1. Benedick J. Ledesma

2. s the authority granted by a constituency to act as its
representative
he concept of a government having a legitimate mandate to
govern via the fair winning of a democratic election is a central
idea of democracy.
ew governments who attempt to introduce policies that they
did not make public during an election campaign are said to not
have a legitimate mandate to implement such policies.

3. n international law, a mandate is a binding obligation
issued from an inter-governmental organization (e.g.
the United Nations) to a country which is bound to
follow the instructions of the organization.
n Christian theology, a mandate is an order given from
God that must be obeyed without question.

4. he Mandate of Heaven is based on four leading ideas:
 The right to rule is granted by Heaven.
 There can be only one legitimate ruler.
 The right to rule is based on the virtue of the ruler and his good
performance as a steward for Heaven.
 The right to rule may be passed down from father to son, but only
on the conditions established above. Once the Mandate is lost, the
will of Heaven towards a successor will only be known by the
working out of the imponderable force of events in human history.

5. t asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly
authority, deriving his right to rule directly from the
will of God
he king is thus not subject to the will of his people,
the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm,
including the Church
nly God can judge an unjust king

6. ny attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers
runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a
sacrilegious act

8. efined as the supreme power of the state to command and
enforce obedience to its will from people within its
jurisdiction and corollarily, to have freedom from foreign
control.
t implies the supreme authority to govern. As the State in
whom sovereignty resides, the people have the right to
constitute their own government, to change it, and to
define its jurisdiction and powers.

9. t is also the quality of having supreme, independent
authority over a geographic area, such as a territory
n international law, sovereignty means that a
government possesses full control over affairs within a
territorial or geographical area or limit

10. e jure or legal sovereignty concerns the expressed and
institutionally recognized right to exercise control over a territory.
e facto or actual sovereignty
is the ability to carry out various functions of the state and is
concerned with whether control in fact exists
hen control is practiced predominately by military or police force it is
considered coercive sovereignty

11. nternal sovereignty
 is the relationship between a sovereign power and its own
subjects.
 A central concern is legitimacy: by what right does a
government exercise authority
 A state that has internal sovereignty is one with a
government that has been elected by the people and has
the popular legitimacy
 examines the internal affairs of a state and how it operates

12. t is important to have strong internal sovereignty in
relation to keeping order and peace
he presence of a strong authority allows you to keep
agreement and enforce sanctions for the violation of
laws

13. xternal sovereignty
 concerns the relationship between a sovereign power and other
states.
 is in line with questions of international law, such as: when, if
ever, is intervention by one country onto another's territory
permissible
 May be recognized even when the sovereign body possesses no
territory or its territory is under partial or total occupation by
another power.

14. hared Sovereignty
 the office of the head of state can be vested jointly in several persons
within a state, the sovereign jurisdiction over a single political territory
can be shared jointly by two or more consenting powers, notably in
the form of a condominium.
 A small area on the Arabian Peninsula is jointly ruled by Oman and the
Emirati member state of Ajman.
 The Moselle River, and its tributaries the Sauer and the Our, comprise
a condominium between Luxembourg and Germany, who share
bridges and at least the tip of one island (near Schengen).
 Egypt from 1876-1882, under France and the United Kingdom

15. ederation
 In a federal system of government, sovereignty also refers to
powers which a constituent state or republic possesses
independently of the national government
 In a confederation constituent entities retain the right to
withdraw from the national body, but in a federation member
states or republics do not hold that right

16. Different interpretations of state sovereignty in the United States of
America, as it related to the expansion of slavery and Fugitive slave
laws, led to the outbreak of the American Civil War.
Depending on the particular issue, sometimes the North and other
times the South justified their political positions by appealing to
state sovereignty. Fearing that slavery would be threatened by
federal election results, eleven states declared their independence
from the federal Union and formed a new confederation. The United
States government rejected the secessions as rebellion, declaring
that secession from the Union by an individual state was
unconstitutional, as the states were part of an indissolvable
federation.

17. . South Carolina
2. Mississippi
3. Florida
4. Alabama
. Georgia
6. Louisiana

18. ystem of laws, regulatory measures, courses of
action, and funding priorities concerning a given topic
promulgated by a governmental entity or its
representatives
s commonly embodied in constitutions, legislative
acts, and judicial decisions.

19. ublic policy is a purposive and consistent course of
action produced as a response to a perceived problem
of a constituency, formulated by a specific political
process, and adopted, implemented, and enforced by
a public agency.

