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Sexual Reproduction
 in Flowering Plants
Sexual reproduction occurs in
angiosperms or flowering plants.

Flower is the reproductive organ of
the flowering plant.

 4 basic parts of a flower:
(I) Sepal
(II) Petal
(III) Stamen
(IV) Pistil
Sepal and petal are non-reproductive
organs whereas stamen and pistil are
male and female reproductive organs.

Normally, a flower consists of both
male and female reproductive
structures.
plant reprodutive system
Anther




Filament
                            Style



           Receptacle


                 Pedicel
Petal:
  Often brightly coloured and scented.
  Many have nectaries make nectar.
  Draws attedtion of insects and animals.
  Protects soft stamen and pistil.

Stamen:
  Male reproductive system.
  Also called the androecium.
  Each one is made up of two parts:
  a) Anther.
  b)Filament.
Anther:
  Structures that produces pollen grains.
  Pollen grains consist of the male gametes.

Filament:
   A long stalk which supports the anther.

Stigma:
   A sticky structure at the apex of the style .
   Place where pollen grains adhere.
Style:
  A stalk that joins the stigma to the ovary.
  Connects the stigma to the ovary.
  Holds the stigma in the air to collect pollen.
  May nourish pollen tube following pollination.

Ovule:
  Contains female gametes.
  Form the seeds.
Pedicel:
  Supports the flower
  in the best position
  for pollination.
Ovary:
  Structures that protects ovules.
  Forms the fruits.
  Stores one or more ovules from which
   the female gametes develop.

Receptacle:
 Supports ovary.
  It may swell and encloses the ovary to form
  the certain part of fruits.
  Examples: apple and strawberry.
1) Pollen grains are formed in
    the anther.

2) Each pollen mother cell will go
   through meiosis to produce four
   haploid microspores (n).
3) A tube nucleus and generative
   nucleus formed after the nucleus of
   each microspore divides by mitosis.

4) The microspores develop into
   pollen grains. Eventually the
   microspores develop into pollen
   grains.
5) Pollination is the process in which
   mature pollen grains from the anther
   are transferred to the stigma of a
   flower.
Formation of Embryo Sac
     in the Ovule
1) The ovule develops from the ovarian tissue
   at the base of the carpel.

2) It has a diploid embryo sac mother cell (2n).

3) Every ovule has a protective outer layers of
   cells named the integuments.
4) The embryo sac mother cell (2n) goes
   through meiosis to form megaspores
   (n) which is a row of four haploid
   cells.

5) The four megaspores are linearly
   arranged.

6) Usually one becomes funtional and
   develops further.
7) Three of four megaspores will
   degenerate, leaving one in the ovule.

8) The remaining one haploid cell
   develops to form the young embryo
   sac.

9) The megaspore will grow and
   enlarges, filling up most of the ovule.
10) The megaspore divides mitotically 3
    times to form 8 nucleatic gametocytes
    and embryo sac, 8 nuclei within the
    cytoplasm of a single cell have no cell
    walls.

11) Antipodal cells are produced after the
    migration of the 8 nuclei to one end of
    the cell.
plant reprodutive system
plant reprodutive system
During the growth of the pollen
tube, the generative nucleus which
follows closely behind the tube nucleus
divides by mitosis to produce two male
gamete nuclei.

Pollen tube grows down the style into the
stigma and towards the ovule.
Double
Double fertilisation means a
process where a diploid zygote and
triploid nucleus are formed.

In the embryo sac, one male
gamete nucleus fuses with the egg cell
forming a diploid zygote (2n) .

The other male gamete nucleus fuses
with the two polar nuclei forming a
triploid (3n) .
Thus, in an embryo sac,2 fusions take
place simultaneously.

After fertilisation, the diploid zygote
divides by mitosis forming the
embryo.

The triploid zygote also undergoes
repeated mitotic division to form the
endosperm which becomes the edible
part of the fruit.
Upon reaching the micropyle, the tube
nucleus disintegrates.

Besides, the tip of the tube bursts
open, the male nuclei then enter the
embryo sac.

Double fertilisation is unique to
angiosperms which occur in the ovule.
The division of triploid nucleus is very
important to give rise to the
endosperm that nourishes the embryo
and growing seedling.

It also helps to form the food
storing tissue of the seed.

