIA
Campinas, 29/10/13 - 14:00-14:40h

2. FACULTY MEMBERS UFU
Master and PhD Studentds
Dr. E. Epstein
(USA)
Post Doc Students
Dr. Datnoff
(USA)

4. MAIN SILICON FORMS IN
THE SOIL
Solid phase
Liquid phase
Monosilicic Acid
Polisilicic Acid
Amorphous forms
Crystalline forms
Minerals
(Clay)
Biogenic
Forms
-
- Fitolites
- Microorganism
residues rich in Si
Complex w/
Organic mateial
Non Biogenic
Forms
- Amorphus Silica
Mica
Montmorilonite
Caulonite
Ilite
Minerals
(Sand)
- Feldspat
- Quartz
Source: Korndörfer, et al 2000

5. Available Si in the soil
Si, mg dm-3
40
35
30
25
No. Amostras Solo:
0 - 15% = 32
16 - 35% = 84
36 - 60% = 28
> 60% = 24
20
15
10
5
0
0-15%
16-35%
35-60%
>60%
Clay content
Source: Korndörfer, et al 2002

6. SILICATES
EFFECTS IN
THE SOIL
Ø ↑ pH (replace lime);
Ø ↑ Ca,
Mg and Si
availability;
Ø ↑ P availability (< "P
fixation" in the soil);
Ø ↓
reduce Fe, Mn e
Al toxicity;
Ø have residual effect
like the use of lime;
Ø ↑ base saturation.

7. Nutrients Uptake
Cane 12 months – Samuels (1969)
400
379
350
kg/ha
300
250
192
200
148
150
100
73
50
23
51
45
0
Si
K
N
P
Ca
Mg
S

8. 56%
23%
Silicon uptake recovered from the fertilizer by
two sugarcane cultivars
SOUZA & KORNDÖRFER. Silicon uptake from metallurgy slag
applied on sugarcane crop

9. LOCAL
Si
Soil
Si
Leaves
Yield
Increase
R.Y.
mg dm-3
g kg-1
kg ha-1
%
C.F.- 715
85.0
39.0
---
98
Brida
19.0
16.0
1.002
74
New Farm - 12
14.0
17.0
960
81
Baker
9.0
29.0
683
86
Shawano
6.0
27.0
850
84
31ABE
8.0
22.6
1.163
76
18CDE
9.0
23.0
1.137
73
C.F.48-EF-9N
5.3
21.8
679
91
S.F. 2-E-7
Md
24.2
1.062
79
S.F. 2-E-8
4.5
22.0
867
83
48CG32W
7.6
23.3
1.038
76
AVERAGE
INCREASE
YIELD
1.007
kg ha-1
(28)
RICE
(Everglades
Agriculture
Area - USA)
Source: KORNDÖRFER; SNYDER; ULLOA; POWELL and DATNOFF. 2001. Calibration of soil
and plant silicon analysis for rice production. Journal of Plant Nutrition.. 24(7):1071-1084.

10. Si accumulation in the
rice leaf tissue
Transversal cut leaf tissue
Epidermis expansion
Source: Mauad, et al 2001
Epidermis expansion

11. SEM – Scanner Electronic
Microscopy
Si accumulation
X-Ray
microanalysis
Rice leaf
surface
Source: Korndörfer, & Lepsch, 1999

12. Fig. 1. Cross section of monocot leaf (Bidwell, RGS, 1974);
Fig. 2. Development of fungal hyphae in the leaf tissue without accumulation of silica;
Fig. 3. Silica layer beneath the cuticle hindering the development of hyphae.

