About the Webinar The impact of electronic content cannot be understated. Through constantly evolving technologies, electronic content has made its way into almost every facet of our lives. Platforms are evolving and improving at a breakneck pace, prices for devices are accessible in a way that they weren’t just a few years ago, the e-content is becoming richer and more interactive, and publishers are developing profitable business models to respond. Many higher education institutions find it an ongoing challenge to respond to the latest technology changes. Compounding this problem is the fact that electronic content has now become a priority and expectation for the academic and publishing community. NISO’s third virtual conference examines the issues and opportunities this rapid growth of electronic content has presented and challenged our community with, as well as thoughts on the future and how information organizations can successfully serve their patrons.

1. http://www.niso.org/news/events/2013/econtent
NISO Virtual Conference:
Revolution or Evolution:
The Organizational Impact of Electronic Content
October 16, 2013
Speakers:
David W. Lewis, Todd Carpenter,
Charles Watkinson, Carl Grant, Jill O’Neill,
Lee-Ann Coleman, Keith Webster

2. NISO Virtual Conference:
Revolution or Evolution:
The Organizational Impact of Electronic Content
Agenda
Introduction - Todd Carpenter, Executive Director, NISO
11:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Keynote: Envisioning a 21st century Information Organization
David W. Lewis, Dean of the Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) University Library
12:00 p.m. – 12:45 p.m. Information Organization’s Most Valuable Resources: Engaging and Teaching the Necessary Skills for Success
Todd Carpenter, Executive Director, NISO
12:45 p.m. – 1:30 p.m. Lunch break 1:30 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. Library/Press Collaborations: Serving A Spectrum of Scholarly Publishing
Needs
Charles Watkinson, Director, Purdue University Press, Head of Scholarly Publishing Services, Purdue Libraries
2:00 p.m. – 2:30 p.m. The Impact of Cloud, Mobile, and Managing the Changing Platforms of Digital Collections Carl Grant, Associate
Dean, Knowledge Services & Chief Technology Officer, University of Oklahoma Libraries
2:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Good Connections Are Always Worth Preserving: Publishing and Social Technologies
Jill O'Neill, Director of Planning & Communication, NFAIS
3:00 p.m. – 3:15 p.m. Break 3:15 – 3:45 p.m. Latest trends in Data Analysis for the Scholarly and Academic Publishing Community LeeAnn Coleman, PhD, Head of Science, Technology and Medicine, The British Library 3:45 p.m. – 4:30 p.m. Looking to the Future: What’s
the Mindset for a Successful Information Organization?
Keith Webster, Dean of the Libraries, Carnegie Mellon
4:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Conference Roundtable
Presenters return for a Q&A discussion lead by Todd Carpenter, Executive Director, NISO

3. Revolution for Sure
David W. Lewis
NISO Virtual Conference: Revolution or Evolution:
The Organizational Impact of Electronic Content
October 16, 2013
© 2013 David W. Lewis. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

4. “That is what real revolutions are like. The old
stuff gets broken faster than the new stuff is put
in its place.”
Clay Shirky, “Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable,” March 2009. Available at:
http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2009/03/newspapers-and-thinking-the-unthinkable/

5. Resulted in:
1. Scientific Journal
2. Novels
3. Use of alphabetical order as a means of
organizing knowledge
4. Silent reading

6. Resulted in:
5. Literacy became an amateur activity
6. Institutions that had controlled of
information lost that control
7. Renaissance, Reformation, 100 Years War,
etc.

7. Agenda
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ronald Coase
Job to Be Done
Tyler Cowen and Freestyle Chess
Michael Buckland
Digital Documents
Open Access as a Disruptive Innovation
The Flip
Subsidy Perspective

8. Ronald Harry Coase
“The Nature of the Firm” Economica 4
(16): 386–405 1937
Question: If markets are efficient, why do we
have firms?

9. Ronald Harry Coase
“The Nature of the Firm” Economica 4
(16): 386–405 1937
Question: If markets are efficient, why do we
have firms?
Answer: Transaction Costs

10. Ronald Harry Coase
“The Nature of the Firm” Economica 4
(16): 386–405 1937
• Where the market has high transactions
costs firms bring activities in house
• When transaction costs are low, the market
works and in house activities are dropped

11. “The Nature of the Firm” and Libraries
• In the past the market could not answer
questions
• Now the market can answer many kinds of
questions easily

12. “The Nature of the Firm” and Libraries
• In the past the market could not manage
collections
• Now access to many kinds of collections is
easy
• What is hard now is curation and
preservation of locally produced and special
materials

13. “The Nature of the Firm” and Libraries
Critical Question:
What knowledge management problems do
our institutions and communities have that the
market can’t efficiently solve?
These are the problems we need to focus on

14. Clayton Christensen
“Job to Be Done”
• People have jobs they need to do in their
lives
• They want to do these jobs in the fastest,
easiest, and cheapest ways possible
• They hire products and services to do these
jobs
Carmen Nobel, “Clay Christensen’s Milkshake Marketing,” Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School. February 14, 2011.
Available at: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6496.html
Clayton M. Christensen, Scott Cook, and Taddy Hall, “What Customers Want from Your Products,” Working Knowledge, Harvard
Business School, January 16, 2006. Available at: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5170.html

15. Clayton Christensen
“Job to Be Done”
• What jobs are scholars and students hiring
the library to do?
• How do we provide products that do these
jobs quickly, cheaply, and easily?
Carmen Nobel, “Clay Christensen’s Milkshake Marketing,” Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School. February 14, 2011.
Available at: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6496.html
Clayton M. Christensen, Scott Cook, and Taddy Hall, “What Customers Want from Your Products,” Working Knowledge, Harvard
Business School, January 16, 2006. Available at: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5170.html

16. "People don't want to buy a quarter-inch drill.
They want a quarter-inch hole!” — Theodore
Levitt
People don’t want a library. People want
information and answers.

