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James Connelly LEED ap
                                 Fulbright Research Fellow
                                 Tsinghua University Dept. of
                                 Building Science




                                 The Promise of
                                 Green Building
                                 in China
                                 The growth of building
                                 energy consumption and
                                 the potential of green
                                 building rating systems.

Shanghai Green Energy Research
Center ★★★
Outline
›  China Building Energy Current Situation
›  Factors Behind Building Energy Growth
›  Green Building Rating Systems
  ›  LEED
  ›  3-Star

›  Conclusion
Current Situation
      Current Situation
Building energy consumption per unit floor area


                                                                          80
                                                                                                                          UK
                                                                                                                     英国, 227           加拿大, 155
                                                                                                                 UK                    Canada
                                                  单位面积建筑能耗: kgce/(m2.a)




                                                                          60
                                                                                                   JP
                                                                                                   日本, 245

                                                                                       韩国, 81           荷兰, 37
                                                                          40                                希腊, 27          美国, 1431
                                                                                    澳大利亚, 24
                                                                                                           法国, 132
                                                                                                                              USA
                                                                                                 德国, 143
                                                                                   China
                                                                          20       urban   中国城镇, 453


                                                                                     中国农村, 204
                                                                          0
                                                                               0       1000      2000        3000      4000        5000       6000
                                                                                              人均建筑能耗: kgce/(ca.a)

                                                                                              Building energy consumption per capita

                                                                                                    Source: Tsinghua University Building Energy Annual Report 2010
Building Energy Growth




›    As countries develop building energy usage intensity increases
›    China Is at the same level as Japan in the 1960, US in the 1950’s.

                                         Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jiang Yi
Why do developed countries
buildings consume so much energy?

›    Chinese building on average have:
      ›  Less stringent building codes
      ›  Less insulation, leakier windows and doors
      ›  Less advanced heating and cooling systems


›    Yet, they still only consume less than half of the
      energy of American buildings!

›    Why? The answer lies in two interrelated factors:
      ›  Lifestyle and Culture
      ›  System Design and Operation
Culture and Lifestyle
›  Chinese      buildings have:
   ›  Less appliances, particularly clothes dryers
   ›  Less penetration of hot water
   ›  Greater range of acceptable indoor
       temperature
        ›  Example my office in Beijing, Jiuzhaigou in the
            Winter

›  Utility   bills are a greater proportion of income
   =>
   ›    Culture of energy and water savings
System Design and Operation

›  China:                            ›  US:
  Part-time Part-Space                  Full-Time Full- Space
  ›  Part-Time Lighting                 ›  Full-TimeLighting
  ›  Small Volumes                      ›  Large Volumes
  ›  Operable Windows                   ›  Sealed Buildings
  ›  Decentralized Systems              ›  Centralized Systems
    ›  Individual  Control                  ›  Centralized Control
    ›  Split Unit Air Conditioners          ›  Centralized HVAC VAV
    ›  Point Source Heating                     Systems



                            Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jiang Yi, 2011
Case study: space heating in China
Heating in North V South China


                                        沈阳


                    银川
                                   北京


                                          苏州
                                武汉            上海


                                              温州



     调研城市




             Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jiang Yi, 2011
North V South China
›  South:                                                   ›  North:
     ›    Individual units relatively                            ›    District Heating relatively
           inefficient, yet…                                            efficient, yet…
Part-Time Part-Space                                         Full-Time Full-Space
     ›  Intermittent Operation                                   ›  24 hour Operation
     ›  Fee By Sq Meter                                          ›  Fee by usage

     ›  Lower indoor temp                                        ›  Higher indoor temp
         (14-16C)                                                     (20C)

     ›  Heat Energy: 5-10 Kwh/m2                                 ›  Heat Energy: 90 Kwh/m2
     ›  Much Less than developed                                 ›  Similar to developed
         Countries w/ similar climate                                 Countries w/ similar
         (40-60 kwh/m2)                                               climates

Source: Comparative analysis of energy use in China Building Sector: current status, existing problems and solutions,
Energy Power and Engineering China, Shengyuan Zhang, Xiu Yan, Yi Jiang, Qingpeng Wei, 2010
Split Unit AC saves energy




›  Unit itself is relatively inefficient, but…
›  Unit can controlled individually (decentralized)
›  When is comfortable, or unoccupied, unit is shut off
    (intermittent operation)
›  Occupants actively control system to minimize
    energy consumption
Centralized HVAC VAV systems
waste energy costs the most cooling & heating energy
          Re-heat through reheating

                      AHU, typical state in October
                                                                !!"℃