13. HPLC da SF5 obtained in fraction 2
AU (212 nm)
0.6
Si-
0.4
0.6
plantas não
inoculadas
0.4
0.2
plantas
inoculadas
Si-
46 min
0.2
0.0
0.0
0
40
AU (212 nm)
0.6
Si+
0.4
45
50
0
55
40
45
0.6
plantas não
inoculadas
0.2
0.0
Momilactona A
47 min
0.2
0.0
55
plantas
inoculadas
Si+
0.4
50
0
40
45
50
Minutos
55
Momilactona B
0
40
45
50
55
Minutos
Source: RODRIGUES et al. (2004). Ph.D.,
University of Florida, USA

14. THE ROLE OF SILICON ON
PLANT PROTECTION
ü HYPOTHESIS I – Mechanical Barrier - Accumulation of
polymerized Si cell wall (Japan)
ü HYPOTHESIS II – Chemical Barrier
- Si induces the
formation of PHENOL (phytoalexins)
ü JOINT ACTION – Mechanical & Chemical Barrier

15. Rust incidence level
Effect of Si fertilizer on brown rust disease
incidence (Puccinia melanocephala) on
sugarcane (cult. IAC86-2480)
Silicate rates, kg/ha

17. Source: L.A.ZANÃO JÚNIOR. 2007. RESISTÊNCIA DO ARROZ À MANCHA-PARDA
MEDIADA POR SILÍCIO E MANGANÊS. Tese Mestrado. UFV

18. EFFECT OF SILICON 0N Bipolaris
oryzae DISEASE (RICE)
Reduction
40%
AACPD
Si leaf
Si Foliar
Content (%)
check
Si soil
0,9
0,6
2,6
Source: Rezende & Rodrigues, 2008. UFV

20. Silicon x Water stress
(upland rice)
100
g/pot
(g vaso -1)
Prod. grãos
Grain Yield,
T. 60% C.C.
T. 70% C.C.
T. 80% C.C.
y=76,1514+0,0336X -­‐0,0000499X 2
2
r =0,84*
80
y=48,1725+0,0177X +0,0000462X 2
2
60
r =0,92*
y=25,7156+0,03069X
2
r =0,99**
40
20
0
200
400
600
-1
Si rates, kg/ha
Doses Si (kg.ha )
Source: A. NOLLA; R. J. FARIA; G. H. KORNDORFER; R. B. SILVA. 2012. Effect of silion on
drought tolerance of upland rice. Journal of Food. Agriculture & Environment. Vol. 10 (1): 269 – 272

21. Effect of Si application on sorghum growth under water stress
conditions. Plants with 47 days of age (22 days of the start of
drought stress)
Source: 2005 - Hattori et al. Phys.Plantarum

22. Si fertilizer effect and
sorghum dry matter yield
grown under water stress
+ water +Si
→ 0,08 g of water/g of soil + 2 mM Si
+ water -Si
→
0,08 g of water/g of soil
- water +Si
→
0,03 g of water/g of soil + 2 mM Si
60
- water
→
0,03 g of water/g of soil
45
b
a
g pl
-1
75
a
-Si
30
c
15
0
+água +Si
+água -Si
-água +Si
-água -Si
Tratamentos
Source: Hattori et al., 2005

24. Clique para editar o estilo do título
Effect of silicon fertilizer (average of 2 Si sources Holcim and Agrosilício) on the number of plant cane
mestre
stalk borer damage – Guaíra Sugar-mill – Var. SP80-3280
Clique para editar os estilos do texto mestre
Segundo nível
Terceiro nível
Quarto nível
Quinto nível
% of Stalk borer damage
•
•
•
•
•
Silicate rates, kg/ha
24
Source: Leonardo (2007) – M.Sc. Dissertation/UFU

25. Treatments for Spittlebug
(Mahanarva fimbriolata)
control and Sugarcane Yield
Site 1
TREATMENTS
Site 2
Cane Yield
-------------t ha-1-------------Check Plot
88,93 b
102,86 a
Potassium Silicate (8,2 L ha-1 - 1 application)
111,94 b
100,66 a
Potassium Silicate (8,2 L ha-1 - 2 applications)
182,67 a
103,84 a
Potassium Silicate (8,2 L ha-1 – 3 applications)
193,55 a
100,00 a
Calcium and Magnesium silicate (1.000 kg ha-1)
199,65 a
105,74 a
Thiamethoxam 250 WG (0,8 kg ha-1)
191,07 a
107,73 a
M. anisopliae Pó (2,0 kg ha-1 - 2 application)
193,46 a
110,27 a
M. anisopliae Arroz (2,0 kg ha-1 – 2 application)
195,23 a
100,08 a
67,33
NS
19
8
D.M.S.
C.V. (%)
Tukey a 5 % de probability
Source: Wangen & Korndörfer (2007) – Master Degree Dissertation/
UFU

