Here are some key concepts about the growth of language shown through the development of the English language:
- Languages evolve and change over time as they come into contact with other languages and cultures through things like migration, trade, conquest, etc. Old English was transformed into Middle English by Norman French influences after the Norman conquest.
- Languages diffuse from their origin as their speakers migrate and settle new lands, spreading the language with them. English diffused from Britain to its colonies around the world.
- A language may take on new prestige and importance based on political, economic or cultural factors. As the British Empire grew, so did the global influence and spread of English.
- The core vocabulary and grammar of a language remains intact
2. Intro to Culture Language Religion Popular and Folk
Culture
• Concepts of • Intro to • Intro to • Folk Culture
Culture Language Religion • Popular
• Schools of • Language • Universalizing Culture
Thought families, Religions • Cultural
• Cultural Languages, • Ethnic Landscapes
Hearths and dialects. Religions and Identity
• Cultural • Language • Spatial Impact
Diffusion Barriers of Religions
• Acculturation • Toponymy
• Ethnocentrsm • Language
and Cultural Extinction
Relativism
• Cultural
Differences
13. The cultural landscape is the
interactions of a group in
relation to their own cultural
practices as well as the values
of society as reflected through
artifacts and architecture.
15. Cultural ecology is the field
that studies the relationship
between the natural
environment and culture.
16. Cultural Geography: Schools of
Thought
Environmental Environmental Cultural
Possibilism
Determinism Perception Determinism
Social Culture is Human culture is
People develop Perception of the
developed more important
culture as much environment
completely by the than the physical
as environment. affects culture.
environment. environment.
Similar The environment Perception is
Humans
environments provides developed by the
determine the
produce similar possibilities for a teachings of
environment.
cultures. culture. culture.
Technology
increases the
possibilities.
18. Case 1
A small, undiscovered community is located on
the coast of South America. The food they
consume is fish and they spend much of their
time sacrificing to their god Elmo – who visits
wrath upon them in the form of large, windy
storms that destroy their village when he is
angered.
19. Case 2
Develop your own case study that
demonstrates both Possibilism and Cultural
Determinism. It needs to be at least four
sentences long.
22. • A repetitive act
Habit that an individual
performs
• A repetitive act of a
group performed
Custom so that it becomes
a characteristic of
the group.
• A group’s
Culture entire
collection of
customs.
26. Cultural Realm
Culture Culture System Culture Region
Culture Trait Complex
A single The A group of An area marked A large area
attribute of a combination of interconnected by culture that marked by a
culture. different culture distinguishes it number of
Often not cultural traits in complexes. from other cultural
confined to a distinctive Any area with regions. regions. It is set
single area. ways. strong cultural apart from
Common ties that bind other world
values, beliefs, its people areas because
behaviors, and together. of these
artifacts that regions.
make one place
distinct.
27. What are the traits, complexes, and systems
that make up New Orleans?
40. Acculturation is the process of
the less dominant culture
adopting the traits of the
more dominant one.
Assimilation is when
immigrants lose their native
customs completely.
49. Folk Culture
The practice of a The practice of
relatively small customs that span
group of people in several different
a focused area. cultures and may
even have a
Popular Culture
global focus.
51. Usually relatively
isolated
Anonymous
hearths,
Often
anonymous
dependent on
sources,
the environment
anonymous
dates Folk
Culture
Usually practiced
Are often by small,
isolated or have homogenous
multiple hearths groups in
isolated areas.
53. Indigenous Cultures
• A culture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of
a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture,
which is often derived from colonial occupation.
Folk Culture Regions
• Cultural norms traditionally practiced by a small,
homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from
other groups.
Subcultures
• groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture
but have their own distinctive values, norms, language,
and/or material culture
58. Large,
heterogeneous
societies that
share certain
habits.
Largely Urban
Large Scaled
Based
Popular
Culture
Based on rapid
Often allowed
simultaneous
b/c of
global
industrialization.
connections
Often the
product of
economically
more developed
countries.
72. Contains actual information about the
culture.
Contains important life cycle events
(birth, death, and marriage) customs.
You can learn a lot about a culture
simply from their music.
73. A Vietnamese Folk Song
While seedlings for the summer crop are no old
when they are three months of age, Seedlings
for the winter crop are certainly not young when
they are one-and-a-half months old
74. American Folk Music
The Northern Songs:
• Ballads close to English originals. The fiddle is featured at dances, and
fife-and-drum bands are popular.
The Southern and Appalachian Songs:
• Westward to Texas, speak of hard lives and is the roots of country
music.
The Western Songs:
• West of the Mississippi River, reflects the experiences of cowboys, plains
farmers, river people, and gold seekers.
The Black Songs:
• Located in the south and grew out of the slave experience.
79. Reflect both
cultural and
environmental
influences
Houses from
different regions
can be vastly Housing Often based on
the resources
different even in
the same Styles available
environment
Culture can
affect styles and
materials used.
80. Unchanged-traditional dwelling
• The layout, construction, and appearance have not been significantly altered
by external influences.