17. Tyler Cowen,
Average is Over: Powering America Beyond
the Age of the Great Stagnation
(New York: Dutton, 2013), page 7.
“We're close to the point where the available
knowledge at the hands of the individual, for
questions that can be posed clearly and
articulately, is not so far from the knowledge of
the entire world...”

18. Tyler Cowen,
Average is Over: Powering America Beyond
the Age of the Great Stagnation
(New York: Dutton, 2013), page 7.
“Whether it is through Siri, Google, or
Wikipedia, there is now almost always a way to
ask and—more importantly—a way to receive
the answer in relatively digestible form.”

19. Tyler Cowen,
Average is Over: Powering America Beyond
the Age of the Great Stagnation
(New York: Dutton, 2013), page 7.
• Freestyle chess
• Professionals will be teamed with intelligent
machines
• The combination of person and machine can
be much better than either alone, though the
machine alone will be often superior to the
person alone

20. Tyler Cowen,
Average is Over: Powering America Beyond
the Age of the Great Stagnation
(New York: Dutton, 2013), page 7.
• As a professional you need to add value
above what the intelligent machine can do
alone
• This is a different skill set than simply doing
the task yourself

21. “Moore’s Law,” Wikipedia. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores_law

22. • Watson’s hardware cost $3,000,000 in 2011
• By 2020 the same hardware can be expected
to cost less than $50,000
• By 2030 it should cost less than $750

23. Michael Buckland,
Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto
(Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
“The central purpose of libraries is to provide a
service: access to information.”
Usually by providing access to documents
HTML version of the text is available at: http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Literature/Library/Redesigning/html.html

24. Michael Buckland,
Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto
(Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
1. Paper Library — both bibliographic tools and
document are paper
2. Automated Library — tools electronic and
documents paper
3. Electronic Library — tools and documents
electronic

25. Michael Buckland,
Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto
(Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
• Library collections serve two purposes
1. Dispensing role
2. Preservation role
• In the paper world the dispensing role is
where the most money is spent

26. Michael Buckland,
Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto
(Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
• When documents are paper, people and
documents need to be brought together
• Best way to do this is local collections
• Libraries bring documents from the world to
their local communities

27. Michael Buckland,
Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto
(Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
• When documents are electronic, people can get
them at a distance and instantaneously
• Bibliographic tools and documents move to
world/web scale
• The dispensing role becomes cheaper
• The preservation role becomes more important

28. Melvil Dewey
Our practices and values come from the
Paper Library

29. Paper
•
•
•
•
Localized
One use at a time
Not easily copied
Inflexible, not easily
modified or
annotated
• Storage bulky and
expensive
• Universal
Digital
• Many users at a time
• Easily copied
• Flexible, easily
modified and
annotated
• Storage does not
require much space
and is cheap

30. Paper
• Publishers needed •
• Long lasting medium •
• Preservation
strategies understood
• Emotional
attachment to books
as objects
• Anyone can Publish
Digital
Vulnerable
Long-term
preservation
uncertain

31. Content Supply Chain is All Digital
• Print books delivered nearly as quickly as
digital files
• Digital readers nearly as good as print books

32. Content Supply Chain is All Digital
• You can purchase/access content only when
it is actually needed
• Inventories of content are no longer required
• Inventories become expensive overhead

33. Opportunity Costs of Print Collections
$5.00 to $13.10
$28.77
$50.98 to $68.43
$141.89
Life cycle cost based on 3% discount rate. From Paul N. Courant and Matthew “Buzzy” Nielsen, “On the Cost of Keeping a Book,”
in The Idea of Order: Transforming Research Collections for 21st Century Scholarship, CLIR, June 2010, available at:
http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub147abst.html

34. Content Supply Chain is All Digital
• Because marginal cost of distributing content
is zero, new business models are possible
• Open Access is the most important so far

35. Open Access
• Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of
charge, and free of most copyright and licensing
restrictions.
• OA removes price barriers (subscriptions, licensing
fees, pay-per-view fees) and permission barriers
(most copyright and licensing restrictions).
Peter Suber, Open access overview, at: http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm

36. Open Access
Open Access is:
1. A movement — response to excessive price
increases by commercial journal publishers
2. A new business model for scholarly
communication — costs covered upfront
and the content is then given away

37. Disruptive Innovation
Clayton Christensen
Clayton M. Christensen, Michael B. Horn, Louis Soares, and Louis
Caldera, Disrupting College: How Disruptive Innovation Can Deliver
Quality and Affordability to Postsecondary Education, February 8,
2011, Available at:
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2011/02/0
8/9034/disrupting-college/
Clayton M. Christensen, SC10 Keynote with Clayton Christensen, December 4, 2010, video
running time: 1:00:28, available at: http://insidehpc.com/2010/12/04/video-sc10-keynotewith-clayton-christensen
Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Prescription: A Disruptive Solution to the Healthcare
Crisis, May 13, 2008, video, running time: 1:27:38, available at:
http://video.mit.edu/watch/the-innovators-prescription-a-disruptive-solution-to-thehealthcare-crisis-9380/
Maxwell Wessel and Clayton M. Christensen, “Surviving Disruption,” Harvard Business Review
90(12):56-64 December 2012.