26. Si fertilizer application and Si
content in the sugarcane leaf
tissue and Spittlebug nymph
mortality
Si
Leaf
Nymph
Mortality
Nymph
Duration phase
%
%
Dias
Si +
2,6 a
59,5 a
49,6 a
Si -
1,0 b
41,0 b
48,5 a
Treatments
Source: KORNDORFER & VENDRAMIM. 2009. Effect of silicon on the development of the spitllebug
Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera:Cercopidae) on sugarcane. VIII ISSCT Agronomy Workshop.
Uberlandia, 24-29/05/09

27. Sugarcane cultivars and Si
content in the leaf tissue and
Spittlebug nymph mortality and
phase duration
Si
Leaf
Nymph
Mortality
Nymph Duration
Phase
%
%
Dias
SP81-3250
1,56 a
35 a
48 a
SP80-1816
1,60 b
49 b
49 a
SP79-1011
2,31 c
66 c
51 a
Tratamentos
Source: KORNDORFER & VENDRAMIM. 2009. Effect of silicon on the development of the spitllebug
Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera:Cercopidae) on sugarcane. VIII ISSCT Agronomy Workshop.
Uberlandia, 24-29/05/09

28. SILICON TREATMENT AND
SPITTLEBUG LONGEVITY AND
OVIPOSITION (ADULTS PHASE)
Treat
ments
Si
Leaf
LONGEVITY
Male
%
Female
Days
Oviposition
nº eggs
Si +
2,6 a
12 a
13 a
362 a
Si -
1,0 b
14 b
15 b
380 a
Source: KORNDORFER & VENDRAMIM. 2009. Effect of silicon on the development of the spitllebug
Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera:Cercopidae) on sugarcane. VIII ISSCT Agronomy Workshop.
Uberlandia, 24-29/05/09

29. Si in the leaf of different sugarcane
cultivars and the effect on the
longevity and oviposition of
spittlebug (ADULT PHASE)
Treat
ments
Si
Leaf
Longevity
Male
%
Female
Days
Ovo
Posição
nº of eggs
SP81-3250
1,56 a
15 a
18 a
495 a
SP80-1816
1,60 b
13 a
15 a
369 b
SP79-1011
2,31 c
11 b
11 b
242 c
Source: KORNDORFER & VENDRAMIM. 2009. Effect of silicon on the development of the spitllebug
Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera:Cercopidae) on sugarcane. VIII ISSCT Agronomy Workshop.
Uberlandia, 24-29/05/09

30. Number of adults (spittlebug) inside the cage
Cliqueon the leaves (sugarcane) with título
para editar o estilo do and
and
without Si mestre treatment
fertilizer
•
•
•
•
•
Observations
- Si
+ Si
Clique para editar os estilos do texto mestre
n de adults/plant
Segundo nível
1h
1,41 a
1,38 a
2h
1,76 a
1,64 a
Terceiro nível
3h
1,76 a
1,64 a
4h
1,91 a
1,71 a
Quarto nível
5h
2,00 a
1,84 a
6h
2,01 a
1,84 a
Quinto nível
o
7h
1,82 a
8h
2,07 a
1,84 a
9h
2,11 b
1,78 a
10h
Korndörfer, A.P. 2010. Tese
Doutorado, Esalq/USP
2,09 b
2,30 b
1,78 a
11h
2,36 b
1,68 a
24h
2,41 b
1,59 a
30

31. Silicon effect on sugarcane sucrose
content and fiber (average of 17
different cultivars) – Guaíra Sugar-mill
Silicon
Juice
Sucrose
Juice
Brix %
Juice Purity
%
Fiber
------------------------- % ------------------------- Si
18,70 b
21,27 a
87,90 a
10,83 a
+ Si
19,21 a
21,78 b
88,16 a
11,56 b
683 kg/ha of sugar or 11,4 bags/ha (60 kg bag)
Korndörfer (2010) - Tese Doutorado, Esalq/USP

