A Journey Through MDE, DSL and SLE (July 2nd, 2015)

Benoit'Combemale'(Inria &'Univ.'Rennes'1)
http://people.irisa.fr/Benoit.Combemale
benoit.combemale@irisa.fr
@bcombemale
A'Journey'Through'MDE,'DSL'and'SLE
Or…“Whynotwritingthecodethatwill generatemycodeinsteadof writingmycode?!”

(smart)'Cyber'Physical'Systems
Software
intensive
systems
! 2A Journey:Through:MDE,:DSL:and:SLE H Benoit'Combemale (INRIA'and'Univ.'Rennes'1)'H July'2nd,'2015

Aerodynamics
Authorities
Avionics
Safety
Regulations
Airlines
Propulsion
System
Mechanical
Structure
Environmental
Impact
Navigation
Communications
Human-
Machine
Interaction
3
Multiple
Concerns

4
Aerodynamics
Authorities
Avionics
Safety
Regulations
Airlines
Propulsion
System
Mechanical
Structure
Environmental
Impact
Navigation
Communications
Human-
Machine
Interaction
Heterogeneous
Modeling

ModelHDriven Engineering'(MDE)
Distribution
«"Service"Provider"
Manager"»
Notification"
Alternate"Manager"
«"Recovery"Block"
Manager"»
Complaint
Recovery"Block"
Manager
«"Service"
Provider"
Manager"»
Notification""
Manager
Manager"»
Complaint"Alternate"
Manager"
«"Service"
Provider"
Manager"»
Complaint"
Manager
«"Acceptance"
Test"Manager"»
Notification"
Acceptance"Test"
Manager
«"Acceptance"
Test"Manager"»
Complaint"
Acceptance"Test
Manager
«"Recovery"
Block"Manager"»
Notification
Recovery"Block"
Manager
«"Client"»
User"Citizen"
Manager
Fault tolerance Roles
Activities
Views
Contexts
Security
Functional behavior
Book
state : StringUser
borrow
return
deliver
setDamaged
res
erv
e
Use case
Platform
Model Design
Model
Code
Model
Change'one'Aspect'and'
Automatically ReHWeave:
From:Software:Product:Lines…
..to:Dynamically:Adaptive:Systems
! 5A:Journey:Through:MDE,:DSL:and:SLE H Benoit'Combemale (INRIA'and'Univ.'Rennes'1)'H July'2nd,'2015

! 6
J.'Whittle,'J.'Hutchinson,'and'M.'Rouncefield,'“The$State$of$Practice$in$Model2
Driven Engineering,”'IEEE'Software,'vol.'31,'no.'3,'2014,'pp.'79–85.
A:Journey:Through:MDE,:DSL:and:SLE H Benoit'Combemale (INRIA'and'Univ.'Rennes'1)'H July'2nd,'2015
"Perhaps$surprisingly,$the$majority$of$MDE$examples$in$our$study$
followed$domain2specific$modeling$paradigms"
Distribution
Manager"»
Notification"
Alternate"Manager"
«"Recovery"Block"
Manager"»
Complaint
Recovery"Block"
Manager
«"Service"
Provider"
Manager"»
Notification""
Manager
Manager"»
Complaint"Alternate"
Manager"
«"Service"
Provider"
Manager"»
Complaint"
Manager
«"Acceptance"
Test"Manager"»
Notification"
Acceptance"Test"
Manager
«"Acceptance"
Test"Manager"»
Complaint"
Acceptance"Test
Manager
«"Recovery"
Block"Manager"»
Notification
Recovery"Block"
Manager
«"Client"»
User"Citizen"
Manager
Fault tolerance Roles
Activities
Views
Contexts
Security
Functional behavior
Book
state : StringUser
borrow
return
deliver
setDamaged
res
erv
e
Use case
Platform
Model Design
Model
Code
Model
Change'one'Aspect'and'
Automatically ReHWeave:
From:Software:Product:Lines…
..to:Dynamically:Adaptive:Systems

