2. Brentano and his students
Brentano
b. Marienberg am Rhein
1838
Meinong
b. Lemberg
1853
Ehrenfels
b. Rodaun
1859
Husserl
b. Proβnitz
1859
Twardowski
b. Vienna
1866
5. Brentanists revolutionize ontology
Brentano
Meinong
On the Theory
of
Objects, 1904
Ehrenfels
Husserl
first formal
mereology, 1902
______
first use of
‘formal ontology’
~1905;
Twardowski
Leśniewski
logical
formalization
of
mereology, 1
916
6. Brentanists revolutionize our understanding
of the relations between psychology and
ontology
In 1874 Brentano (re-)introduces into
philosophy the idea of intentional
directedness (aboutness)
Meinong Ehrenfels Husserl Twardowski
how can we think about what does not exist?
8. Brentanists introduce the problem of
understanding the relation between
intentionality and language
Brentano
Meinong Ehrenfels Husserl
categorial
grammar, 1901
Twardowski
Leśniewski
founder of
formal
mereology
Tarski invents
formal
semantics
12. The varieties of aboutness
Brentano
Meinong Ehrenfels
Husserl
simple
perceptually filled
veridical
relational
mediated by language
Twardowski
13. ± simple
mental process content (putative) target
presenting act
content of presentation
“apple”
object of presentation
judging act
judgment-content
“the apple over there is
ripe”
state of affairs
(Objektive)
evaluating act
emotional act
appraisal
…
“it is good that the apple
over there is ripe”
?
14. mental process content target
you see an apple “apple” an apple
• you are in physical contact with target
― cf. Russell’s knowledge by acquaintance;
J. J. Gibson’s ecological theory of perception
± relational intentionality
15. mental process content (putative) target
presenting act
sensory content object of presentation
object
exists
object does
not exist
object
present
object
absent
± perceptually filled
ordinary perception
16. mental process content (putative) target
presenting act
sensory content object of presentation
object
exists
object does
not exist
object
present
object
absent
perceptually filled does not imply
veridical
hallucination
17. mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple” + sensation
originating causally at
target
object of presentation
object
exists
object does
not exist
object
present
object
absent
the evolutionarily most basic case
ordinary perception
18. mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple” + sensation
originating causally at
target
object of presentation
object
exists
object does
not exist
object
present
object
absent
relational implies veridical
ordinary perception
19. mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”
object of presentation
object
exists
object does
not exist
object
present
object
absent
veridical does not imply relational
veridical thinking about
20. mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”
object of presentation
object exists
object
present
object
absent
± content match
23. mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”
object of presentation
object exists
object
present
object
absent
veridical does not imply content match
26. mental process content target
you see an apple “apple” an apple
± linguistically mediated
A cat can see a king
27. 28
the primacy of language (Sellars …)
mental experiences are about objects because
words have meaning
word / meaning
28. 29
the primacy of the intentional
(Brentano, Husserl, …):
linguistic expressions have meanings because there
are („animating‟) mental experiences which have
aboutness
33. “From Intentionality to Formal Ontology”
Brentano
Husserl Twardowski
Leśniewski
formal
mereology
Tarski
formal
semantics
Joseph Woodger
The Axiomatic Method in
Biology (1937)
with Appendix by Tarski
34. “From Intentionality to Formal Ontology”
Brentano
Husserl Twardowski
Leśniewski
formal
mereology
Tarski
formal
semantics
Joseph Woodger Axiomatic
Method in Biology
Patrick Hayes
“Ontology of Liquids” (1985)
…
formal ontologies in
information systems
38. Investigations on
the Theory of
Objects and
Psychology
with support from
the Imperial-Royal