33. Cane Yield, t/ha
Plant Cane Yield (average of 4 experiment –
Sugar-mill: São Luiz, São Martinho,
Catanduva e Santa Adélia)
161
159
157
155
153
151
149
147
y = -0,25x2 + 2,6x + 151,7
R² = 0,94**
y = -0,3125x2 + 1,725x + 151,95
R2 = 0,99**
0
2
4
Silicate Rates, t/ha
6
Korndorfer, et al. 2003. Copersucar X UFU

34. Effect of Ca Silicate and Lime
Application - Plant Cane Stalk Yield
Stalk Yield, t/ha
180
CaSiO3
Carbonato de Ca
176
Silicato de Ca
CaCO3
172
168
164
160
0
2
3
4
Application rate, t/ha
6
Korndorfer, et al. 2003. Copersucar X UFU

35. Residual Effect of Ca Silicate and Lime
Application - 1st Ratoon Cane Stalk Yield
Cane Yield, t/ha
120
CaSiO3
Carbonato Ca
Silicato de Ca
116
112
108
CaCO3
104
100
0
2
3
4
Silicate rates, t/ha
6
Korndorfer, et al. 2003. Copersucar X UFU

36. Cane Yield, kg/ha
Silicon effect on plant cane stalk yield (average from
2 silicates sources, Holcim and Agrosilício) – Cult.
SP80-3250, Red Latosol – 25% clay
Diference = 13,4 t/ha
Silicate rates, kg/ha
Source: ARAÚJO (2010). Master Degree
Dissertation, ICIAG/UFU

37. RQ
Plant Cane
IAC 87-3396 Y = 0.103X + 3.397 R2 = 0.56*
40
SP 89-1115 Y = 0.256X - 0.83 R2 = 0.77*
Si - acetic acid (mg kg-1)
Si- acetic acid (mg kg -1)
Clique para editar40o estilo do
60
35
título mestre
50
30
First ratoon
RQ
IAC 87 3396
Y = 0.047X + 4.68 R2 = 0.68*
SP 89 1115
Y = -0.001X2+0.206X+5.325 R²=0.77*
25
• 30Clique para editar os estilos do texto
Linear
20
increase
mestre
15
20
10
• 10Segundo nível
5
C
A
0
• 0Terceiro nível
0
55
110
165
0
55
110
165
Si kg ha
Si (kg ha )
• Quarto nível
Available silicon (0.5 mol L-1 acetic acid) in soil samples
• Quinto nível cm after plant cane and first ratoon
collected at 0-25
-1
-1
harvest (RQ soil)
CAMARGO & KORNDÖRFER. 2013. Silicon
fertilization: soil availability, plant uptake, crop yield and
37
stalk borer damage. ISSCT. Panamá City, USA

38. Clique para editar o estilo do
título mestre
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
8.5
RQ
Plant Cane
Y = 0.004X + 3.91 R² 0.90*
8.0
First Ratoon
RQ
Y = 0.0073X+ 6.802 R2 = 0.97*
Si (g kg-1)
Si (g kg-1)
• Clique para editar os estilos do texto
7.5
mestre
7.0
• Segundo nível A
C
6.5
0
55
110
165
0
55
110
165
Si (kg ha )
• Terceiro nível
Si (kg ha )
• Quarto nível
Effect of Si
• Quinto nível fertilizer on Si content in the
-1
-1
sugarcane leaves – Site I, RQ Soil
CAMARGO & KORNDÖRFER. 2013. Silicon
fertilization: soil availability, plant uptake, crop yield and
38
stalk borer damage. ISSCT. Panamá City, USA