Jean!Marc'Jézéquel,'Benoît'Combemale'et'Didier'Vojtisek,'"Ingénierie'Dirigée'
par'les'Modèles':'des'concepts'a'la'pratique,"'Ellipses'edition,'février'2012

Jean!Marc'Jézéquel,'Benoît'Combemale'et'Didier'Vojtisek,'"Ingénierie'Dirigée'
par'les'Modèles':'des'concepts'a'la'pratique,"'Ellipses'edition,'février'2012
Editors
(textuals, graphicals, …)
Documentation generators
Test generators
Simulators
Analyzers
Refactoring
Checkers
(static & dynamics)
Translators
Compilers
Code generators
Etc.

Problem
Space Solution
Space
Assembler
C,'Java
DSLs
Abstraction
Gap

DomainHSpecific Languages (DSLs)
A:Journey:Through:MDE,:DSL:and:SLE H Benoit'Combemale (INRIA'and'Univ.'Rennes'1)'H July'2nd,'2015 ! 10
• Targeted to'a'particular kind of'problem,'with dedicated
notations'(textual or'graphical),'support'(editor,'checkers,'etc.)
• Promises:'more'« efficient »'languages for'resolving a'set'of'
specific problems in'a'domain

11
"Language$specially designed$to$perform$a$task$in$a$certain:
domain"
"A$formal$processable language$targeting$at$a$specific:
viewpoint:or:aspect:of$a$software$system.$Its$semantics:and:
notation:is$designed$in$order$to$support$working$with$that$
viewpoint$as$good$as$possible"
"A$computer$language$that's$targeted$to$a$particular$kind$of$
problem,$rather:than:a:general:purpose:language that's$
aimed$at$any$kind$of$software$problem.”
DomainHSpecific Languages (DSLs)

A$GPL$provides$notations$that$are$used$to$describe$a$computation$in$a$
human2readable$form$that$can$be$translated$into$a$machine2readable$
representation.
A$GPL$is$a$formal$notation$that$can$be$used$to$describe$problem$
solutions$in$a$precise$manner.
A$GPL$is$a$notation$that$can$be$used$to$write$programs.
A$GPL$is$a$notation$for$expressing$computation.
A$GPL$is$a$standardized$communication$technique$for$expressing$
instructions$to$a$computer.$It$is$a$set$of$syntactic$and$semantic$rules$
used$to$define$computer$programs.
GPL'(General'Purpose Language)

The'boundary'isn’t'as'clear'as'it'could'be.'DomainH
specificity'is'not'blackHandHwhite,'but'instead'gradual:'a'
language'is'more'or'less'domain'specific
GeneralPL vs. DomainSL

Promises'of'domainHspecific languages
Higher'
abstractions
Avoid'
redundancy
Separation'
of'concerns
Use'domain'
concepts

Promises'of'domainHspecific languages
Benefits
Productivity
Quality
V&V
Communication
Domain
Expert
No'
Overhead
Platform
Independent

« Another lesson we should have'learned from the'recent past is
that the'development of''richer''or''more'powerful''programming
languages was a'mistake in'the'sense that these baroque'
monstrosities,'these conglomerations of'idiosyncrasies,'are'really
unmanageable,'both mechanically and'mentally.'
I'see a'great future'for'very systematic and'
very modest programming languages »
ACM'Turing'Lecture,'« The'Humble'Programmer »'
Edsger W.'Dijkstra 16
aka DomainH
Specific
Languages
aka GeneralHPurpose
Languages
1972

17
2011
« DomainHspecific
languages are'far'more'
prevalent than
anticipated »

What are'models used for?
Jon'Whittle,'"What do$449$MDE$Practitioners Think About$MDE?"'EESSMod’11

Which modeling languages are'used?'

Which diagrams are'used?