Minister of Culture
and Education in
Vienna, 1904
39. Examples of Ontology Projects funded
by National Institutes of Health
NIH / NHGRI* GO: Gene Ontology
NIH / NIGMS PRO: Protein Ontology
NIH / NIAID IDO: Infectious Disease Ontology
NIH / NIAID Major Histocompatilibity Complex
(MHC) Ontology
NIH / NHGRI SO: Sequence Ontology
NIH / NLM FMA: Foundational Model of
Anatomy
NIH / NHGRI CL: Cell Ontology
*National Human Genome Research Institute
42
40. 43
http://bioontology.org
NIH National Center for Biomedical Computing
US Consortium Partners:
Stanford University School of Medicine
The Mayo Clinic
University at Buffalo Department of Philosophy
41. Distributed Common Ground System–Army (DCGS-A)
Semantic
Enhancement of
the Dataspace
on the Cloud
Intelligence and Information Warfare
Directorate
Research, Development and Engineering Command
62. Linguistic Functioning Ontology
(1. Speech and hearing)
65
65
BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:ProcessBFO:Independent
Continuant
BFO
MFO
BFO:Dependent
Continuant
Behaviour
inducing state
Cognitive
Representation
BFO:Quality
Speech-
mediated
cognitive
representation
Speech
process
Bodily Process
BFO:Disposition
Linguistic
competence
Speech competence of a
population
= a [spoken] language
Speech competence of
an individual
Hearing
(registering)
process
63. Linguistic Functioning Ontology
(2. Reading and writing)
66
66
BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:ProcessBFO:Independent
Continuant
BFO
MFO
BFO:Dependent
Continuant
Behaviour
inducing state
Cognitive
Representation
BFO:Quality
Written-
language-
mediated
cognitive
representation
Writing
process
Bodily Process
BFO:Disposition
Linguistic
competence
Written linguistic
competence of a
population
= a [written] language
Written linguistic
competence of an
individual
Reading
(registering)
process
64. Linguistic Functioning Ontology
(the whole thing)
67
67
BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:ProcessBFO:Independent
Continuant
BFO
MFO
BFO:Dependent
Continuant
Behaviour
inducing state
Cognitive
Representation
BFO:Quality
Language-
mediated
cognitive
representation
Writing
Bodily Process
BFO:Disposition
Linguistic
competence
Linguistic competence
of a population
= a language Linguistic competence
of an individual
Reading
Speaking
72. Using the Emotion Ontology
for self-report of emotional experiences
Objectives:
• Capture emotional experiences in a
standardised fashion using the underlying
vocabulary of the Emotion Ontology
1. prediction of suicide via aggregation of text
messages
2. evaluation of scientific conferences
77. Studies of the biochemical basis of
emotion
Emotions are effected in part by
neurotransmitters such as dopamine, tryptophan
Thursday, May 02, 2013 82
dopamine
(CHEBI:25375)
molecular entity
(CHEBI:25375)
biological role
(CHEBI:24432)
neurotransmitter
(CHEBI:25512)
has role
neurotransmitter
receptor activity
(GO:0030594)
Molecular function
(GO:0003674)
realized in
happiness
(MFOEM:42)
part of
emotion
(MFOEM:1)
subtype
78. Ontological traffic rule:
to build an ontology of the types of
entities in a complex domain, focus first
on the canonical instances
83
79. Canonical pain & variants
PCT: pain with concordant tissue damage: pain of
the evolutionarily most basic sort = pain in
response to concordant tissue damage
Variant pain
PNT: pain with peripheral trauma but discordant
(elevated) relative to tissue damage: there is
peripheral trauma, but the patient is experiencing
pain of much too high an intensity
NN: neuropathic nociception: no peripheral
trauma, but the patient is experiencing pain in
result of a neuropathic disorder in the nociceptive
system.
84
81. Pain-related phenomena without pain
PBWP: pain behavior without pain: there is a
cry or report of pain, but no pain is being
experienced (a fact which may or may not be
detectable by an external observer)
TWP: Tissue-damage without pain: tissue
damage normally of the sort to cause pain does
not activate the pain system.