38. Disruptive Innovation
• Needs
– New Technology (simplified solution)
– New Business Model
– New Value Chain
• Starts as being not good enough and gets
better fast and comes to dominate the
market
• How products become cheaper, faster, and
easier

39. Pace of Substitution of Direct Gold OA for
Subscription Journals
100.0%
90.0%
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Laakso, et. al. Estimates
S-curve Extrapolation Based on 2000-2009
S-curve Extrapolation Based on 2005-2009
David W. Lewis, “The Inevitability of Open Access,” College & Research Libraries September 2012.
Available at: http://crl.acrl.org/content/73/5/493.full.pdf+html

40. Pace of Substitution of Direct Gold OA for Subscription
Journals (log scale)
100.0%
10.0%
1.0%
Laakso, et. al. Estimates
S-curve Extrapolation Based on 2000-2009
S-curve Extrapolation Based on 2005-2009
David W. Lewis, “The Inevitability of Open Access,” College & Research Libraries September 2012.
Available at: http://crl.acrl.org/content/73/5/493.full.pdf+html

41. Pace of Substitution of Direct Gold OA for
Subscription Journals Based on Additional 2011
European Commission Data
100.0%
90.0%
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Laakso, et. al. Estimate with EC Data
Extrapolation Based on 2000-2009
Extrapolation Based on 2005-2009
Extrapolation Based on 2000-2011
Extrapolation Based on 2005-2011
David W. Lewis, “The Inevitability of Open Access: Update One.” Available at: https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/3471

42. Old Model
General Public
Scholar
Library
Publisher

43. Funders
General Public
University
Old Model
“Good Old
Days”
Scholar
Library
Publisher

44. Funders
Old Model
“Bad Old
Days”
General Public
University
Scholar
Library
Publisher
Shareholders

45. Funders
Open Access
Future
General Public
University
Scholar
Library
Publisher
Shareholders

46. Funders
Open Access
Future
General Public
University
Scholar
Library
Publisher
Shareholders

47. The Flip
• In a paper world libraries brought documents
from the world to the local community or
institution
• In the digital world libraries collect and
curate “documents” created by or of
importance to the local institution or
community for the world

48. Library

49. Library

50. Library

51. The Subsidy Perspective
• If information is not cheap and easy, people
will not use it to the extent that will
maximize societal benefit
• Information needs to be subsidized
• Libraries have been one important means of
providing this subsidy
See: David W. Lewis "What If Libraries Are Artifact Bound Institutions?" Information Technology and Libraries 17(4):191-197 December
1998. Available at: https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/434.

52. The Subsidy Perspective
• What matters is that information is cheap
and easy
• Preserving the subsidy matters
• Preserving the institutions that once
provided the subsidy is not what is important

53. The Subsidy Perspective
• What matters is getting the most scholarship
to the most people

54. “That is what real revolutions are like. The old
stuff gets broken faster than the new stuff is put
in its place.”
Clay Shirky, “Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable,” March 2009. Available at:
http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2009/03/newspapers-and-thinking-the-unthinkable/

55. Questions/Comments
© 2013 David W. Lewis. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

56. LIBRARY/PRESS COLLABORATIONS
SERVING A SPECTRUM OF NEEDS
NISO Virtual Conference: Revolution or Evolution
The Organizational Impact of Electronic Content
October 16, 2013

57. MISSION-DRIVEN PUBLISHING
EACH “FIELD” HAS ITS OWN PLAYERS, BUSINESS MODELS, VALUES, MEETINGS, etc.
University
Presses
Library
Publishers
Society
Publishers
“Publishing is a complex and highly differentiated world but it is not without order. It is structured by the
existence of a plurality of fields which have their own distinctive properties and by the existence of
networks and organizations of various kinds which operate in one or more of these fields.”
John B. Thompson, Books in the Digital Age (Polity, 2005), p. 38

58. OUR POSITIONING
THE AIM IS TO OFFER PUBLISHING SERVICES ACROSS A SPECTRUM OF NEEDS and
to CREATE A SYNERGY BENEFICIAL FOR THE UNIVERSITY
University
Presses
Library
Publishers
Purdue University Press &
Scholarly Publishing Services

59. MEETING A SPECTRUM OF NEEDS
TWO IMPRINTS, ONE STAFF, SHARED INFRASTRUCTURE
- Purdue UP: branded; peer-reviewed; books and journals aligned with Purdue mission; discipline-focused
- Scholarly Publishing Services: “white label”; less formal; e.g., tech reports, conferences; institution-focused
PURDUE UNIVERSITY PRESS
PRE- and
POST-PRINT
COLLECTIONS
CONFERENCE
PROCEEDINGS
TECHNICAL
REPORTS
SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING SERVICES
59
JOURNALS
BOOKS
E-BOOKS
APPS

60. PURDUE UNIVERSITY PRESS
PEER-REVIEWED BOOKS AND JOURNALS

61. SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING SERVICES
OA JOURNALS, TECH REPORTS, OPEN TEXTS, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, POSTPRINTS, etc.

62. “The publishing division of Purdue Libraries enhances the impact of Purdue scholarship by
developing information products aligned with the University’s strengths.”
www.lib.purdue.edu/publishing

63. BEHIND THE SCENES
PHYSICAL COLLOCATION
ADMIN INTEGRATION
SHARED MISSION

64. PHYSICAL COLLOCATION
Center of power
Now – 2013 (above)
Then – 2009 (below)

65. ADMINISTRATIVE INTEGRATION
Planning and Operations Council
Dean’s Council
Dean of Libraries
Information Resources Council
Digital Scholarship Council
(James L. Mullins)
Director of PUP &
Head of SPS
AD for Academic Affairs
AD for Technology and Assessment
AD for Planning and Administration
AD for Research
(Charles Watkinson)
Admin Assistant
(Becki Corbin)
Director of Financial Affairs
Director of University Copyright Office
Director of Advancement
Director of Strategic Communication
University Archivist
Booker Chair in Information Literacy
Managing Editor
Sales & Marketing Manager
(Katherine Purple)
Repository Specialist
(Purdue e-Pubs)
Repository Specialist
(HABRI .75 / Purdue e-Pubs .25)
(Bryan Shaffer)
(Dave Scherer)
(Marcy Wilhem-South)
Production Editor
(w/JTRP) 0.5 FTE
Production Editor
(w/Shofar) 0.5 FTE
Communications
Assistant
(Kelley Kimm)
(Dianna Gilroy)
(Heidi Branham)
Editorial Assistant
(JTRP)
Alexandra Hoff
Editorial Assistant
(Jennifer Lynch)
JPUR Coordinator
(UG)
(Brooke Haltema)
Repository Assistant
(Eric Thompson)
Repository Assistant
(Lauren Weldy)
Communications
Assistant
(Megan Kendall)