• Examples: Some Arab towns and African villages
Modified Traditional Dwelling
• New building materials have been used to build these The structure layout is
not altered Example: West Africa changed their thatch roofs to iron
Modernized Traditional Dwelling
• Modifications have been made in both the building materials and the general
layout of the dwelling Example: multiple bathrooms, two car garage
Modern Dwelling
• Advanced technology is reflected in the building of these
• Other reflections include upward mobility, practicality, comfort, and hygiene.
• most common in the United States
81. Wood
Grass Building
and Brick
Bush Materials
Stone
104. Linguistic Geography is the
study of speech areas and
their local variations by
mapping word choices,
pronunciations, or
grammatical constructions.
107. Language Language
Divergence Convergence
Spatial Interaction Two languages
between speakers become one
break down – because of close
British/Americans spatial interaction.
Language breaks
This can also
into dialects and
cause Language
then into new
extinction
tongues.
We track languages by looking at
language divergence and convergence.
110. • Languages with a shared, but fairly distant
Language origin.
Families
• Culturally Defined.
• Standard Languages are recognized as the
Languages Norm
• Regional Variants of a Standard Language
Dialects
111. This is a map of various language
families and branches.
114. Sedentary
Farmer
Hypothesis
Sedentary Farmer
Hypothesis
Developed by
Colin Renfew
Also called the
“Renfew
Hypothesis”
PIE Started in the
Fertile Crescent
Language
diffused
peacefully
through
agricultural trade.
115. Nomadic
Warrior Thesis
Kurgan Migration
Developed by Marinja
Gimbutas
Also called the
“Conquest Theory”
PIE Started around
Russia
Says that Kurgan
Warriors brought the
language with them
as they conquered
125. An official language is the
language used by government
when making laws, reports,
public objects, money, and
stamps.
126. An official language is not always
the majority language of an area.
Example:
New Zealand’s Official Language is only
spoken by 5% of the Population
127. Some countries have more than one
official language.
Example:
Switzerland has four: German, French,
Italian, and Romansch
136. English is Spoken
By 328 Million
People
Two Billion People
live in a country
where English is
A Few It is the official
the official
language even if
English language in 57
countries
they cannot speak
it. Facts
It is the
predominate
language in the US
and in Australia
137. Germanic Tribes Where did English come
from?
Latin
Old Norse
English
Norman French
Celtic Tribes
138. Old
English Middle Modern
• 450-1100AD English English
139. Old English
Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum;
Si þin nama gehalgod
to becume þin rice
gewurþe ðin willa
on eorðan swa swa on heofonum.
urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todæg
and forgyf us ure gyltas
swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum
and ne gelæd þu us on costnunge
ac alys us of yfele soþlice
140. Middle English
Oure fadir that art in heuenes, halewid be thi
name; thi kyndoom come to; be thi wille don in
erthe as in heuene: gyue to us this dai oure
breed ouer othir substaunce; and forgyue to us
oure dettis, as we forgyuen to oure gettouris;
and lede us not in to temptacioun, but delyuere
us fro yuel.
141. What are some concepts that the
growth of the English language show
us about the growth of language in
general?
150. An isogloss is a geographic
boundary line delimiting the
area in which a given linguistic
feature occurs
151. British Received Pronunciation
The perceived dialect of the upper-class British
living in London.
Used by many actors, broadcasters and
politicians.
153. Differences between British and
American English
Vocabulary
• Different because settlers in America encountered new objects, animals,
etcetera.
• New animals, for example, were given Native American Names.
• As new inventions appeared they received different names.
Spelling
• Spelling diverged from a strong national American Identity.
• Webster, an American dictionary publisher had an American agenda
Pronunciation
• Largely explained by distance.
• Pronunciation
154.
155. Northern
East
Coast
Isoglosses
Southern Midlands
165. Monolingual
Countries
Countries
and
Language
Linguistic Multilingual
Fragmentation Countries
166. Toponyms can show us:
• The History of a Place
– Colonialization
• Example: Most Brazilian toponyms are Portugese
• Example: French toponyms in Louisiana
• The Culture of a People
– George Washington Bridge, Martin Luther King
Blvd, Jacksonville, Florida
167. Descriptive
•Rocky Mountains
Shift Names Associative
•Lancaster, •Pensacola Beach,
Pennsylvania Florida
Mistakes American Commemorative
•Lasker, North
Carolina Toponyms •New York
Possession Manufactured
•Truth and
•Johnston City, Texas
Consequences
Incidents
•Battle Creek,
Michigan
180. Each Universalizing Religion Has:
Branch
Large and fundamental division within a religion.
Denominations
A division of a branch that unites a number of local
congregations into a single administrative body.
Sects
A relatively small group that has broken away from
an established denomination.
182. Origins of Christianity
• Founded upon the teachings of Yehōshu'a
– Translated to Jesus
• Christians believe that Jesus died to atone for
human sins, that he was raised from the dead
by God, and that his resurrection provides
people with hope for salvation.