86
83. Canonical pain
89
canonical
pain
pain
EMOTION COMPONENT CHARACTERISTIC FOR PAIN
Action tendency Withdrawal
Subjective emotional feeling Negative, tense, powerless
Behavioural response Characteristic painful facial
expression
Characteristic appraisal Something is dangerous to me
84. Canonical fear
91
canonical
fear
fear
EMOTION COMPONENT CHARACTERISTIC FOR FEAR
Action tendency Fight-or-flight
Subjective emotional feeling Negative, tense, powerless
Behavioural response Characteristic fearful facial
expression
Characteristic appraisal Something (some real thing) in
my environment is dangerous
to me
subtype
85. Canonical and non-canonical fear
Canonical fear gives rise to action tendencies
that are conformant to a perceived danger
Phobias = dispositions giving rise to non-
canonical fear, e.g. laridaphobia
Another case involving non-canonical fear:
people taking pleasure in watching horror films
92
86. mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”
object of presentation
object
exists
object does
not exist
object
present
object
absent
Meinong’s treatment of non-veridical
intentionality goes wrong because it
treats it as canonical
the presenting act is targeted on an
object of a special kind (namely: the
non-existent kind)
87. mental process content there is no target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”underlying false belief
non-veridical intentionality is a untidy
collection of non-canonical cases
the presenting act is dependent on an
underlying belief or attitude of one or
other deviant types
88. mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”
object
present
object
absent
non-veridical intentionality
type 1. ontological error
hallucination, deception, …
the presenting act is dependent on a
false underlying belief
89. mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”
object
present
object
absent
non-veridical intentionality
type 2. fiction
thinking-about-Macbeth = the
presenting act is not dependent on
an underlying false belief
“The Substitution Theory of Art”, Grazer Philosophische Studien, 25/26 (1986)
90. in the Macbeth case we are dealing with
the sort of thing that happens when, to
quote Witters, “language goes on
holiday”
97
91. Brentano revolutionizes psychology
Brentano
published Psychology
from an Empirical
Standpoint, 1874
Meinong
founded first laboratory
of experimental
psychology in Austria-
Hungary in 1897
Ehrenfels Husserl Twardowski
founded first
laboratory of experimental
psychologyin Poland in 1907
92. Brentano revolutionizes psychology
Brentano
published Psychology
from an Empirical
Standpoint, 1874
Meinong
founded first laboratory
of experimental
psychology in Austria-
Hungary in 1897
Ehrenfels Husserl Twardowski
founded first
laboratory of experimental
psychologyin Poland in 1907
Wundt
first laboratory of
experimental psychology,
1879
93. Mental Functioning is Neural Functioning:
Towards a Unified Ontology of
Mind, Brain, and Behavior
Gwen A. Frishkoff
Department of Psychology NeuroInformatics Center
Georgia State University University of Oregon
94. Outline of Talk
• What is a mental process?
– A view from cognitive psychology
– The Mind–Brain problem and three proposed
solutions (ontology views)
• A neurophsysiological framework for
understanding mental processes
– Levels of brain, levels of mind
– What are mental representations “about”?
(Proposed solution to problems of subjectivity, aboutness)
95. What is a Mental Process?
A view from cognitive psychology
Short-term memory
Cognitive control
Motor control,
Action
Sensation,
Perception
Long-term Memory
Habits & Skills
96. How do we know any of this?
That is, where did the components of the
standard model come from?
97. • Mental processes cannot be observed.*
• They must be inferred based on what we can observe.
What can we observe?...
*We can revise this assumption later (if Mind = Brain)
The mind as a black box
X
98. • Physical processes in body Behavior
(response type, accuracy, reaction time)
• Physiological processes in brain
Neural activity and correlates of neural
activity (blood flow to brain regions)
What we can observe… and How
A schematic of Helmholtz’s apparatus
for measuring the time course of
muscle contraction and the
propagation velocity of the nerve
impulse. Source: Bennett, 1999.
A 256-channel electrode “net” that is used
to measure brain electrical activity (EEG)
CogPO!
99. “A mental process is a neural process.”
