The document discusses consonant articulation in English, Spanish, and French. It analyzes several consonant sounds based on their voicing, articulator, point of articulation, cavity, and manner. Key consonants analyzed include bilabial stops /p/ and /b/, apico-alveolar stops /t/ and /d/, dorso-velar stops /k/ and /g/, fricatives /f/, /s/, /ʃ/, and affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/. The articulation of these sounds is compared across the three languages, noting similarities and differences in phonemic representation and allophonic variation. Diagrams illustrate the place and

2. • Used primarily for breathing and eating
secondarily for speaking constrcting
THE airflow in the mouth at various points, we
make the distinctive sounds for human
CONSONANT speech. The vocal tract has active and
passive articulators. They are also know
INVENTORY as articulators and points articulation.
• Four principal dimiensions are considered
when regarding “consonant articulation”
voicing articulator and point of the
ARTICULATORY articulation cavity and manner.
BASIS

3. VOICING Voiced voiceless
consonants
• It directly • A simple • Voiceless
deals with explanation consonants
the sound of voiced do not used
quality consonants the voice.
produced by is that they They are
the vocal used the percussive
cords. When voice. This is and hard
vocal cords easy to test sounds. You
vibrated, it is by putting can test if a
said to be your finger consonant is
voiced; on your voiceless by
otherwise, it throat putting your
is siad to be finger on
voiceless your throat

4. ARTICULATOR AND POINT OF ARTICULATION
Point the Manner of
The articulator cavity
articulation articulation
Is the doer of Is any part of It refers to the way
the It concerns how air flows out
the mouth during the production
articulation the place
that can be of a sound. The sound
and moves where air
reached by might be stop fricative
freely enough goes through.
the nasal lateral vibrant
to be active in It can be the
articulator. It affricateor a
the apeech. It mouth or continuant. The
is also known
is also known nasal cavity. manner of consonants
as Major
as Major passive describes the manner
Active in which airflow is
articulator restricted.
Articulator

5. The active articulation touch the passive articulation and completely
cuts off the air through the mouth. English, Spanish and French include:
/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/.
ARTICULATION AND POINT OF ARTICULATION
Bilabial Apico-alveolar/dental* Dorso -velar
E /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
ORAL
STOP
S /p/ /b/ /t/* /d/* /k/ /g/
F /p/ /b/ /t/* /d/* /k/ /g/
vl vd vl vd vl vd
VOICING
HOMORGANIC SOUNDS
In phonetic, this refers to sounds made at the same place of articulation
is concerned with airflow i.e. the paths it takes and the degree to which it is impeded by
vocal tract constrictions. In other words, manner of articulation describes how the
sound is produced.

6. /p-b/ production
picture
spanish-english
bilabial oral
stop
/b/ voiced
Voiceless /p/

7. /p/ PHONEMIC AND
PHONETICS DISTRIBUTION

8. CONTRASTIVE TRANSFER ANALYSIS
/P/
The /p/ phonemic transfer is positive. This
means that the /p/ sound is likely similar in
both languages. It is voiceless bilabial oral stop.

9. BILABIAL
/p/
ENGLISH
SPANISH FRENCH
Initial /p/ [ p] Initial /p/ [ p] Initial /p/ [p]
Middle [pʰ ] Middle [ p] Middle [p]
Final [ p-‟] Final x Final [p]

10. In Spanish, English and French /b/ sound is
/b/ PRODUCTION voiced, bilabial, oral and stop.
/b/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETICS
DISTRIBUTION
[-ß-] VOICED, BILABIAL, ORAL, FRICATIVE, WHICH OCCURS AFTER
/L/ /ɾ/, BETWEEN VOWELS AS WELL ASA BETWEEN A VOWEL
AND A VOICED CONSONANT SOUND. [-Ƀ IS ARBITRARY
-]
SYMBOL THAT CAN BE FOUND IN NON-OFFICIAL IPA
NOTATION.