                    #$℃           !#℃              #%℃                       !&℃




                                        '(()*+,"'(*)
                                                                  -.-"/(0"1*23
                                                                  456357258

›    Cold air is provided at low set temp to each room
›    Fresh air must be provide to meet min req. (US 15cfm)
›    If the room is too cold => reheated at the terminal
›    Upenn Case Study: 50-70% of energy is used to Reheat
›    Reheating not technically allowed under Chinese codes
                          Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Xia Jianjun, 2011
Split Unit V Centralized AC
  AC energy for residential units in Beijing
      Average of AC energy during summer for each
      building: kWh/m2.a
 20
 18           kWh/m2.a
 16                                             A,split unit
 14
 12
 10                                              2006
  8                                              2007
  6
  4
  2                                             B:split unit
  0
        A      B       C      D       E


                   D                             E
                   V                             Centralized
                   R
                   V                             AC

                                                                C:split unit

                                  Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jiang Yi, 2011
Lifestyle and System Design
  are Interrelated
›    System design effects occupants ability to actively
      reduce energy consumption.
      ›  You can’t open the windows in a sealed office building.
      ›  You can’t turn on the AC in only one room when you
          have a centralized system.
      ›  You can’t save energy by turning up the thermostat when
          your HVAC VAV terminal just reheats the air.

›    As countries develop => adopt developed country standard
      heating and cooling technology => lifestyle changes and
      energy usage intensity increases
›    Slowing and preventing this transition is critical to reducing
      building energy consumption in China
China’s 2 Modes of Development
 ›  Modern   Western    ›  Standardconcrete
   style office towers     housing and office
   in central business     blocks surrounding
   districts               and in the suburbs
Profile of Energy Consumption
 ›  Low Energy cluster around 30-40 Kw/m2
 ›  High Energy cluster around 120-150 Kw/m2




              Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jianjun Xia, 2011
Are Green Building Rating
     Systems (GBRS) the answer?




     2011 China Green Building Action Plan proposed a 75 RMB
     subsidy per sq. meter to developers seeking to achieve 3-Star.
Source: USGBC project Directory, MOHURD (does not included 3-Star data for November & December 2011)
Similarities: LEED and 3 Star
›  Bothchecklist rating systems
›  Break green building into categories:
  ›  Land  Saving, Energy Saving, Water Saving,
     Material Saving, Indoor Environment
  ›  3- Star has one additional category, Operation

›  Pre-requisites(or Control items) in each category
›  Different levels of achievement (1,2,3 star)
›  Comparison to a theoretical “baseline” design
LEED uses a developed
       country baseline



China
“Large
Public
Building”
Average:
36


                                                                                                     Source:


New Building Institute, Energy Performance of LEED® for New Construction Buildings, March 4, 2008,
Tsinghua University Building Energy Annual Report 2010
LEED Uses Energy Models for
Certification


                                                             Current Energy
                                                             Models are not an
                                                             accurate predictor
                                                             of building energy
                                                             consumption.




 New Building Institute, Energy Performance of LEED® for New Construction Buildings, March 4, 2008
Is 3-Star Better?
›  Chinese   standards and codes
›  Pre-certification, 1 year post occupancy
    evaluation, 3 Year follow up
›  More pre-requisites, minimum
    achievement in each category
›  Focus on on simpler and cheaper solutions,
    less on advanced technology
3-Star Performance
                                                                                                 Energy
                                         Building Area   Energy Consumption   Energy Consumption
           Project Name                      (m2)                                                Savings Rating
                                                             (kwh/m2a)             (kbtu/ft2a)
                                                                                                   (%)

  Shandong Transportation College
                                            15837               40.0                 12.7           50     ★★
             Library



Shanghai Building Technology Institute
                                             1994               38.0                 12.1           65    ★★★
 Green Engineering Research Center



       Shanghai Expo Center                142000              146.4                 46.5         62.65   ★★★



 Shanghai Power Plant and Chimney
                                            31088              164.6                 52.2          62.6   ★★★
       Renovation (City Hall)



Shangai Eco-Home World Expo Best
                                             3147               45.7                 14.5           61    ★★★
          Practices Area




US CBEC Survey: On Average US Commercial Buildings
Consumed 91 (kbtu/ft2a) or 287 (KWh/m2a)

   Ministry of Housing and Urban Development Green Label Management Office
Different But Complementary
Philosophies

›  LEED   is an industry run organization
  ›    => greater focus on market transformation


›  3-Star   is run by government and universities
  ›  =>   greater focus on energy policy goals
Different Market Segments
LEED: Class A Office, Luxury     3-star: Government, Public,
Residential                      High-End Residential