66. SHARED MISSION
UNIT PLANS LINK TO JOINT STRATEGIC PLAN

67. TOGETHER WE BETTER . . .
SERVE CAMPUS NEEDS
SUPPORT DISCIPLINES
SOLVE ISSUES IN SYSTEM

68. SERVE CAMPUS NEEDS
HOW CAN WE ADVANCE INSTITUTIONAL PRIORITIES?
85 article proposals lead to
11 articles, 35 “snapshots”
High impact learning
practices; student retention
Student
authors, editors, designers.
Faculty reviewers and
advisory board
Library skills:
instruction, assessment, instit
utional outreach.
Publisher skills: content
selection, project
management, editing, design.
Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research
www.jpur.org

69. SUPPORT DISCIPLINES
HOW CAN WE BETTER SERVE DISCIPLINARY COMMUNITIES?
17,500 bibliographic entries
(600 full text Open Access)
20 discussion groups
Events and jobs boards
Blogs, wikis, workspaces
ca. 7,000 visitors per month
Interdisciplinary field, many
outside academy, gap between
(often NIH-funded) research and
on-the-ground practice
Library skills: bibliographical
research, taxonomy, metadata,
licensing, preservation.
HABRI Central – Resources for the Study of the
Human-Animal Bond, www.habricentral.org
Publisher skills: financial
management, acquisition of
original content, marketing.

70. SOLVE ISSUES IN THE SYSTEM
HOW CAN WE ADDRESS LARGER SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES?
Gray
Literature
Joint Transportation Research Program
docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp
HIDDEN PRINT AND UNSTABLE ONLINE becomes DISCOVERABLE IN PRINT AND ONLINE
Library skills: digitization, metadata, online hosting, linked data, preservation.
Publisher skills: management of peer-review, production process
redesign, project management, identifiers

71. FUTURE PROSPECTS

72. PLANS FOR THE FUTURE
• Expansion of campus publishing services with more
systematic cost-recovery. Conferences offer a special
opportunity.
• More support for new models of publication, e.g., better
capacity to handle multimedia and links with data.
• Move up the value chain from technology and science areas
where we have established relationships through our informal
publishing activities. E.g., books in civil engineering.
• Promote larger scale opportunities for library/press
collaboration.

73. WHAT HAPPENS IF WE SCALE THIS UP?
» Ca. 130
organizations.
» Focus on
formal, peerreviewed
publications.
» Sales income is
primary source of
funding.
•
•
•
•
•
» Ca. 110
organizations.
» Focus on
informal, lightlyreviewed
publications.
» Institutional
subsidy is primary
source of funding.
Unique positioning on campuses, close to the authors and users of information.
Shared belief in the importance of maximizing access to scholarly information.
Both oriented toward construction of “unique collections” and “distinctive lists.”
Track record of collaboration across as well as within institutions.
Priorities not dictated by financially-motivated shareholders.

74. “OH, THE PLACES [WE] WILL GO!”
With apologies
to Dr. Seuss

75. THANK YOU

76. Organization
Infrastructure:
The Impact of Cloud,
Mobile, and
Managing the
Changing Platforms
of Digital Collections.

77. Topics we‟ll cover
•
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction (2 minutes)
Directions we‟re headed (5 minutes)
How do we do that? (5 minutes)
Concerns (5 minutes)
Wrap-Up (2.5 minutes)
Q & A (10 minutes)
Total (30 minutes)

78. “One of the biggest flaws in the
common conception of the
future is that the future is
something that happens to
us, not something we create.”
MICHAEL ANISSIMOV

79. Directions we’re headed

80. “The MISSION of LIBRARIANS is
to IMPROVE SOCIETY through
FACILITATING KNOWLEDGE
creation in their COMMUNITIES”
R. David Lankes

81. PC Magazine, January 1, 2013
“Gartner’s Top 10 Tech-Trends for
2013”
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Mobile Device Battles.
Mobile Applications and HTML5.
Personal Cloud.
Enterprise App Stores.
Internet of Things.
Hybrid IT and Cloud Computing.
Strategic Big Data.
Actionable Analytics.
In Memory Computing.
Integrated Ecosystems.

82. Cloud
Computing

86. Source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/10/124#

87. “A week‟s worth of
the New York Times
contains more
information than the
average
seventeenth-century
citizen encountered
in a lifetime.”… “In
the year 2013, the
human race is

88. “Ipv6 has enough
room for 340
trillion, trillion, trillion
unique
addresses, roughly
50,000 trillion, trillion
addresses per
person.”

89. Growth in Tablet PC’s
Source: http://hothardware.com/News/Intel-Announces-New-Z670-For-Tablets/

90. Source: http://www.digitalbuzzblog.com/2011-mobile-statistics-stats-facts-marketing-infographic/

91. Source: http://www.digitalbuzzblog.com/2011-mobile-statistics-stats-facts-marketing-infographic/

92. “Many young people will never own a
traditional PC, the phone/tablet is all
they’ll need and ever use.”
John Bloom, Author of Content Nation
Image Source: www.apple.com

93. “With over five billion
individuals currently
armed with mobile
phones, we‟re talking
about unprecedented
levels of access and
insight in the psyches
of over two-thirds of
the wrold‟s
population. …. By

94. Other considerations: Learning styles
Support diverse learning styles "on average studies
have shown roughly 29% have a visual
preference, 34% auditory and 37% tactile”
SMITH (IN TRUNER,T & FROST, T. 2005, 146)

95. IDC predicts that in the near
future, nearly 70% of the digital
universe will be created by individuals

96. Source: http://cdn.reelstatic.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/4-chart-video-growth-600x362.gif

97. http://www.emc.com/collateral/about/news/idc-emc-digital-universe-2011-infographic.pdf

98. BrightPlanet has estimated the size of the Dark Web
to be 500 times the size of the Surface web, which
would make it approximately 550 billion web pages
Creative Commons:

99. “Very few of
today‟s
students press
beyond the first
level of the
Web which
contains only
7% of the data
appropriate for

100. “A library in
New York or in
Kansas is no
long the library
for patrons in
those
geographic
areas, but to all
of those

101. As librarians, we have to get ready to
massively SCALE
everything we do.

102. How do we do that?

103. It won’t be with
the systems of
yesterday.

104. “We are interpreting
a global world with a
system built for local
landscapes.”