11. /t-d/ PRODUCTION PICTURE
/t/ /d/
OralApico-alveolar
Occlusive
Voiced
voiceless

12. Apico alveolar
/t/ /d/
ENGLISH SPANISH FRENCH ENGLISH SPANISH FRENCH
Initial /d/ Initial /b/
Initial /t/ [t] Initial /t/ [t] Initial /d/[d]
Middle [d]
Middle [d ] Middle [d]
Initial /t/ [tʰ] [t] Middle [t] Middle [t] v-M-v [d]
Final [ d]
Middle [ tn] [ɾ] [ʔ] Final x Final [t] Final [ɾ] [ʔ] Final [Ǿ]
Final [t-̍]

13. CONTRASTIVE TRANSFER
ANALYSIS
/t/ and /d/

14. /k-g/ PRODUCTION PICTURE
/k/ /g/
Oral dorso-velar stop
Voiced
voiceless

15. CONTRASTIVE TRANSFER
ANALYSIS
/k/ and /g/

16. Dorso velar
/k/ /g/
ENGLISH SPANISH FRENCH ENGLISH SPANISH FRENCH
Initial [g]
Initial [k] Initial [g] Middle [g] Initial [g]
Initial [k] Middle [k] Middle [g ]
Initial [kʰ] [ɣ] Middle [g ]
Middle [k] Middle [k] Final [kˈ] Final [Ǿ]
Final [g] Final [g]
Final [k][kˈ] Final x

17. CONTRAST OF ENGLISH, FRENCH
AND SPANISH FRICATIVES
Contrastive Fricative Sounds Chart:
Articulator and Point of Articulation
Labio Apico Apico Fronto glottal
dental alveolar interdental palatal
E /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /θ/ /ð/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /h/ -
fricative
S /f/ - /s/ [-z-] [-θ] [-ð] /ʃ/ [ʒ] [-h-] /x/
oral
*
F /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ - - /ʃ/ /ʒ/ - -
vl vd vl vd vl vd vl vd vl vl
Voicing
Homorganic Sounds

18. /f/ voiceless, labio-
/f-v/ PRODUCTION dental,oral, fricative.
/v/ voiced, labio-dental,oral,
fricative.
/v/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC
/f/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES
FEATURES The /v/ sound does not exist in
Both languages have the /f/ sound Spanish. In English /v/ is voiced,
which is voiceless, labio- labio-dental,oral, fricative.
dental,oral, fricative. It has one allophone:
Spanish has two allophones: [v]
[f] [ɸ]

19. •The /ʃ/ sound occurs in kichwa words inserted in Ecuadorian
Spanish.
•Many English nouns ending in /f/ change into /v/ when the plural
ending is added.
•The /v/ sound doesn‟t exist in Spanish.
•The morphemes <-s> or <-es> is pronounced /-s/ when the
word ends in a voiceless consonant sound, it is pronounced /-z/
when the word ends in a voiced consonant sound.
•In the Ecuadorian coastal region, /s/ is articulated as [h] or even
dropped at the end of a syllable or the end of a word.
•This dialect variation is called “Aspirated-S”.
•The [θ] sound in Spanish happens as an allophone of /d/.
• The /ð/ matches the /θ/ in place and manner of articulation.

20. /s-z/ PRODUCTION PICTURE
/s/ /z/
Oral Apico-alveolar
fricative
Voiced
voiceless

21. /ð/ PRODUCTION
/ð/ voiced, apico-interdental, oral, fricative.
Since [ð] is a positional variant
in Spanish for /d/ Spanish
speakers tend to pronounce
<th> as a dental stop sound,
/d/.
EXAMPLES:
SPANISH
Verdad [beɾ̻’ðaθ]
ENGLISH
That /’ðæt/

22. /ʃ/ PHONEMIC AND
PHONETIC FEATURES
This /ʃ/ sound Examples:
occurs English
exclusively in Propulsion
English has one /pɹə‘pəlʃən/
allophone [ʃ] . Permission
/pəɹ'mɪʃən/

23. /ʒ /PRODUCTION
/ʒ/ Sound occurs in English
only middle and final position.
The English /ʒ / sounds
features are voiced, fronto- Examples
palatal, oral, groove, fricative, Garage /gə'ɹaʒ/
and has an allophone which <si>ocacion /ə„keyʒən/
keeps the same features as <s>measure /mɛʒəɹ/
it s phoneme. <g> regime /ɹeyɪ'ʒiym/
<z> azure /'æʒəɹ/
/ʒ/In spanish does not occurs
a phoneme.