Raffles City Chengdu | LEED CS   Vanke Gardens Shenzhen | ★★
Conclusions
›  GBRS must consider a country’s state of
    development and energy baseline.
›  Attention must be paid to the relationship
    between system design, lifestyle, and
    consumption.
›  LEED and 3-star are complementary.
›  Green building represents an enormous
    market opportunity.
Xizhuang Integrated Building Shanghai
                                                        ★★★




Thank You
James Connelly
seamus.con@gmail.com

ChinaBuildsGreen.com
EcoCityNotes.com

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Promise of Green Building in China, James Connelly (February 2012)

  • 1. James Connelly LEED ap Fulbright Research Fellow Tsinghua University Dept. of Building Science The Promise of Green Building in China The growth of building energy consumption and the potential of green building rating systems. Shanghai Green Energy Research Center ★★★
  • 2. Outline ›  China Building Energy Current Situation ›  Factors Behind Building Energy Growth ›  Green Building Rating Systems ›  LEED ›  3-Star ›  Conclusion
  • 3. Current Situation Current Situation Building energy consumption per unit floor area 80 UK 英国, 227 加拿大, 155 UK Canada 单位面积建筑能耗: kgce/(m2.a) 60 JP 日本, 245 韩国, 81 荷兰, 37 40 希腊, 27 美国, 1431 澳大利亚, 24 法国, 132 USA 德国, 143 China 20 urban 中国城镇, 453 中国农村, 204 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 人均建筑能耗: kgce/(ca.a) Building energy consumption per capita Source: Tsinghua University Building Energy Annual Report 2010
  • 4. Building Energy Growth ›  As countries develop building energy usage intensity increases ›  China Is at the same level as Japan in the 1960, US in the 1950’s. Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jiang Yi
  • 5. Why do developed countries buildings consume so much energy? ›  Chinese building on average have: ›  Less stringent building codes ›  Less insulation, leakier windows and doors ›  Less advanced heating and cooling systems ›  Yet, they still only consume less than half of the energy of American buildings! ›  Why? The answer lies in two interrelated factors: ›  Lifestyle and Culture ›  System Design and Operation
  • 6. Culture and Lifestyle ›  Chinese buildings have: ›  Less appliances, particularly clothes dryers ›  Less penetration of hot water ›  Greater range of acceptable indoor temperature ›  Example my office in Beijing, Jiuzhaigou in the Winter ›  Utility bills are a greater proportion of income => ›  Culture of energy and water savings
  • 7. System Design and Operation ›  China: ›  US: Part-time Part-Space Full-Time Full- Space ›  Part-Time Lighting ›  Full-TimeLighting ›  Small Volumes ›  Large Volumes ›  Operable Windows ›  Sealed Buildings ›  Decentralized Systems ›  Centralized Systems ›  Individual Control ›  Centralized Control ›  Split Unit Air Conditioners ›  Centralized HVAC VAV ›  Point Source Heating Systems Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jiang Yi, 2011
  • 8. Case study: space heating in China Heating in North V South China 沈阳 银川 北京 苏州 武汉 上海 温州 调研城市 Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jiang Yi, 2011
  • 9. North V South China ›  South: ›  North: ›  Individual units relatively ›  District Heating relatively inefficient, yet… efficient, yet… Part-Time Part-Space Full-Time Full-Space ›  Intermittent Operation ›  24 hour Operation ›  Fee By Sq Meter ›  Fee by usage ›  Lower indoor temp ›  Higher indoor temp (14-16C) (20C) ›  Heat Energy: 5-10 Kwh/m2 ›  Heat Energy: 90 Kwh/m2 ›  Much Less than developed ›  Similar to developed Countries w/ similar climate Countries w/ similar (40-60 kwh/m2) climates Source: Comparative analysis of energy use in China Building Sector: current status, existing problems and solutions, Energy Power and Engineering China, Shengyuan Zhang, Xiu Yan, Yi Jiang, Qingpeng Wei, 2010
  • 10. Split Unit AC saves energy ›  Unit itself is relatively inefficient, but… ›  Unit can controlled individually (decentralized) ›  When is comfortable, or unoccupied, unit is shut off (intermittent operation) ›  Occupants actively control system to minimize energy consumption
  • 11. Centralized HVAC VAV systems waste energy costs the most cooling & heating energy Re-heat through reheating AHU, typical state in October !!"℃ #$℃ !#℃ #%℃ !&℃ '(()*+,"'(*) -.-"/(0"1*23 456357258 ›  Cold air is provided at low set temp to each room ›  Fresh air must be provide to meet min req. (US 15cfm) ›  If the room is too cold => reheated at the terminal ›  Upenn Case Study: 50-70% of energy is used to Reheat ›  Reheating not technically allowed under Chinese codes Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Xia Jianjun, 2011