The synergid cells and the antipodal
cells degenerate.
plant reprodutive system
plant reprodutive system
plant reprodutive system
plant reprodutive system
plant reprodutive system
Ensures the genetic information
of the parent plants is passed
down to the next generation.

Existing variation among the next
generation.

Ensures the survival of the species.
For protection of the seed and aids in
the dispersal of the seeds.

Ensures the survival of flowering
plants in changing environment.

Ensures the successful germination of
a seed into a new plant.

Ensures the continuity of the plant
species.
Growth in Multicellular
     Organisms
Growth:
 Is a permanent process
  (irreversible) with an increase in the
 body mass, size and number of cells.

 Involves quantitative changes in solid
 matter, dry mass and the amount of
 cytoplasm.
Development:
 The changes in shape, function and
 complexity associated with growth.

 Involves qualitative changes
 that are related to differentiation
 and specialisation to perform specific
 functions.
Cell division stage:
 The number of cells of an
 organism rises by mitosis.

 One cell divides by mitosis in
 geometric progression. For example :
 1 2     4 8 16 cells, and so on.
Cell enlargement stage:
 Also known as cell elongation.

 Vacuolation is important in cell
 enlargement of plants.

 The volume and size of cells increase
 through the intake of water and other
 substances from the environment by
 osmosis and diffusion.
Cell differentiation stage:
 Cells growth begins to differ from each
 other to form specialised and
 permanent cells with specific
 functions.

 For instance, the neurones and
 specific types of blood cells in
 animals, the xylem and phloem cells in
 plants.
The process
 of Growth
Involves elongation and branching
of roots and shoots.

Brought about by apical meristems.

Importance :- produces xylem and
phloem .
Cells of the primary meristem continue to
divide, thereby elongating the root.

  Cells of the primary meristem stop
dividing and cease to be meristematic.

      Cells elongate and expand
through absorbing nutrients and water
            through osmosis.

Cells differentiate into particular tissue
    types which is also called zone of
                maturation.
Nucleus



                                  Small vacuoles
        Cytoplasm




                                    Vacuoles
                                    enlarging



 Small vacuoles fuse to form a
 large central vacuole




Cytoplasm and nucleus push towards the cell margin
plant reprodutive system
Thanks to:
 Pn Prema a/p Kuttam Pillai (GPM
  SMK Aminuddin Baki, Chemor)
 Liew Bih Ling (Thinkquest Manager)
 Gan Wan Yeat, Exploring, Penerbitan Fajar
  Bakti Sdn. Bhd, Shah Alam, 2006.
plant reprodutive system