20. econciling conflicting claims for scarce resources
Encouraging or fostering cooperation that would
probably not occur without government influence or
encouragement
Prohibiting morally unacceptable behavior
Protecting the rights of individuals
roviding direct benefits to citizens

21. ) Public Policies are goal oriented.
 Public policies are formulated and implemented in order to attain the
objectives which the government has in view for the ultimate benefit
of the masses in general. These policies clearly spell out the programs
of government.
) Public policy is the outcome of the government's collective actions.
 It means that it is a pattern or course of activity or' the governmental
officials and actors in a collective sense than being termed as their
discrete and segregated decisions.

22. ) Public policy is what the government actually decides or chooses to do.
 It is the relationship of the government units to the specific field of
political environment in a given administrative system. It can take a
variety of forms like law, ordinances, court decisions, executive orders,
decisions etc.
) Public policy is positive
 it depicts the concern of the government and involves its action to a
particular problem on which the policy is made.
 It has the sanction of law and authority behind it. Negatively, it involves
decisions by the governmental officials regarding not taking any action
on a particular issue.

24. re analytical tools for understanding, explaining, and
making predictions about a given subject matter
ay be expressed mathematically, symbolically, or in
common language, but are generally expected to
follow principles of rational thought or logic.

25.  CLASSICAL ORGANIZATION THEORY
 Scientific Management approach
 Weber's Bureaucratic approach
 Administrative theory

26. • NEOCLASSICAL THEORY
• MODERN ORGANIZATION THEORY
 Systems approach
 Socio-technical approach
 Contingency or Situational approach

27. aylor's principles of scientific management
 Science, not rule-of-thumb;
 Scientific selection of the worker
 Management and labour cooperation rather than
conflict
 Scientific training of workers

28. eber's bureaucratic approach
 Structure
 Specialization
 Predictability and stability
 Rationality
 Democracy

29. ayol's principles of management: Administrative theory
ivision of work (specialization)
uthority and responsibility
iscipline
nity of command
nity of direction
ubordination of individual interest
emuneration of personnel
entralization
calar chain
rder
quity

30. rinciples of the neoclassical approach
 INDIVIDUAL
 WORK GROUP
 PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT

31. haracteristics of modern approaches to the
organization
 Systems viewpoint
 Dynamic process of interaction
 Multi-levelled and multidimensional
 Multi-motivated
 Probabilistic
 Multidisciplinary
 Descriptive
 Multivariable
 Adaptive

32.  Modern approaches to organization: The systems approach
 COMPONENTS
 The individual
 The formal and informal organization
 Patterns of behavior
 Role perception
 The physical environment
 LINKING PROCESSES
 Communication
 Balance
 Decision analysis
 GOALS OF ORGANIZATION
 Growth
 Stability
 Interaction

33. philosophical and theoretical framework of a
scientific school or discipline within which theories,
laws, and generalizations and the experiments
performed in support of them are formulated
efers to the set of practices that define a scientific
discipline at any particular period of time.

34. homas Kuhn defines a scientific paradigm as: "universally
recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide
model problems and solutions for a community of
researchers", i.e.,
 what is to be observed and scrutinized
 the kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for
answers in relation to this subject
 how these questions are to be structured
 how the results of scientific investigations should be interpreted
 how is an experiment to be conducted, and what equipment is available
to conduct the experiment.

35. s early as the 14th Century the
Italian poet Dante wrote of the
“universality of man” and
envisioned a unified world state
mmanuel Kant argued that doing
good was an end unto itself rather
than a means to some other end

36. ope to minimize conflict and maximize cooperation
among nations
ocus attention on legal-formal aspects of international
relations, such as international law and international
organizations
lso focus on moral concerns such as human rights

37. hile realists are just as interested as idealists in conflict
management, realists are less optimistic about the
effectiveness of international law and organization and
about the extent of international cooperation that is
possible
ealists view international relations almost exclusively as a
“struggle for power” among competing nation-states
 States, like human beings, have an innate desire to dominate
others

38. he ultimate goal of all countries is security in a hostile,
anarchic environment
ealist policies are determined by power calculations in
pursuit of national security
 Countries satisfied with their situation tend to pursue the status
quo
 Countries that are dissatisfied tend to be expansionist
 Alliances are made and broken based on the requirements of
“realpolitik”

39. ealists focus on military strategy, the elements of
national power, and the nature of national interests
more so than international law and organization
rom WWII they learned that the way to prevent future
wars was a “balance of power” capable of deterring
would-be aggressors or on a “concert of powers”
willing to police the world

