2. Modules of Rupture
 It is the ability of material to resist deformation due to
applied load.
fr = 6Mu/bh²
Here,
fr represents the apparent maximum stress.
Mu represents the ultimate bending moment.
h = depth & b = width

3. stress-strain graph :

4. Fatigue
 Deformation due to cyclic load
 A good example of fatigue failure is breaking a thin
steel rod or wire with our hands after bending it back
and forth several times in the same place.
Internal forces of a member under fatigue loading

5. Creep
 The tendency of slow deformation under long term
load.
 Actually it is the permanent deformation due to
mechanical stress.
 Slow deformation of a material over considerable
length of time at constant load
.

6. Shrinkage
 It is the time dependent strain measured is an
unloaded and unrestrained specimen of constant
temperature.
 The decreasing dimension or volume of material as a
result of change in temperature.
 Due to drying or loosing of water ,concrete under goes
change in volume this is called shrinkage.

7. Equation

8. Shrinkage Failure

9. Flexural Member
 The member in which stress would be developed due
to force and moment.

10. Service Load
 Service Load is the actual load ,not usually factored .
 Maximum intensity of load expected during the life
span of the structure known as service load.
 The total load and live load subjected to the structure
during its service life.

11. Corrosion
 Corrosion involves the interaction(reaction) between
a metal or alloy and its environment. Corrosion is
affected by the properties of both the metal or alloy
and environment.
 Corrosion by chemical action , specially oxidation
called corrosion.

12. Serviceability
 Serviceability mainly based on elastic theory with
stress in both concrete and steel assumed to be
proportional to strain.

13. Crack
 When thin line appear on a member surface , is called
crack.
 Crack is the progressive and localized structural
damage that occur due to applied load.

14. Deflection
 Ratio of change in length to the original length.
 The degree to which a structural element is displace
under load.
 Change in position of a structural member in both x
and y direction from its original position.