106. “Today‟s average lowend computer
calculates at roughly
10 to the 11th, or a
hundred billion
calculations per
second…. The
average $1,000
laptop should be
computing at the rate
of the human brain in

107. “Twenty years
ago, most well-off US
citizens owned a
camera, alarmclock, encyclopedias,
a world atlas.. And a
bunch of other assets
that easily add up to
more than $10,000.
All of which comes
standard on today‟s

108. Cloud
Computing

110. Analytics

111. Knowledge Map
Source:
“Clickstream
Data Yields HighResolution Maps
of Science”
Bollen J, Van de Sompel H, Hagberg A, Bettencourt L, et al. (2009) Clickstream Data Yields High-Resolution Maps of Science. PLoS ONE 4(3):
e4803. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004803 http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004803

112. Libraries will go from being reactive and
generic service organizations to
proactive and highly personalized

113. Concerns

114. “A cloud may
seem to be
beyond the
purview, both in
staff training
and technical
expertise – of
the average
library. It must
not be

116. Librarians and Access (Specifically Discovery)

117. For our services to have
value they
must offer
differentiation.

118. Collaboration

120. Research data & BIG data
Requires planning for:
• Highly scalable data storage
• Jim Neal (Columbia) points out that networking capacity
must be built out to support:
• Connectivity
• Reliability
• Capacity
• Performance
• Security

121. Research data & BIG data
As Neal also points out, these will be:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Accessed well beyond institution that created it
Extracted
Reused by other applications
Collaborated around and upon
Used to drive visualizations/simulations/gaming
Used in conjunction with analytics to drive decision
making

122. Research data & BIG data
Issues include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Usage rights
Intellectual property
Copyright
Ownership
Licensed vs. open
Rights management
Preservation

123. e-data in the Cloud
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Licenses / Limitations
Pricing
First-sale-doctrine
Who “owns” the data?
What if library data is “enhanced”? Who owns
it then?
Rules governing API‟s and their usage?
Extracting library owned data.
Privacy
Preservation

124. When is the
next
“Carrington
Event”?
The last one was in 1859
Or, hurricane(s)?

125. Wrap-Up

126. Topics we covered
• Directions we‟re headed
• How do we do that?
• Concerns

127. “Larry Page of
Google asks:
Are you working
on something that
can change the
world? Yes or no?
The answer for
99.99999% of
people is “no”. I

128. Q&A

129. Carl Grant
Associate Dean for Knowledge Services
Chief Technology Officer
M: +1-540-449-2418
E: carl.grant@ou.edu
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/carl_grant
Personal Blog: http://thoughts.care-affiliates.com

130. Good Connections
Are Always Worth
Preserving
The Publishing Community’s Use of Social Media
Jill O’Neill
NISO Webinar, October 16, 2013
On Twitter: jillmwo

131. First, Some Numbers
“You Want to Tell Me and I’ve no Objection
to Hearing it”

132. Some Statistics (Global Web
Index, Second Quarter 2013)
• Facebook:
• 1.1 billion monthly active users
• 751 million mobile users every month
• 189 million mobile only every month
• YouTube
• 1 billion unique monthly visitors
• Google+
• 359 million monthly active users
• Twitter
• 288 million monthly active users
• Pinterest
• 10 million monthly active users but fastest growing service

133. Coming Up Fast
• Instagram
• Launched in
2010, Acquired by
Facebook 2012
• 150 million monthly
active users
• Still photos as well as
video
• Tumblr
• Launched
2007, Acquired by
Yahoo 2013
• ~30-50 million monthly
active users with
average length of visit
being 14 minutes.
• Text, quotes, video, audi
o, photos, etc.

134. Why Are Businesses Interested?
• Increased awareness of our organization, products or
services among target customers
• (Effective users of social media listed this as key benefit
(61%))
• More favorable perception of our
organization, products or services
• (Effective users of social media listed this as key benefit
(31%))
• Increase in new business
• (Effective users of social media listed this as key benefit
(22%))
The New Conversation: Taking Social Media from
Talk to Action
Harvard Business Review Analytic Services, 2011

135. Mining The Data (NLM)
By examining relevant tweets and other comments, NLM will gain insights to extent of use, context
for which information was sought, and effects of various health-related announcements and events
on usage patterns including:
• Relative frequency with which various NLM resources are mentioned
• Comparison of NLM mentions with mentions of "competitors“
• Identification of urgent information requests for which NLM could "push" vetted information free of
advertising or commercial interest
• Effects of topical health issues such as "mad cow" or West Nile Virus or disasters etc. on use of NLM
resources
• Effect of changing NLM's interface design and textual/graphic style on usage by consumers
• Effectiveness of NLM use of social media to distribute health information
• Comparable analyses of other NIH, DHHS and private sector health information sources
• Demographic characteristics of those whose messages are being examined to the extent permitted by
privacy regulations.
• Ascertaining public interest in using social media for health-related purpose
• Value of tweets and other messages as teaching tools and change-agents for health-relevant behavior

136. Volume of Activity on Social
Media by Content Providers
Commerical
STM Provider
Commercial
Content
STM Provider Aggregator
(Two Divisions)
Government
Agency
Twitter
Accounts
117
68
13
14
Facebook
Pages
38
49
9
6
LinkedIn
Groups
23
10
1 corporate
page; 1 group
YouTube
Channels
5
2
1
1
Google+
Accounts
5
20
2
2
Blogs
14
2