John'Hutchinson,'Mark'Rouncefield,'Jon'Whittle,'"Model!driven engineering'
practices'in'industry."'ICSE'2011:'633!642
"DSLs:are:
far:more:prevalent
than anticipated"

J!M.'Favre,'D.'Gasevic,'R.'Lämmel,'and'E.'Pek.'"Empirical language analysis
in'software'linguistics,"'In'Software'Language Engineering,'volume'6563'of'
LNCS,'pages'316–326.'Springer,'2011.
"Software:languages:
are:software:too"

• An'external DSL'is a'completely separate language and'with its
own custom'syntax/tooling support'(e.g.,'editor,'compiler)
• Language worbenches:$Eclipse$modeling (EMF,$xText,$GMF,$
Sirius,$Kermeta,$xCore/xTend…),$DSL$Tools,$Meta$Edit+,$MPS,$
GME,$Neverlang,$Delite,$etc.
• An'internal DSL'is more'or'less a'set'of'APIs'written on'top'of'a'
host'language
• Extension$mechanisms:$xTend’s active$annotation,$Scala’s LMS,$
extensions$methods (e.g.,$xTend,$Kotlin,$Scala2Virtualized),$plain2
old java$annotation$or$even fluent$interfaces!
• API$2>$fluent$API$2>$staging (LMS)
• annotation$2>$active$annotation
External DSLs vs. Internal DSLs

Both internal and'external DSLs have'strengths and'weaknesses
• learning curve,'
• cost of'building,'
• programmer'familiarity,'
• communication'with domain experts,'
• mixing in'the'host'language,'
• strong expressiveness boundary
External DSLs vs. Internal DSLs

Textual DSLs vs. Graphical DSLs

Software'Language Engineering'(SLE)
• Application'of'systematic,'disciplined,'and'measurable'
approaches'to'the'development,'deployment,'use,'and'
maintenance'of'software'languages
• Supported'by'various'kind'of'"language'workbench"
• Eclipse'EMF,'xText,'Sirius,'GEMOC,'Papyrus
• Jetbrain’s MPS
• MS'DSL'Tools
• Etc.
• Various'shapes'and'ways'to'implement'software'languages
• External,'internal'or'embedded'DSLs,'Profile,'etc.
• Grammar,'metamodel,'ontology,'etc.
• More and'more'literature,'a'dedicated'Intl.'conference'(ACM'
SLE,'cf.'http://www.sleconf.org)…

EMF-based Tools
(68 matches in
September, 2012)
Eclipse'Modeling

The'Kermeta Workbench'(since'2005)
Jean!Marc'Jézéquel,'Benoit'Combemale,'Olivier'Barais,'Martin'Monperrus,'
François'Fouquet,'“Mashup of$metalanguages and$its implementation in$the$
Kermeta language workbench,”'SoSyM,'2014.
@aspect(class=Transition)
operation fire() : String {
source.owningFSM.currentState := target
result := output
}

The'Kermeta Workbench'(since'2005)
• Modular'design'of'DSMLs
• One'meta!language'per'language'concern'(merge/weave)
• Ecore,'OCL,'Xtend
• But'also:'QVTo,'fUML,'Alf,'Ket,'Xsd…
• Static'introduction'mechanism'(aspect)
• Provides'a'model'oriented'action'language'to'support'common'model'
manipulation'tasks'
• to'implement'(E)Operation’s'bodies
• Imperative,'statically'typed,'object!oriented,'aspect!oriented'
(aspect/context,'require),'model!oriented,'DbC,'Unit'testing
• Java'and'Xtend compliant,'and'based'on'EMF
• Run'as'Eclipse'plugin'or'as'standard'Java'application
• Efficient'implementation of'DSMLs
• Mashup of'the'meta!languages'to'Java'code
• Integrated'with'third!party'tools'(EMF'compliant)
Jean!Marc'Jézéquel,'Benoit'Combemale,'Olivier'Barais,'Martin'Monperrus,'
François'Fouquet,'“Mashup of$metalanguages and$its implementation in$the$
Kermeta language workbench,”'SoSyM,'2014.

