1. 11 The Prokaryotes:Domains Bacteria and Archaea

2. The Prokaryotes

3. Domain Bacteria Proteobacteria From the mythical Greek god, Proteus, who could assume many shapes Gram-negative

4. The Alphaproteobacteria Human pathogens Bartonella B. hensela: Cat-scratch disease Brucella: Brucellosis Ehrlichia: Tickborne

5. The Alphaproteobacteria Obligate intracellular parasites Ehrlichia: Tickborne, ehrlichiosis Rickettsia: Arthropod-borne, spotted fevers R. prowazekii: Epidemic typhus R. typhi: Endemic murine typhus R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever

6. The Alphaproteobacteria Figure 11.1

7. The Alphaproteobacteria Chemoautotrophic Oxidize nitrogen for energy Fix CO2 Nitrobacter: NH3+ NO2– Nitrosomonas: NO2– NO3–

8. The Betaproteobacteria

9. The Betaproteobacteria Thiobacillus Chemoautotrophic, oxidize sulfur: H2S  SO42– Sphaerotilus Chemoheterotophic, form sheaths Figure 11.5

10. The Betaproteobacteria Neisseria Chemoheterotrophic, cocci N. meningitidis N. gonorrhoeae Spirillum Chemoheterotrophic, helical Figures 11.4, 11.6

11. The Betaproteobacteria Bordetella Chemoheterotrophic, rods B. pertussis Burkholderia: Nosocomial infections Zoogloea: Slimy masses in aerobic sewage-treatment processes

12. The Gammaproteobacteria

13. The Gammaproteobacteria Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas Opportunistic pathogens Metabolically diverse Polar flagella Azotobacter and Azomonas: Nitrogen fixing Moraxella: Conjunctivitis Figure 11.7

14. The Gammaproteobacteria Legionellales Legionella Found in streams, warm-water pipes, cooling towers L. pneumophilia Coxiella Q fever transmitted via aerosols or milk Figure 24.15b

15. The Gammaproteobacteria Vibrionales Found in coastal water Vibrio cholerae causes cholera V. parahaemolyticus causes gastroenteritis Figure 11.8

16. The Gammaproteobacteria Enterobacteriales (enterics) Peritrichous flagella, facultatively anaerobic Enterobacter Erwinia Escherichia Klebsiella Proteus Salmonella Serratia Shigella Yersinia

17. The Gammaproteobacteria Figure 11.9

18. The Gammaproteobacteria Pasteurellales Pasteurella Cause pneumonia and septicemia Haemophilus Require X (heme) and V (NAD+, NADP+) factors Francisella Chemoheterotrophic, tularemia

19. The Deltaproteobacteria

20. The Epsilonproteobacteria

21. The Epsilonproteobacteria Campylobacter One polar flagellum Gastroenteritis

22. The Epsilonproteobacteria Helicobacter Multiple flagella Peptic ulcers Stomach cancer Figure 11.12

23. The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria

24. Firmicutes Low G + C Gram-positive

25. Clostridiales Clostridium Endospore-producing Obligate anaerobes Epulopiscium Figures 11.15, 11.16

26. Bacillales Bacillus Endospore-producing rods Figure 11.17b

27. Bacillales Staphylococcus Cocci Figure 11.18

28. Lactobacillales Generally aerotolerant anaerobes, lack an electron-transport chain Lactobacillus Streptococcus Enterococcus Listeria Figure 11.19

29. Mycoplasmatales Wall-less, pleomorphic 0.1 - 0.24 µm M. pneumoniae Figure 11.20a–b

30. Actinobacteria High G + C Gram-positive

31. Actinobacteria Actinomyces Corynebacterium Frankia Gardnerella Mycobacterium Nocardia Propionibacterium Streptomyces Figure 11.21b

32. Chlamydias Chlamydia trachomatis Trachoma STD, urethritis Chlamyiophila pneumoniae Chlamydophila psittaci Causes psittacosis

33. Chlamydias Figure 11.23a

34. Chlamydophila Figure 11.23b

35. Spirochaetes Borrelia Leptospira Treponema Figure 11.24

36. Bacteroidetes Anaerobic Bacteroides are found in the mouth and large intestine Cytophaga: Cellulose-degrading in soil

37. Fusobacteria Fusobacterium Are found in the mouth. May be involved in dental diseases. Figure 11.25

38. 10 Classification of Microorganisms

39. Taxonomy Taxonomy The science of classifying organisms Provides universal names for organisms Provides a reference for identifying organisms

40. The Three-Domain System Table 10.1

41. The Three-Domain System Figure 10.1

42. Identification Methods Morphological characteristics: Useful for identifying eukaryotes Differential staining: Gram staining, acid-fast staining Biochemical tests: Determines presence of bacterial enzymes Figure 10.8

43. Figure 10.7

44. Numerical Identification Figure 10.9

45. Serology Combine known antiserum plus unknown bacterium Slide agglutination ELISA Western blot Figure 10.10

46. Western Blot Figure 10.12

47. Phage Typing Figure 10.13

48. Flow Cytometry Differences in electrical conductivity between species Fluorescence of some species Cells selectively stained with antibody plus fluorescent dye Figure 18.12

49. Genetics DNA base composition Guanine + cytosine moles% (GC) DNA fingerprinting Electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests rRNA sequencing Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Figure 10.14

50. Nucleic Acid Hybridization Figure 10.15

51. Nucleic Acid Hybridization: DNA Probe Figure 10.16

52. Nucleic Acid Hybridization: DNA Chip Figure 10.17

53. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Add DNA probe for S. aureus Figure 10.18a–b

54. Table 10.5

55. Dichotomous Key PLAY Animation: Dichotomous Keys UN 10.2

56. Cladogram Figure 10.19, steps 1–2

57. Cladogram Figure 10.19, step 3