137. Social Media: Different
Uses, Different
Audiences, Different
Formats
“Such a Transformation”

138. Presence (Blogging)

139. Combining Social Feeds
(Blog, Oxford University Press)

140. Content for an Elite Brought
Into The Mainstream

141. Presence (Online Networks)

142. Google Plus Social Network
(Elsevier)

143. Facebook Page (Temple
University Press)

144. Facebook for Single Title
Promotion
(Yale University Press)

145. Pinterest (Yale University
Press)

146. Twitter (University of
Minnesota Press)

147. Twitter (Yale University Press)

148. Twitter (The Lancet)

149. Twitter (EBSCO)

150. YouTube (ProQuest)

151. YouTube Isn‟t Just About
Training

152. Tumblr – Brevity and Mobility!

153. Good Connections:
Adapting and
Unfolding
“You Were Our Audience and Our
Prompter”

154. Flipboard – Mobile First

155. Flipboard – Tablet Display

156. Academia.edu (Scholarly
Social Network)

157. Jellybooks.com (Small
Independent Presses)

158. Rifflebooks.com (Tradeoriented)

159. Job Qualifications for Social
Media Coordinator (2013)
• Strong writing, communication, and organizational skills
• Some experience in editing and copyediting
• Knowledge of major and emerging social media
platforms, digital trends, and best practices
• Strong proficiency in
Wordpress, Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, Google
Plus, Pinterest, and working knowledge in other areas of social
media
• Proficiency in Microsoft Office including
Word, Excel, Powerpoint, and Outlook
• Basic understanding of HTML
• Preferable but not required: Basic understanding of CSS and other
web languages
• Preferable but not required: Experience with video and audio
production including filming, iMovie, and Final Cut

160. Audience and Prompter

161. Thank You!
Twitter: @jillmwo
Google Plus: Jill O’Neill
Email: jilloneill@nfais.org

162. A National Library: Playing a
role in data
Lee-Ann Coleman PhD
Head of Science, Technology &
Medicine
@ScienceBL

163. Custodians of old books
www.bl.uk
163

164. And we are embracing digital
National library of the UK
Here for everyone who wants to do
research
Archiving since 1662
Legal deposit incl. non-print
publications (from April 2013)
Print occupies > 600km shelving
300TB of data in the Digital Library
Provide access to 45k eJournals &
newspapers, eBooks, datasets &
800 bibliographic databases
2M sound recordings, 4M maps, 5M
reports, theses, conference papers,
the world’s largest patents collection
(c.50M) & 8M stamps
www.bl.uk
164

165. Catering for contemporary science
Managing collections
Delivering new content
Developing services
Research
www.bl.uk
Engaging and inspiring
Science team
Collaborations &
Partnerships
165

166. Information lifecycle
www.bl.uk
166

167. The value of research data
•
Data are a vital part of the scientific record
•
But what is/should be/will be the role of
libraries in this changing landscape?
• Data as a format is very different
from traditional library content, so are
libraries equipped with the
knowledge, technology and capacity
to deal with it?
• How should libraries prepare for this?
We examined the landscape of data and assessed the services that
the British Library might offer
www.bl.uk
167

168. Testing dataset discovery
A service involving a „new‟ material type
raised questions about:
• Users
• Selection
• Metadata
SDASM Archives. Public Domain Via Flickr
• Operational sustainability
Preliminary work:
• Studies conducted on our behalf
• Literature review of user behaviour
• Internal scoping to define suitable
processes and systems
Lead to a pilot service, using existing
systems
www.bl.uk
168

169. Selection criteria
These considered:
Scope:
Subject
Value to research
Access:
Restrictions
Stability
Copyright
Quality:
Creators
Publishers
www.bl.uk
169

170. Datasets discovery in Explore the British Library
>500 research datasets
Environmental Science
Tropical & Rare Diseases
www.bl.uk
170
170

171. Results
Metadata for SEARCH
% conversion from dataset view to click
through
100%
90%
80%
80.0
70.0
70%
60%
50%
60.0
50.0
40%
40.0
30%
30.0
20%
20.0
10%
0%
10.0
0.0
• A wide variety of approaches were used • Usage statistics suggest the service
to search
was used to find research data
www.bl.uk
171

172. The benefits of citing data
• Checking facts
• Obtaining easier access to data
• Enabling re-use of data
• Providing acknowledgement to a
wider group – the data
centre, curators etc.
• Supporting openness and
transparency
Reich NG, Perl TM, Cummings DAT, Lessler J (2011) Visualizing Clinical Evidence:
Citation Networks for the Incubation Periods of Respiratory Viral Infections. PLoS ONE
6(4): e19496. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019496
www.bl.uk
172

173. Why finding and citing data is not easy
• No widely used method to identify datasets
• No widely used method to cite datasets
• No effective way to link between articles and datasets
• How can we solve these challenges?
www.bl.uk
173

174. Why DOIs?
The Digital Object Identifier is a persistent identifier that directs
users to an online object, even if it changes location.
Why DOIs?
• Most widely used identifier for research articles
• Researchers and publishers already know how to use them
• Puts datasets on the same playing field as articles
• The DOI system offers an easy way to connect the article
with the underlying data
www.bl.uk
174

175. DataCite
• Established in 2009 as a not-for-profit
organisation
• A member of the International DOI Foundation
• A Registration Agency for DOI names
• 18 full members from Europe, North
America, Asia and Australia (2m DOIs)
• Members work with data centres in their own
countries
• Provide a shared infrastructure for minting
DOIs
www.bl.uk
175