  • 12. Split Unit V Centralized AC AC energy for residential units in Beijing Average of AC energy during summer for each building: kWh/m2.a 20 18 kWh/m2.a 16 A,split unit 14 12 10 2006 8 2007 6 4 2 B:split unit 0 A B C D E D E V Centralized R V AC C:split unit Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jiang Yi, 2011
  • 13. Lifestyle and System Design are Interrelated ›  System design effects occupants ability to actively reduce energy consumption. ›  You can’t open the windows in a sealed office building. ›  You can’t turn on the AC in only one room when you have a centralized system. ›  You can’t save energy by turning up the thermostat when your HVAC VAV terminal just reheats the air. ›  As countries develop => adopt developed country standard heating and cooling technology => lifestyle changes and energy usage intensity increases ›  Slowing and preventing this transition is critical to reducing building energy consumption in China
  • 14. China’s 2 Modes of Development ›  Modern Western ›  Standardconcrete style office towers housing and office in central business blocks surrounding districts and in the suburbs
  • 15. Profile of Energy Consumption ›  Low Energy cluster around 30-40 Kw/m2 ›  High Energy cluster around 120-150 Kw/m2 Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jianjun Xia, 2011
  • 16. Are Green Building Rating Systems (GBRS) the answer? 2011 China Green Building Action Plan proposed a 75 RMB subsidy per sq. meter to developers seeking to achieve 3-Star. Source: USGBC project Directory, MOHURD (does not included 3-Star data for November & December 2011)
  • 17. Similarities: LEED and 3 Star ›  Bothchecklist rating systems ›  Break green building into categories: ›  Land Saving, Energy Saving, Water Saving, Material Saving, Indoor Environment ›  3- Star has one additional category, Operation ›  Pre-requisites(or Control items) in each category ›  Different levels of achievement (1,2,3 star) ›  Comparison to a theoretical “baseline” design
  • 18. LEED uses a developed country baseline China “Large Public Building” Average: 36 Source: New Building Institute, Energy Performance of LEED® for New Construction Buildings, March 4, 2008, Tsinghua University Building Energy Annual Report 2010
  • 19. LEED Uses Energy Models for Certification Current Energy Models are not an accurate predictor of building energy consumption. New Building Institute, Energy Performance of LEED® for New Construction Buildings, March 4, 2008
  • 20. Is 3-Star Better? ›  Chinese standards and codes ›  Pre-certification, 1 year post occupancy evaluation, 3 Year follow up ›  More pre-requisites, minimum achievement in each category ›  Focus on on simpler and cheaper solutions, less on advanced technology
  • 21. 3-Star Performance Energy Building Area Energy Consumption Energy Consumption Project Name (m2) Savings Rating (kwh/m2a) (kbtu/ft2a) (%) Shandong Transportation College 15837 40.0 12.7 50 ★★ Library Shanghai Building Technology Institute 1994 38.0 12.1 65 ★★★ Green Engineering Research Center Shanghai Expo Center 142000 146.4 46.5 62.65 ★★★ Shanghai Power Plant and Chimney 31088 164.6 52.2 62.6 ★★★ Renovation (City Hall) Shangai Eco-Home World Expo Best 3147 45.7 14.5 61 ★★★ Practices Area US CBEC Survey: On Average US Commercial Buildings Consumed 91 (kbtu/ft2a) or 287 (KWh/m2a) Ministry of Housing and Urban Development Green Label Management Office
  • 22. Different But Complementary Philosophies ›  LEED is an industry run organization ›  => greater focus on market transformation ›  3-Star is run by government and universities ›  => greater focus on energy policy goals
  • 23. Different Market Segments LEED: Class A Office, Luxury 3-star: Government, Public, Residential High-End Residential Raffles City Chengdu | LEED CS Vanke Gardens Shenzhen | ★★
  • 24. Conclusions ›  GBRS must consider a country’s state of development and energy baseline. ›  Attention must be paid to the relationship between system design, lifestyle, and consumption. ›  LEED and 3-star are complementary. ›  Green building represents an enormous market opportunity.
  • 25. Xizhuang Integrated Building Shanghai ★★★ Thank You James Connelly seamus.con@gmail.com ChinaBuildsGreen.com EcoCityNotes.com