24. /x /SPANISH
PRODUCTION
Oral
Dorso velar
Fricative
Voiceless
Examples
<j>jarabe /xa'ɾabe/
<g>girasol /xiɾa„sol/
/x /Is a sound which exists <x>Xavier /xa'byeɾ/
particularly in Spanish.
This phoneme has three allophones
which may occur in free variation
regarding the position. This are A common confusion
[x] voiceless, dorso- is made with the
velar,oral,fricative. glottal English /h/
[h] voiceless, glottal,oral,fricative. when English speaker
[Ø] zero allophone
utter the velar sound

25. /h / PRODUCTION
ENGLISH-SPANISH
Oral
Glottal
Fricative
Voiceless
Spanish /h /has an allophone of [x] used by people
front the coastal region.
This phoneme in English has two allophones. This Examples
are <h>holiday
[h] voiceless, glottal, oral, fricative. /„halɪdey/
[-ɦ-] voiceless, glottal, oral, fricative, and happens <wh>whole
just between voiced sounds. /„howl/
The /h/ sounds never occurs in final position nor
has a counterpart.

26. CONTRAST OF ENGLISH AND SPANISH AFFRICATES
Those consonants have the
same or similar places of
articulation.
ENGLISH AFFRICATES SPANISH AFFRICATES SPANISH SIMBOLS
/tʃ/ [tʃ] /tʃ/ [tʃ] /č/
[dʒ] /ǰ/

27. /tʃ/ /dʒ/ PRODUCTION
ENGLISH-SPANISH
Apico alveolar lamino
fronto palatal oral
Voiceless /tʃ/
Africative
Voiced /dʒ/
/tʃ/ there are in
Spanish and English. It Examples English
is voiceless, apico <cheap> /tʃɪyp/
alveolar, lamino , <preacher> /pɹɪytʃəɹ/
fronto , palatal, oral <reach> / ɹɪytʃ/
Examples Spanish
affricate. Its phoneme <chino> /tʃino/
[tʃ] <pecho> / petʃo/

28. /dʒ/ PRODUCTION
ENGLISH-SPANISH
Spanish spellings: /ʤ/ does not
exist as a phoneme
In english its occurs as phoneme and
allophone /ʤ/voiced, apico alveolar, Examples of English
lamino, fronto palatal, oral affricate <jam> /ʤæm/
<larger> /laɹʤəɹ/
<large> /laɹʤ/
In spanish it’s an of the palatal
aproximant /y/ uttered by people
with a high register mainly fron the Examples of spanish
city of guayaquil <llave> /ʤabe/
<llora> /ʤora/

29. When we pronounce this consonants, the air
to flow out through the nasal cavity.
Contrastive nasal sound chart
Articulator and point articulation
bilabial Apico Dorso Dorso
alveolar velar palatal
E /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ -
S /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /ɲ/
vd vd vd vd
ALL OF THEM ARE VOICED, OCCLUSIVE,
CONTINUANT

30. /m/ PRODUCTION
ENGLISH-SPANISH
The /m/sounds is similar in
both languages:[m] voiced,
bilabial, nasal, occlusive, continuant.
English Spanish
The /m/ phoneme has three
allophones: The /m/ phoneme has one
[m] voiced, bilabial, nasal, occlusive, allophone:
continuant
[-ɱ-] voiced, labiodental, nasal,
[m] voiced, bilabial, nasal,
occlusive, continuant which occurs occlusive, continuant
before the voiceless labiodental
fricative.
[m̩ ] voiced, bilabial, nasal, occlusive,
continuant, occurs in a word finally
syllable