176. British Library's role in DataCite
International DOI
Foundation
Member
• The British Library is one of 18
international members of DataCite
DataCite
• We are an allocating agent
Member
Institution
• We provide the DataCite
infrastructure, enabling UK Data
Centres to „mint‟ DOIs for data
Data Centre
Data Centre
Data Client
www.bl.uk
• While the aim is to support
researchers, we do not work with
individuals - they must deposit to a
data centre/institution
176

177. British Library DataCite Service
www.bl.uk
177

178. Examples of UK data centres with DOIs
DOI:
10.5285/1a91c7d1-ec44-4858-9af2-98d80f169bbd
www.bl.uk
178

179. Thank you!
• bl.uk/science
• bl.uk/datasets
• datacite.org
• E-mail: Lee-Ann.Coleman@bl.uk
www.bl.uk
179

180. Looking to the future:
what‟s the mindset
for a successful
information
organisation?
Keith Webster
Dean of University Libraries
16 October 2013
180

181. Our Professional Future
Access to information, ideas and works of
imagination is an essential characteristic of
thriving democracies, cultures and economies.
This is increasingly so in the global information
society. Information is a cultural, social and
economic resource and a commodity of crucial
importance in a huge range of diverse
enterprises. Librarians and information scientists
can be at the heart of this revolution, in demand
for their creative, technical and managerial
expertise.
Library Association/Institute of Information Scientists, 1999

182. Overview of remarks
As a profession we add value
Not everyone recognises that!
There are tremendous opportunities to
deploy our skills
There isn‟t much money to pay for more of
us
We need to rethink our business operations
to free up our people

183. How do we add value?
British Library adds
£419m of value to the
economy each year
http://www.bl.uk/aboutus/stratpolpr
og/increasingvalue/britishlibrar
y_economicevaluation.pdf

184. Australian research study
Contingent valuation
Respondents were presented with different
hypothetical scenarios
They were asked about their willingness to
pay, and the amount they would expect to
pay
Webster (2012) The evolving role of libraries in the scholarly
ecosystem

185. Use of print resources
Frequently
Sometimes
Never
Journal articles
748
328
99
Books
557
565
53
Abstracts, indexes and bibliographies
342
458
375
32
264
879
Conference proceedings
163
633
379
Technical papers
144
408
623
10
116
1,049
148
554
473
CDs, DVDs, etc.
65
432
678
Other
27
51
206
Standards and specifications
Patents
Government publications

186. Use of electronic resources
Frequently
Sometimes
Never
1,112
57
6
Books
307
611
257
Datasets
204
411
560
Databases
624
371
180
52
275
848
Conference proceedings
250
667
258
Technical papers
174
432
569
27
167
981
195
565
415
AV materials
73
415
687
Other
18
23
213
Journal articles
Standards and specifications
Patents
Government publications

187. Time devoted to using information resources

188. Personal expenditure on information
resources
Nothing
15.4
$1-250
33.4
$251-500
23.9
$501-1000
16.3
$1001-1250
4.3
$1251-1500
1.7
Over $1500
5.1

189. How much does it all cost?
Respondents asked to indicate annual spend on
collections - to nearest $1 million
6 said $30 million + (3 reported $100m +)
51 less than $1,000,000
600 don‟t know
UQ mean of $11.3 million
Equates to mean of $1,760 per capita
Actual spend is $2,797 per capita (37.1% under)

190. Value for money
Excellent
Value for money
relative to the level of
expenditure disclosed
Very good
Good
Fair
Poor
182
118
53
16
10

191. Where else would you go for stuff?
Another university to which I am also affiliated
106
Other universities to which I have no affiliation
173
National Library of Australia
113
State libraries
149
Other public libraries
58
Overseas universities
97
Learned Societies
36
Specialist subject-focused research institutions
73
Institutional and open access repositories
160
Purchase from publishers or document delivery intermediaries
172
Obtain from colleagues/authors
183
Other
23

192. Time matters
Less time than now – I could work more efficiently
1
None – it would make no difference to me
8
Up to 10 per cent more time
15
11-15 per cent more time
15
16-20 per cent more time
33
21-25 per cent more time
44
26-30 per cent more time
36
31-35 per cent more time
17
36-40 per cent more time
19
Over 40 per cent more time
191

193. Medium-long term effect on
research
Volume of research outputs
Volume will increase
16
Volume will remain
unchanged
37
Volume will decrease
326
Total responses:
379
Quality of research
Quality will increase
15
Quality will remain
unchanged
62
Quality will decrease
302
Total responses:
379

194. Key impacts of free access to information on
research
Access to information is indispensible for
research (91% strongly agree)
Maintain comprehensive overview of
developments in field (77%)
Eliminate unproductive time (74%)
Avoiding duplication of research done
elsewhere (50%)

195. Funding scenarios
Current spent on information resources
across the three sites is $2,496 per
capita
Respondents were asked to recommend a
budget for the purchase of single-user
access to the resources they need average $3,511 per capita
Respondents were also asked to estimate
the costs if they had to be self-sufficient
(purchases, travel to libraries etc) average $5,894 per capita

196. Summary finding
The final scenario would result in total
costs to the institution of $81.4m
compared to actual spend of $34.5m a financial return of 136 percent

197. Making a difference
Adverse event avoided
Hospital admission
Hospital acquired infection
Percent
11.5
8.2
Surgery
21.2
Additional tests/procedures
49.0
Additional out-patient visits
26.4
Marshall (1994) The impact of information services on decision making

198. Making a difference
Adverse event avoided
Hospital admission
Hospital acquired infection
Percent
11.5
8.2
Surgery
21.2
Additional tests/procedures
49.0
Additional out-patient visits
26.4
Patient mortality
19.2
Marshall (1994) The impact of information services on decision making

199. What is happening in the
world is bypassing university
libraries
Peter Murray-Rust
The scientist‟s view
JISC Libraries of the future debate, April 2009

