The document discusses various types of acute inflammatory disorders including hepatitis, appendicitis, pancreatitis, and cholecystitis. It provides details on: 1) The causes, symptoms, transmission, and prognosis of different types of hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E). 2) The pathophysiology of appendicitis as obstruction in the appendix lumen leads to inflammation, restricted blood flow, and potential perforation. 3) The pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis as spasm, edema or blockage in the ampulla of Vater causes reflux of enzymes and autodigestion of the pancreas. 4) Nursing management focuses on isolation, nutrition,

1. Acute Inflammatory Disorders
Disturbances in Metabolism

2. HEPATITIS

3. Hepatitis
• Marked by:
– Hepatocellular destruction
– Necrosis
– Autolysis
• Prognosis is poor if edema and end-stage
liver disease develops

4. Hepatitis A B C D E
Infectious Serum Non-A, Non-
A.K.A
Hepatitis Hepatitis B Hepatitis
Cause HAV HBV HCV HDV HEV
Fecal-oral; Blood
food-borne; transfusions
Mode of Water- Parenteral; and
Same as Fecal-
Transmis- bourne; sexual; parapher-
HBV oral
sion person-to- perinatal nalia; sex with
person infected
contact partner
Flu-like
Similar to Similar
(Pre-Icteric With or
HBV; less Similar to HAV;
S/Sx Phase; without
severe and to HBV severe in
Icteric symptoms
anicteric pregant
Phase)
may be Risk for
Mild with Similar Similar
Prognosis severe; Risk hepatic
recovery to HBV to HAV
for cirrhosis cancer

5. Virus infect liver-interlobular infiltration
Necrosis and hyperplasia of kuffer cells
Failure of the bile to reach intestine in normal
amount
Obstructed jaundice
s/sx: dark urine, pale feces, itchness
Liver cell damage
Necrosis and autolytic type destroy
parenchyma

6. VIRAL HEPATITIS
• Assessment : s/sx
• Prodromal / Preicteric
»S – symptoms of URTI
»W – weight loss
»A – anorexia , chills , fever
»R – right upper quadrant pain
»M – malaise
• Icteric
»J – jaundice
»A – acholic stool
»B – bile colored urine ( tea colored)

7. APPENDICITIS

8. VIRAL HEPATITIS
• Nursing Mgt
• Isolation of patient ( enteric isolation)
• Standard precaution
• Patient should be encouraged to rest during acute
or symptomatic phase
• Improved nutritional status
• Utilize appropriate measures to minimize spread of
the disease

9. VIRAL HEPATITIS
• Nursing Mgt
• Observe patient for Melena and check stool for the
presence of blood
• Provide optimum eye and oral care
• Increase in ability to carry out activities
– Encourage the patient to limit activity when fatigued
– Assist the client in planning period of rest and activity
– Encourage gradual resumption of activities and mild exercise during recovery
• PREVENTION AND CONTROL
– Handwashing every after use of toilet
– Travelers should avoid water and ice if unsure of their purity
– Educate on the mode of transmission of the disease.

10. Special Considerations
• Monitor patient’s weight daily, and record
fluid intake and output
• Observe stools for consistency and
amount and record bowel movement
• Tell the client not to consume alcohol or
use nonprescription drugs for 1 year

12. Pathophysiology:
Lumen of appendix - obstructed
Inflammation
Mucosa continues to secrete fluid
Increased pressure in lumen of
appendix
Restricted blood flow
Hypoxia Infection Gangrene
PERITONITIS Perforation

19. PANCREATITIS

20. PANCREATITIS

21. ACUTE PANCREATITIS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Spasm, edema or block in the
Ampulla of Vater reflux of
proteolytic enzymes auto
digestion of the pancreas
inflammation

22. PANCREATITIS

25. PANCREATITIS

26. CHOLECYSTITIS

27. CHOLECYSTITIS
Colleen C. Flores, RN

28. CHOLECYSTITIS

29. CHOLECYSTITIS