40. n the 16th Century Machiavelli had argued
in The Prince that:
 “it is far better to be feared than loved”
 “he ought not to quit good courses if he can
help it, but should know how to follow evil
courses if he must”
 “he will prosper most whose mode of acting
best adapts itself to the character of the
times; and conversely that he will be
unprosperous, with whose mode of acting
the times do not accord”

41. ans Morgenthau is considered the
father of realism
 Wrote Politics Among Nations in
1948
 Stressed the virtues of the classical,
multipolar, balance of power
system and saw the bipolar rivalry
between the US and the USSR as
especially dangerous

42. he realist paradigm was very popular during
the Cold War
 The US and the USSR competed in
everything
 Military
 Economics
 Space race
 Olympics
 Alliances

43. homas Hobbes
 Wrote the book Leviathan and
said that “Man by nature is
aggressive and greedy”
 He espoused also that “might
makes right and the weak are
victimized”

44. iberalism (from the Latin liberalis) is a political ideology or
worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality
iberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their
understanding of these principles, but generally liberals
support ideas such as free markets, constitutionalism, liberal
democracy, free and fair elections, human rights and the free
exercise of religion.

45. reedom of speech
natural rights-
 Life- not under anyone
 Liberty- freedom to do things
 Property- freedom to own things
gainst absolute power

46. eveloped during the enlightenment period
ohn Locke
rose during French revolution

47. • John Locke - developer of
political liberalism
dam Smith – developer of free trade market
(economic liberalism)
ree market- government can’t interfere with
the market’s good price

48. rench revolution
 Changes of government
 American revolution
 Decoration of Independence
for America

49. iberalism first became a powerful force in the Age of
Enlightenment, rejecting several foundational
assumptions that dominated most earlier theories of
government, such as nobility, established religion,
absolute monarchy, and the Divine Right of Kings.

50. s any ideology or political act far outside the
perceived political center of a society; or
otherwise claimed to violate common moral
standards
n democratic societies, individuals or groups
that advocate the replacement of
democracy with an authoritarian regime are
usually considered to be extremists

51. olitical agendas perceived as extremist often include
those from the far left or far right as well as
fundamentalism or fanaticism.
erm may also sometimes be associated with person(s)
who have different view(s) which is not consistent
with the existing norm(s)

52. t need not necessarily imply that the person is a threat
to the society or the government or any other agency,
but the underlying fact is that there is a totally new
and unique perception of the person about life,
politics or any other agenda.

53. s an economic and sociopolitical worldview and method
of socioeconomic inquiry centered upon a materialist
interpretation of history, a dialectical view of social
change, and an analysis–critique of the development of
capitalism.
n the early-to-mid 19th century, the intellectual
development of Marxism was pioneered by two German
philosophers, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

54. s an ideology, Marxism encompasses an economic
theory, a sociological theory, and a revolutionary view
of social change

55. arx believed that a truly utopian society must be
classless and stateless.
arx's main idea was simple:
 Free the lower class from poverty and give the poor a fighting
chance.
 In order to liberate the lower class, Marx believed that the
government would have to control all means of production so
that no one could outdo anyone else by making more money.

56. arx described three necessary phases toward achieving his idea of utopia.
hase 1: A revolution must take place in order to overthrow the existing
government. Marx emphasized the need for total destruction of the existing
system in order to move on to Phase 2.
hase 2: A dictator or elite leader (or leaders) must gain absolute control over
the proletariat. During this phase, the new government exerts absolute control
over the common citizen's personal choices -- including his or her education,
religion, employment and even marriage. Collectivization of property and
wealth must also take place.

57. hase 3: Achievement of utopia. This phase has never been
attained because it requires that all non-communists be
destroyed in order for the Communist Party to achieve
supreme equality. In a Marxist utopia, everyone would
happily share property and wealth, free from the
restrictions that class-based systems require. The
government would control all means of production so
that the one-class system would remain constant, with no
possibility of any middle class citizens rising back to the
top.

58. entral banking system
overnment controlled education
overnment controlled labor
overnment ownership of transportation and communication
vehicles
overnment ownership of agricultural means and factories
otal abolition of private property
roperty rights confiscation

59. s the process by which a theory, lesson, or skill is enacted,
practiced, embodied, or realized
ay also refer to the act of engaging, applying, exercising,
realizing, or practicing ideas
his has been a recurrent topic in the field of philosophy,
discussed in the writings of Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine,
Immanuel Kant, Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Marx, Martin
Heidegger, Hannah Arendt, Paulo Freire, and many others

60. efers to the process of putting theoretical knowledge
into practice, the strategic and organizational usage of
the word emphasizes the need for a constant cycle of
conceptualizing the meanings of what can be learned
from experience in order to reframe strategic and
operational models.