• Avoids Mind-Body dualism
• More precise than other two
solutions
• Gives ready framework for
comparative neurophysiology &
comparative cognition
• Knowledge of brain structure &
function informs understanding
of mental function (and
dysfunction)
ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR
103. Levels of brain, levels of mind
Mesulam, 1990
113
Representation, monitoring and
control of internal environment
(“self”)
Representation, monitoring and
control of bodily interface to
external environment
(“real world”)
104. Levels of brain, levels of mind
Mesulam, 1990
114
Representation, monitoring and
control of internal environment
(“self”)
Representation, monitoring and
control of bodily interface to
external environment
(“real world”)
Note use of “sneer” quotes
around “real world” and “self”
105. Mental representations: What are they “about”?
Peripheral (sensory-motor) parts of the body
are “mapped” to (represented by) an orderly
set of discrete regions within sensory and
motor cortex.
Sensory-motor maps in the
brain
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
monitors and controls internal bodily functions, such
as blood circulation, breathing, digestion, stress, and
arousal.
Maps of the internal milieux
107. 117
Shimon Edelman‟s
Riddle of Representation
two humans, a monkey, and a robot
are looking at a piece of cheese;
what is common to the representational
processes in their visual systems?
114. What is a Mental Process?
A view from cognitive psychology
Short-term memory
Cognitive control
Motor control,
Action
Sensation,
Perception
Long-term Memory
Habits & Skills
All of this is present before there is language
124. coronary heart
disease
John’s coronary heart disease
disease during
phase of
asymptomatic
(‘silent’)
infarction
disease during
phase of early
lesions and
small fibrous
plaques
stable
angina
disease during
phase of
surface
disruption of
plaque
unstable
angina
instantiates
at t1
instantiates
at t2
instantiates
at t3
instantiates
at t4
instantiates
at t5
time 156What this represents is real, and not just “real”
125. What did your temperature do over the last
month, Jim?
Jim’s temperature process profile, the
target of a certain sort of cognitive
selection, or cognitive profiling 157
126. The graph picks out just one dimension of
qualitative change within a much larger
conglomerate of processes within Jim
Hence ‘process profile’ 158
127. Compare perception of polyphonic
music
• Cognitive selection of the cello part when you
listen to a string quartet
• Picking out a certain sonic partial process
within a larger body of vibrations
• Ignoring sneezes, coughs, …
• (or sometimes focusing on sneezes and
coughs for diagnostic purposes)
159
128. Compare perception of polyphonic
music
• Cognitive selection of the cello part when you
listen to a string quartet
• Picking out a certain sonic partial process
within a larger body of vibrations
• Ignoring sneezes, coughs, …
• (or sometimes focusing on sneezes and
coughs for diagnostic purposes)
160
129. time-series graph of acoustic
signal, spectrogram, formants, jaw
displacement and other speech parameters
161
133. speech is a process profile
the speech process is to the totality of acoustic
signal, spectrogram, formants, jaw
displacement, mental and neurological
processes
as
the pulse rate process is to the totality of
aortic, ventricular and atrial
pressure, ventricular volume, electrical
activity, arterial flow, and other processes in the
heart
165
134. Breakthrough: First sound recordings based on reading
human auditory cortex (PLoS Biology, January 2012)
166
135. Top: spectrogram of words presented to subject.
Middle and bottom: reconstructions of speech based on
readings from electrodes attached to patient's brain.
167
139. • Examples of dispositions that are constantly
being realized:
– stock exchange
– heart beat
– brain activity
– social order
– language (social)
178
140. Investigations on
the Theory of
Objects and
Psychology
with support from
the Imperial-Royal
Minister of Culture
and Education in
Vienna, 1904
142. Horizontal Integration
• “Horizontally integrating warfighter
intelligence data … requires access (including
discovery, search, retrieval, and display) to
intelligence data among the warfighters and
other producers and consumers via
standardized services and architectures.”
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Instruction J2 CJCSI 3340.02A
1 August 2011
143. Horizontal integration
=def. multiple heterogeneous data resources
become aligned in such a way that search and
analysis procedures can be applied to their
combined content as if they formed a single
resource
144. Unclassified
Unclassified
Command and Control Ontology
Army Fires Plan
Army Maneuver Plan
Naval Fires Plan
Definition: An information
content entity that is a
specification of events that are
to occur in order to obtain some
objective.