200. “…contact with librarians
and information
professionals is rare”
“…researchers are
generally confident in
their [self-taught]
abilities.., librarians see
them as..relatively
unsophisticated”
“…librarians see it as a
problem that they are not
reaching all researchers
with formal training,
whereas most
researchers don‟t think
they need it”

201. “The bad news is that I‟m not sure they
understand what goes on in the library
other than taking out books.”
Benton Foundation, 1996
“User perceptions negatively affect the
ability of librarians to meet information
needs simply because a profession
cannot serve those who do not
understand its purpose and expertise.”
Durrance, 1988

202. • Within five years, graduate students and faculty will fill
all their information needs online, never coming into the
library
• Libraries will open up their space to other areas of the
university, and develop designer spaces for students
• All library collections and services will be delivered from
the cloud, and 90% of information needs will be met by
non-Library providers
http://taigaforumprovocativestatements.blogspot.com/

203. The transformed library of the future will be at the core of
teaching, learning and scholarship
• partnering with academic departments to create learning activities and
environments
• helping to build an infrastructure for learning
• creating an intellectual commons for the community
Guskin (2004) Project on the Future of Higher Education

205. Demands for our core skills
Data services
Digital research
Open scholarship
Evidence-based medicine
Knowledge-based professions
2

209. Collection-centric - 1st generation

210. Client-focused - 2nd generation

211. Experience-centered - 3rd generation

212. Connected Learning Experiences - 4th generation

213. Current priorities in
academic libraries
1. Continue and complete migration from
print to electronic and realign service
operations
2. Retire legacy collections
3. Continue to repurpose library as primary
learning space
4. Reposition library expertise and resources
to be more closely embedded in research
and teaching enterprise outside library
5. Extend focus of collection development
from external purchase to local curation
Lewis (2007); Webster (2010)

214. Barriers to implementation
Hybrid environment
Faculty (and librarian?) resistance
Costs of space redevelopment
Library staff training
Faculty reception
Institutional acceptance of repository
services

215. •
•
•
•
•
In the print library
Local access costs low saved time allowed for
research productivity
Library costs high acquisitions, maintenance,
curation, buildings
Correspondence between
library reputation and
research quality
Great libraries attracted
great scholars
Great scholars attracted
great funding

216. Research publication is
essential to future research
Technology reduces costs of
production and distribution
Demand from academy is for
online content
Almost all new content born
digital
Large swathe of scholarly print
material now digitised

217. What might this mean?
Ongoing acquisitions will require increasingly
less space
Substantial parts of existing collections can be
relocated off-site and replaced with digital
versions
As services like Google books mature this will
accelerate (subject to statutory provisions)
This will provide new space opportunities for
universities and their libraries

218. What‟s involved in storing books?
Open shelves in libraries
Accessible, but expensive centre of campus
real estate
Highly compact off-site configurations
Low storage costs, better preservation but
high access costs
Very different to electronic storage!
Courant and Nielsen (2009) On the Cost of Keeping a Book

219. Storage costs for pbooks
Estimated over time to exceed purchase
price on average by 50 percent
(Lawrence et al, 2001)
Grow over time as acquisitions continue
Require either more storage, more
discards or more efficient storage

220. Indicative costs
Open stack
Warehouse
10 year open
then WHS
20 year
open then
WHS
141.89
28.77
50.98
66.43

221. Compare with ebooks
HathiTrust will archive and backup an
ebook at $0.15-$0.40 per annum (using
same discount rates as for print books
that equates to $5-$13)

222. Use of print collections
Pittsburgh study
1979
Cornell study
2010
40% of collection never
circulates
55% of books purchased since
1990 never borrowed
If a book isn‟t borrowed during
first 6 years, only 2% chance it
will ever be used
13%
Average
circulation from
open shelf
collections
65% of books purchased in
2001 hadn‟t been borrowed
1%
Average
circulation from
high density
collections
~0%
Average
circulation from
off-site storage

223. Moving forward
Ruthless move towards digital only acquisitions policy, relocation to
storage, collaborative retention,
disposal
Lobbying publishers and aggregators for
better ebook terms
Securing campus buy-in

224. Accelerate the reduction and removal of
routine transactions
- Increase use of web-based activity
- Increase use of self-service
- Close labour-intensive low volume services
Prefer digital form at all times
Patron-driven acquisition as supplement
Better discovery services - eg Summon

226. Identify opportunities to leverage
economies of scale
- Buy publishers‟ bundles to reduce need
for selection decisions
- Consolidate distributed collections,
warehousing or disposing of obsolete
material
- Consolidate and multi-purpose service
points

227. Library redevelopment
Lots of success stories
Understand need for different spaces on
your campus - do good research

228. Intentions
Activities
Achievements

229. What did you do in the Library?
Use a computer
Quiet study
Meet friends
Group work
Find course materials
Think
Coffee
Borrow books

230. Library redevelopment
Lots of success stories
Understand need for different spaces on
your campus - do good research
Showcase good examples (e.g. Hunt
Library, UQ)

234. The role of librarians
Current state
Future state
Many libraries retain large
numbers of librarians to catalogue
and count
Even more librarians wait at
service desks „just in case‟
Few librarians leave the library
building
Librarians embedded in research
and teaching activities
Librarians become campus
specialists in areas such as escience, academic technology
and research evaluation
Librarians have meaningful impact
Current barriers
Many librarians lack skills and useful qualifications
Many librarians are resistant to change
Academics do not believe librarians are useful or credible
partners

241. W(h)ither the Library?
Local
distribution
1990s
Global
digital
2000s
Cloud-based
models
2010s
Convergent media services

243. NISO Virtual Conference
Revolution or Evolution:
The Organizational Impact of Electronic Content
Questions?
All questions will be posted with presenter answers on
the NISO website following the webinar:
http://www.niso.org/news/events/2013/econtent
NISO Virtual Conference • October 16, 2013

244. THANK YOU
Thank you for joining us today.
Please take a moment to fill out the brief online survey.
We look forward to hearing from you!