! 30
J.'Whittle,'J.'Hutchinson,'and'M.'Rouncefield,'“The$State$of$Practice$in$Model2
Driven Engineering,”'IEEE'Software,'vol.'31,'no.'3,'2014,'pp.'79–85.
A:Journey:Through:MDE,:DSL:and:SLE H Benoit'Combemale (INRIA'and'Univ.'Rennes'1)'H July'2nd,'2015
"A$clear$challenge,$then,$is$how$to$integratemultiple$DSLs."
"Rather$than$attempting$to$formalize$a$wide2ranging$domain$(such$
as$financial$applications),$practitioners$should$write$small,$easy2to2
maintain$DSLs$and$code$generators.$In$practice,$however,$multiple$
DSLs$are$usually$required,$which$brings$its$own$challenges$in$terms$
of$integration."

Jean!Marc'Jézéquel,'David'Mendez,'Thomas'Degueule,'Benoit'Combemale,'Olivier'
Barais,'"When Systems Engineering$Meets Software$Language Engineering,"'In'
Complex Systems Design'&'Management'(CSD&M'14),'Springer,'2014.
All'about'“family'of'languages”!!'!
Core
Query
Language
Action
Language
Constraint
LanguageFSM
H FSM System
ODE
FSM
Activity
Language Inheritance
Subtyping, Model Viewpoint,
Generic metaprogramming
Globalization of DSLs
HFSM
UML
Rhapsody
Stateﬂow
HT FSM
Language Modularization and Composition,
Language Variability Management

Research'Topics'about'SLE'in'DiverSE
• Design'&'Implementation'of'DSLs
• Modularity,'customization,'reuse,'variability'management'of'DSLs
• Domain!specific'meta!languages'(executability,'concurrency,'coordination)
• DSL'executability,'model'simulation'and'debug,'and'trace'management
• Language'adaptability
• Globalization'of'DSLs
• Concurrent'execution'of'heterogeneous'models
• Integration'of'scientific'models'and'engineering'models

OPEN WORLD
Feature A
Feature B Feature B
F. D F. D F. D F. D F. D F. D
Variability model
L1 L2
L3 L4
L1
L3 L4L2
CLOSED WORLD
Language Manipulation
• Evolution
• Extension
• Restriction
• Customization
• Assembly
Variability-based
development model for
DSLs
• Variability modeling
• Components-based
languages development
Families of Languages
Variants
Language
derivation
L6
Typing Theory
for Agile Modeling
• Language interfaces
• Model polymorphism
• Viewpoints management
MELANGE

Alanguage-based,model-oriented
programming language
Melange

TheGEMOCStudio
A:Journey:Through:MDE,:DSL:and:SLE H Benoit'Combemale (INRIA'and'Univ.'Rennes'1)'H July'2nd,'2015 H 35

• Graphical'animation
• Breakpoint'definition'on'model'element
• MultiHdimensional'and'efficient'trace'
management
• Model'debugging'facilities'(incl.,'timeline,'
step'backward,'stimuli'management,'etc.)
• Concurrency'simulation'and'formal'analysis
ActivityDiagramDebugger
https://github.com/gemoc/activitydiagram

ArduinoDesigner(&Debugger)

https://github.com/gemoc/farmingmodeling
FarmingSystemModeling

WrapHup
• Model$Driven$Engineering
• Addresses$accidental$complexity$
• Separation$of$concerns$with$models
• Abstraction$with$DS(M)Ls
Software$Language Engineering
• Tools$and$methods$for$language$design,$implementation,$$
deployment,$use$and$evolution
• Tools:$various$language$workbenches
• Methods:$various$shapes$and$ways$to$implement$languages
• Next$grand$challenge:
Globalization of'Modeling'Languages
Cf.'the'GEMOC'initiative
http://gemoc.org

Join us!
The'GEMOC'Initiative
http://gemoc.org ~'@gemocinitiative
Advisory Board:'Benoit'Combemale,'Robert'B.'France,'Jeff'Gray'and'JeanHMarc' Jézéquel

A Journey Through MDE, DSL and SLE (July 2nd, 2015)

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A Journey Through MDE, DSL and SLE (July 2nd, 2015)