183
146. Horizontal integration
=def. multiple heterogeneous data resources
become aligned through association with
common ontology terms in such a way that
search and analysis procedures can be applied
to their combined content as if they formed a
single resource
147. =def. multiple heterogeneous data resources
become aligned through association with
common ontology terms in such a way that
search and analysis procedures can be applied
to their combined content as if they formed a
single resource
Semantic Technology in Intelligence, Defense and Security, 2012
Hinweis der Redaktion
Wolenski, From Intentionality to Formal Semantics, http://www.springerlink.com/content/tygwru81rpvlbdj6/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/yahtsek/
Jan Wolenski, http://www.springerlink.com/content/tygwru81rpvlbdj6/
Mental functioning related anatomical structure: an anatomical structure in which there inheres the disposition to be the agent of a mental processBehaviour inducing state: a bodily quality inhering in a mental functioning related anatomical structure which leads to behaviour of some sortAffective representation: a cognitive representation sustained by an organism about its own emotionsCognitive representation: a representation which specifically depends on an anatomical structure in the cognitive system of an organismMental process: a bodily process which brings into being, sustains or modifies a cognitive representation or a behaviour inducing state
Mental functioning related anatomical structure: an anatomical structure in which there inheres the disposition to be the agent of a mental processBehaviour inducing state: a bodily quality inhering in a mental functioning related anatomical structure which leads to behaviour of some sortAffective representation: a cognitive representation sustained by an organism about its own emotionsCognitive representation: a representation which specifically depends on an anatomical structure in the cognitive system of an organismMental process: a bodily process which brings into being, sustains or modifies a cognitive representation or a behaviour inducing state
Mental functioning related anatomical structure: an anatomical structure in which there inheres the disposition to be the agent of a mental processBehaviour inducing state: a bodily quality inhering in a mental functioning related anatomical structure which leads to behaviour of some sortAffective representation: a cognitive representation sustained by an organism about its own emotionsCognitive representation: a representation which specifically depends on an anatomical structure in the cognitive system of an organismMental process: a bodily process which brings into being, sustains or modifies a cognitive representation or a behaviour inducing state
This is, of course, just one tiny part of the story. The overall story would have to be built up out of many, many cross-ontology links.
Canonical fear also involves an action tendency to fight-or-flight, a bad (powerless, negative, anxious) feeling, a behavioural response to the emotion that includes a characteristic fearful facial expression
Canonical fear also involves an action tendency to fight-or-flight, a bad (powerless, negative, anxious) feeling, a behavioural response to the emotion that includes a characteristic fearful facial expression
Project goal: Analysis and integration of EEG data from studies of learning, language, and memoryHow is information about a word’s meaning activated in memory?How are new vocabulary items learned?What are the neurocog mechanisms of language comprehension?Traditionally, diff paradigms have been used to address these questions. However, neurocog mechanisms are likely to be shared across related domains. To date no way to make meaningful, valid comparisons of ERP results acros differen expts. This is what NEMO is trying to address through the dev’t of ERP ontologies and tools for ERP data analysis and classification that are linked to onto.
Mental functioning related anatomical structure: an anatomical structure in which there inheres the disposition to be the agent of a mental processBehaviour inducing state: a bodily quality inhering in a mental functioning related anatomical structure which leads to behaviour of some sortAffective representation: a cognitive representation sustained by an organism about its own emotionsCognitive representation: a representation which specifically depends on an anatomical structure in the cognitive system of an organismMental process: a bodily process which brings into being, sustains or modifies a cognitive representation or a behaviour inducing state
Mental functioning related anatomical structure: an anatomical structure in which there inheres the disposition to be the agent of a mental processBehaviour inducing state: a bodily quality inhering in a mental functioning related anatomical structure which leads to behaviour of some sortAffective representation: a cognitive representation sustained by an organism about its own emotionsCognitive representation: a representation which specifically depends on an anatomical structure in the cognitive system of an organismMental process: a bodily process which brings into being, sustains or modifies a cognitive representation or a behaviour inducing state
Project goal: Analysis and integration of EEG data from studies of learning, language, and memoryHow is information about a word’s meaning activated in memory?How are new vocabulary items learned?What are the neurocog mechanisms of language comprehension?Traditionally, diff paradigms have been used to address these questions. However, neurocog mechanisms are likely to be shared across related domains. To date no way to make meaningful, valid comparisons of ERP results acros differen expts. This is what NEMO is trying to address through the dev’t of ERP ontologies and tools for ERP data analysis and classification that are linked to onto.