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plant reprodutive system

  • 1. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
  • 2. Sexual reproduction occurs in angiosperms or flowering plants. Flower is the reproductive organ of the flowering plant. 4 basic parts of a flower: (I) Sepal (II) Petal (III) Stamen (IV) Pistil
  • 3. Sepal and petal are non-reproductive organs whereas stamen and pistil are male and female reproductive organs. Normally, a flower consists of both male and female reproductive structures.
  • 5. Anther Filament Style Receptacle Pedicel
  • 6. Petal: Often brightly coloured and scented. Many have nectaries make nectar. Draws attedtion of insects and animals. Protects soft stamen and pistil. Stamen: Male reproductive system. Also called the androecium. Each one is made up of two parts: a) Anther. b)Filament.
  • 7. Anther: Structures that produces pollen grains. Pollen grains consist of the male gametes. Filament: A long stalk which supports the anther. Stigma: A sticky structure at the apex of the style . Place where pollen grains adhere.
  • 8. Style: A stalk that joins the stigma to the ovary. Connects the stigma to the ovary. Holds the stigma in the air to collect pollen. May nourish pollen tube following pollination. Ovule: Contains female gametes. Form the seeds.
  • 9. Pedicel: Supports the flower in the best position for pollination.
  • 10. Ovary: Structures that protects ovules. Forms the fruits. Stores one or more ovules from which the female gametes develop. Receptacle: Supports ovary. It may swell and encloses the ovary to form the certain part of fruits. Examples: apple and strawberry.
  • 11. 1) Pollen grains are formed in the anther. 2) Each pollen mother cell will go through meiosis to produce four haploid microspores (n).
  • 12. 3) A tube nucleus and generative nucleus formed after the nucleus of each microspore divides by mitosis. 4) The microspores develop into pollen grains. Eventually the microspores develop into pollen grains.
  • 13. 5) Pollination is the process in which mature pollen grains from the anther are transferred to the stigma of a flower.
  • 14. Formation of Embryo Sac in the Ovule 1) The ovule develops from the ovarian tissue at the base of the carpel. 2) It has a diploid embryo sac mother cell (2n). 3) Every ovule has a protective outer layers of cells named the integuments.
  • 15. 4) The embryo sac mother cell (2n) goes through meiosis to form megaspores (n) which is a row of four haploid cells. 5) The four megaspores are linearly arranged. 6) Usually one becomes funtional and develops further.
  • 16. 7) Three of four megaspores will degenerate, leaving one in the ovule. 8) The remaining one haploid cell develops to form the young embryo sac. 9) The megaspore will grow and enlarges, filling up most of the ovule.
  • 17. 10) The megaspore divides mitotically 3 times to form 8 nucleatic gametocytes and embryo sac, 8 nuclei within the cytoplasm of a single cell have no cell walls. 11) Antipodal cells are produced after the migration of the 8 nuclei to one end of the cell.
  • 20. During the growth of the pollen tube, the generative nucleus which follows closely behind the tube nucleus divides by mitosis to produce two male gamete nuclei. Pollen tube grows down the style into the stigma and towards the ovule.
  • 22. Double fertilisation means a process where a diploid zygote and triploid nucleus are formed. In the embryo sac, one male gamete nucleus fuses with the egg cell forming a diploid zygote (2n) . The other male gamete nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei forming a triploid (3n) .
  • 23. Thus, in an embryo sac,2 fusions take place simultaneously. After fertilisation, the diploid zygote divides by mitosis forming the embryo. The triploid zygote also undergoes repeated mitotic division to form the endosperm which becomes the edible part of the fruit.
  • 24. Upon reaching the micropyle, the tube nucleus disintegrates. Besides, the tip of the tube bursts open, the male nuclei then enter the embryo sac. Double fertilisation is unique to angiosperms which occur in the ovule.
  • 25. The division of triploid nucleus is very important to give rise to the endosperm that nourishes the embryo and growing seedling. It also helps to form the food storing tissue of the seed. The synergid cells and the antipodal cells degenerate.
  • 31. Ensures the genetic information of the parent plants is passed down to the next generation. Existing variation among the next generation. Ensures the survival of the species.
  • 32. For protection of the seed and aids in the dispersal of the seeds. Ensures the survival of flowering plants in changing environment. Ensures the successful germination of a seed into a new plant. Ensures the continuity of the plant species.
  • 33. Growth in Multicellular Organisms Growth: Is a permanent process (irreversible) with an increase in the body mass, size and number of cells. Involves quantitative changes in solid matter, dry mass and the amount of cytoplasm.
  • 34. Development: The changes in shape, function and complexity associated with growth. Involves qualitative changes that are related to differentiation and specialisation to perform specific functions.
  • 35. Cell division stage: The number of cells of an organism rises by mitosis. One cell divides by mitosis in geometric progression. For example : 1 2 4 8 16 cells, and so on.
  • 36. Cell enlargement stage: Also known as cell elongation. Vacuolation is important in cell enlargement of plants. The volume and size of cells increase through the intake of water and other substances from the environment by osmosis and diffusion.
  • 37. Cell differentiation stage: Cells growth begins to differ from each other to form specialised and permanent cells with specific functions. For instance, the neurones and specific types of blood cells in animals, the xylem and phloem cells in plants.
  • 38. The process of Growth Involves elongation and branching of roots and shoots. Brought about by apical meristems. Importance :- produces xylem and phloem .
  • 39. Cells of the primary meristem continue to divide, thereby elongating the root. Cells of the primary meristem stop dividing and cease to be meristematic. Cells elongate and expand through absorbing nutrients and water through osmosis. Cells differentiate into particular tissue types which is also called zone of maturation.
  • 40. Nucleus Small vacuoles Cytoplasm Vacuoles enlarging Small vacuoles fuse to form a large central vacuole Cytoplasm and nucleus push towards the cell margin
  • 42. Thanks to: Pn Prema a/p Kuttam Pillai (GPM SMK Aminuddin Baki, Chemor) Liew Bih Ling (Thinkquest Manager) Gan Wan Yeat, Exploring, Penerbitan Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd, Shah Alam, 2006.