31. English and Spanish /n/
/n/ PRODUCTION *sound is voiced *apico-alveolar
*nasal *occlusive
ENGLISH-SPANISH *continuant
Spanish
[n] voiced ,apico-alveolar, nasal, English
oclusive, continuant [n] voiced, apico-
[-n-] voiced, apico-dental, nasal, alveolar, nasal
ocllusive continuant occusive continuant
[nj] voiced,fronto-palatal, nasal [-ņ] voiced, apico
occlusive ,continuant alveolar, nasal,
[ŋ] voiced, dorso velar, nasal occlusive continuant, English nasal consonants
syllabic and occurs may become syllabic when
occlusive,continuant
occur in final-word.
[-ɱ-] vioced, labiodental, nasal,
occlusive, continuant

32. /l/ Voiced, apico-alveolar, oral, lateral.
Articulator and point of
Articulation
apico fronto palatal
alveolar
O L
E /l/ - R
A
T
S /l/ / ʎ/ A E
R
L A
F /l/ - L
Vd Vd
Voicing

33. /l/ Allophones
ENGLISH SPANISH
[l] [Į] [-ł] [-,ł] [l] [ḷ] [ḽ]
/ʎ/ Voiced, fronto-palatal, oral, lateral
SPANISH
[ʎ] [y] [j] [dȝ]

34. Articulator and Point of Articulation
apico post alveolar apico alveolar Apico alveolar Dorso uvulaire
E /ɹ/ [ɾ] O
R
S /ɾ/ /ɼ/
A
F [ɾ] [r] L
retroflex flap trill fricative
Vd. Vd. Vd. Vd.
Voicing

35. ENGLISH
/ɹ /
PHONETIC DISTRIBUTION OF /r/.
[ɹ] [ ɹ] [ɚ] [ɝ]
FRENCH
/ʁ/
[ʁ] [ɾ] [R]
SPANISH
/r/ /ɾ/
[r] [ɾ ] [ɾ] [ ɾ̪ ]
[ɾ]

36. [-u]̭ E /w/ sound
[w-]
[g] S Voiced ,bilabial, dorso-
velar,
F palatal,approximant,oral
The w sound is created with the jaw
mostly closed and the lips formed in a
small, tight circle. The sound is voiced,
so the vocal cords must vibrate during
the production of the sound.

37. /y/ sound
Voiced, fronto-palatal,
approximant,oral,fricative
The y sound is created with [y-]
the tongue even closer to E
[ʤ-] [i̭ -]
the back of the tooth ridge
and the hard palate. S [j-]
F /j/ semiconson
ant

38. SPANISH
WORDS PHONEMIC PHONETIC
TRANSCRIPT TRANSCRIPT
ION ION
INITIAL huir /wiɾ/ [uɪ̭ɾ]
MIDDLE guante /’gwante/ [΄gua̭ṋte]
FINAL x x x
ENGLISH
WORDS PHONEMIC PHONETIC
TRANSCRIPTI TRANSCRIPTI
ON ON
INITIAL wanted /wantɪd/ [waṋtɪd]
MIDDLE twenty /’twentɪ/ [΄twɛṋtɪ]
FINAL screw / ΄skɹuw/ [΄skɹuṷ]

39. SPANISH
WORDS PHONEMIC PHONETIC
TRANSCRIPT TRANSCRIPT
ION ION
INITIAL yema /yema/ [‘yɛ:ma]
MIDDLE playa /’pl̩aya/ [΄’pl̩aya]
FINAL voy /boy/ [boi̭]
ENGLISH
WORDS PHONEMIC PHONETIC
TRANSCRIP TRANSCRIP
TION TION
INITIAL yellow /yɛlɔw/ [yɛlɔṷ]
MIDDLE twenty /’twentɪ/ [΄twɛṋtɪ]
FINAL screw / ΄skɹuw/ [΄skɹuṷ]