39. Clique para editar o estilo do
título mestre
Plant Cane
IAC 87 -3396 Y =-0.024 X + 6.645 R2=0.60 *
SP 89 -1115 Y =-0.074 X + 30 .42 R2=0.80 *
Stalk Borer Incidence, %
Stalk Borer Incidence, %
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
30
First Ratoon
Y = -0.026 X + 25 .23 R² = 0.71 *
25
• Clique para editar os estilos do texto
20
mestre
A
B
• Segundo nível
15
0
55
110
165
55
165
• 0
Terceiro(kg ha 110
nível
Si (kg ha )
Si
)
• Quarto nível
Silicon fertilization rates and
• Quinto nível
-1
-1
stalk borer incidence on Site II
CAMARGO & KORNDÖRFER. 2013. Silicon
fertilization: soil availability, plant uptake, crop yield and
39
stalk borer damage. ISSCT. Panamá City, USA

40. Clique para editar o estilo do
título mestre
Plant Cane Increase
Yield (7.0 t/ha)
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
99
98
97
First Ratoon Increase
Yield (15.0 t/ha)
RQ
Plant Cane
110
First Ratoon
RQ
Y = 0.094X + 86.926 R2 = 0.60*
-1
Yield (t ha-1)
Yield (t ha-1)
100
• Clique para editar os estilos do texto
90
mestre
80
• Segundo nível
C
70
• Terceiro nível A
0
55
110
165
0
55
110
165
Si (kg ha )
• Quarto Si (kg ha )
nível
Effect nível
• Quintoof Si fertilizer applied in the furrow on
Y = 0.047X + 97.57 R² = 0.84*
-1
Plant Cane and 1º Ratoon Sugarcane Yield
(Site I, RQ Soil)
CAMARGO & KORNDÖRFER. 2013. Silicon
fertilization: soil availability, plant uptake, crop yield and
40
stalk borer damage. ISSCT. Panamá City, USA

41. Correlation
between Si
content in the
soil and cane
yield (Colombo
Sugar-mill)
considering only
the CLAY group of
soils texture and
different Si
extractors: (A)
acetic acid, (B)
Resin, (C) Water,
(D) Buffer pH 7,0,
(E) Standart
CaCl2, (F) KCl, (G)
modified CaCl2
and (H) Chloridric
Acid.
Crusciol, et al, 2009 - Tese Mestrado UNESP/Botucatu

42. Correlation
between Si
content in the
soil and cane
yield (Colombo
Sugar-mill)
considering only
the LIME group of
soils texture and
different Si
extractors: (A)
acetic acid, (B)
Resin, (C) Water,
(D) Buffer pH 7,0,
(E) Standart
CaCl2, (F) KCl, (G)
modified CaCl2
and (H) Chloridric
Acid.
Crusciol, et al, 2009 - Tese Mestrado UNESP/Botucatu

43. Correlation
between Si
content in the
soil and cane
yield (Colombo
Sugar-mill)
considering only
the SANDY group
of soils texture
and different Si
extractors: (A)
acetic acid, (B)
Resin, (C) Water,
(D) Buffer pH 7,0,
(E) Standart
CaCl2, (F) KCl, (G)
modified CaCl2
and (H) Chloridric
Acid.
Crusciol, et al, 2009 - Tese Mestrado UNESP/Botucatu

44. Clique para editar o estilo do
In conclusion:
título mestre
Sugarcane yield increase using Si as fertilizer is not fully
understood, but several mechanisms have been proposed.
Some of them indicate that responses may be associated with
induced resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as:
• Clique para editar os estilos do texto
mestre
• Segundo nível
- disease and insect resistance;
- reducing lodging;
• Terceiro nível
- improving leaf and stalk erectness;
• Quarto nível
- freeze resistance;
- and improvements in plant water economy.
• Quinto nível
44

45. Si in the beer
may enhance
bone health !!!
A moderate consumption of beer can contribute to the prevention of
osteoporosis because Si promotes bone health by promoting the formation of
collagen. Si also reduce cardiovascular risk and, furthermore, have
antioxidant activity that may improve nutritional values;
- Daily Si rate recommended to enhance bone health = 30mg
- Average Si content in 280mL glass of beer = 6mg of Si
of Si
Source: I Simp. Beer and Health, London-2003. (Hosp.St.Thomas e
Univ. King’s College de Londres)

46. Grupo de Pesquisa “Silício na
Agricultura”: www.dpv24.iciag.ufu.br
ghk@uber.com.br