Project goal: Analysis and integration of EEG data from studies of learning, language, and memoryHow is information about a word’s meaning activated in memory?How are new vocabulary items learned?What are the neurocog mechanisms of language comprehension?Traditionally, diff paradigms have been used to address these questions. However, neurocog mechanisms are likely to be shared across related domains. To date no way to make meaningful, valid comparisons of ERP results acros differen expts. This is what NEMO is trying to address through the dev’t of ERP ontologies and tools for ERP data analysis and classification that are linked to onto.
Project goal: Analysis and integration of EEG data from studies of learning, language, and memoryHow is information about a word’s meaning activated in memory?How are new vocabulary items learned?What are the neurocog mechanisms of language comprehension?Traditionally, diff paradigms have been used to address these questions. However, neurocog mechanisms are likely to be shared across related domains. To date no way to make meaningful, valid comparisons of ERP results acros differen expts. This is what NEMO is trying to address through the dev’t of ERP ontologies and tools for ERP data analysis and classification that are linked to onto.
Project goal: Analysis and integration of EEG data from studies of learning, language, and memoryHow is information about a word’s meaning activated in memory?How are new vocabulary items learned?What are the neurocog mechanisms of language comprehension?Traditionally, diff paradigms have been used to address these questions. However, neurocog mechanisms are likely to be shared across related domains. To date no way to make meaningful, valid comparisons of ERP results acros differen expts. This is what NEMO is trying to address through the dev’t of ERP ontologies and tools for ERP data analysis and classification that are linked to onto.
Project goal: Analysis and integration of EEG data from studies of learning, language, and memoryHow is information about a word’s meaning activated in memory?How are new vocabulary items learned?What are the neurocog mechanisms of language comprehension?Traditionally, diff paradigms have been used to address these questions. However, neurocog mechanisms are likely to be shared across related domains. To date no way to make meaningful, valid comparisons of ERP results acros differen expts. This is what NEMO is trying to address through the dev’t of ERP ontologies and tools for ERP data analysis and classification that are linked to onto.
Project goal: Analysis and integration of EEG data from studies of learning, language, and memoryHow is information about a word’s meaning activated in memory?How are new vocabulary items learned?What are the neurocog mechanisms of language comprehension?Traditionally, diff paradigms have been used to address these questions. However, neurocog mechanisms are likely to be shared across related domains. To date no way to make meaningful, valid comparisons of ERP results acros differen expts. This is what NEMO is trying to address through the dev’t of ERP ontologies and tools for ERP data analysis and classification that are linked to onto.
Project goal: Analysis and integration of EEG data from studies of learning, language, and memoryHow is information about a word’s meaning activated in memory?How are new vocabulary items learned?What are the neurocog mechanisms of language comprehension?Traditionally, diff paradigms have been used to address these questions. However, neurocog mechanisms are likely to be shared across related domains. To date no way to make meaningful, valid comparisons of ERP results acros differen expts. This is what NEMO is trying to address through the dev’t of ERP ontologies and tools for ERP data analysis and classification that are linked to onto.
Project goal: Analysis and integration of EEG data from studies of learning, language, and memoryHow is information about a word’s meaning activated in memory?How are new vocabulary items learned?What are the neurocog mechanisms of language comprehension?Traditionally, diff paradigms have been used to address these questions. However, neurocog mechanisms are likely to be shared across related domains. To date no way to make meaningful, valid comparisons of ERP results acros differen expts. This is what NEMO is trying to address through the dev’t of ERP ontologies and tools for ERP data analysis and classification that are linked to onto.
Visualizing Today's Deja Vu Last Second 60,000 E-Mini Contract Wipe Outhttp://www.zerohedge.com/news/visualizing-todays-last-second-60000-e-mini-contract-wipe-out