183. Three Forms of Christianity
Roman Catholicism
• 51% of Christianity
Eastern Orthodox
• 11% of Christianity
Protestantism
• 24% of Christianity
184. Why is South America 93% Catholic and North America only
40% Catholic?
185.
186. RC PR EO
• Pope • Federal • Elders
• Mary • Mary • Mary
• Clergy • Clergy • Clergy
• Sacraments • Sacraments • Sacraments
187. Diffusion of Christianity
• First diffused by relocation diffusion as
believers (Missionaries) moved from place to
place.
• Secondly, it diffused by contagious diffusion –
word of mouth between believers in the
towns and nonbelievers in the countryside
• Finally, it diffused by hierarchical diffusion as
elite figures (the emperor) began to accept it.
189. Origins of the People
Abraham
Sarah Hagar
Isaac Ishmael
The 12
Jacob Esau
Arabian Tribes
The Twelve
Tribes of Israel
190. Origins of the Prophets
Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad
191. Origins of the Scripture (Qur’an)
Revelations compiled
Vision (610) in the Qur’an after
Death
• Given in the
Cave of Hira
• Given by the
angel Gabriel
Birth of Muhammad Hijrah to Medina
198. Two Main Branches
Sunnis
• 1,140,000,000
• ‘Heir’ to Islam based on community selection.
Shiites
• 220,000,000
• ‘Heir’ to Islam chosen by Allah (Only those from the bloodline of
Muhammad)
Ahmadiyya
• 10,000,000
Druze
• 450,000
200. How Islam Diffused
• Largely brought about in the early years by
conquest (Relocation/Hierarchical Diffusion)
• Southwest Asia was converted through Islamic
traders.
• Now, largely brought about by missionaries
(relocation diffusion, contagious diffusion)
204. An Ethnic Religion is religion
that primarily appeals to one
group of people living in one
place. More closely tied to
the physical geography of a
particular region, especially
with agriculture.
206. Hinduism
• 3rd Largest Religion in the World
• Concentrated in India and Nepal
• It is up to the individual to decide the best way to
worship God.
• Does not have a central authority.
• Has many gods but the most popular (70 percent)
is Vishnu. 26% adhere to the god Siva.
209. Shintoism
• Religion of Japan
• Consider the forces of nature to be divine.
• Was regarded as the state religion before
WWII and the Emperor was considered to be a
God.
210. Judaism
• One third live in Israel, One third in the United
States, and one third everywhere else.
• First religion to espouse monotheism.
211. Animism
• Mostly located in Africa
• Finds animate qualities of all other life.
• Not a specific religion but a collection of tribal
religions.
212. Ethnic Diffusion
• Ethnic religions rarely diffuse farther than
their starting point.
• This means that they are much more
susceptible to Universalizing religions.
• Many times an Ethnic religion will hybridize
with universalizing religions.
213. Judaistic Diffusion
• Judaism diffused more widely than other
Ethnic religions because they were forced out
of their homeland by the romans in AD.70.
• This was called the diaspora.
• Many Jews were forced to live in ghettos.
216. Cosmogony is the religious
beliefs concerning the origins
of the Universe.
217. Ethnic Verses Universalizing
• Ethnic religious creation stories tend to deal with the physical
environment and natural events, whereas universalizing
religion stories often attempt to explain the mystical.
Christianity Confucianism
Two Opposite
God Created the Forces Work in
Universe Creation
(Yin/Yang)
God is more
These interact for
powerful than the
balance
universe
Believers Believers change
transform the their environment
environment as less. More likely to
God’s emissaries. achieve balance.
223. • Churches (Symbolic architecture)
Christianity • The Catholic Church: The Vatican
• Mosques (A location for a community to gather.)
Islam • Mecca, Medina
• Pagodas (Contain relics of Buddha’s body or clothing.)
Buddhism
and Shinto
• Lumbini, Nepal
• Community or Home Temples (Built to one or more gods)
Hinduism • The Ganges River
• Seven Houses of Worship on Multiple Continents
Baha’I
224. The Dead
Christians, • Bury the dead in Cemeteries
Muslims,
Jews • Creates a problem with land
• Wash the body with water from the
Hindus Ganges
• Cremation
Zoroastrians • Exposure to the Elements
225. Religious Settlements
• Some cities have been founded for religious
reasons.
• These are called utopian settlements.
• The Most Important:
– Salt Lake City (Mormonism)
227. Hierarchical Religions
• A hierarchical religion has a well-defined
geographic structure and organizes territory
into administrative units.
228. Example: The Catholic Church
The Pope
Cardinals
Archbishops
(Head
Provinces)
Bishops (Head
Diocese)
Priests (Head
Parishes)
229. Autonomous Religions
• Self sufficient religions where interaction
between communities is only loose
cooperation of shared ideas.
230. Example: Islam
• Islam provides the most autonomy in any
universalizing religion.
• The only time this is not true is when the
religious territory coincides with secular
states.
– Examples: Iran, Saudi Arabia
231. Slides I Did Not Get To Make
• Religious Conflict – Make sure to study up on
– Northern Vs. Southern Ireland (Catholic Vs.
Protestant)
– The Middle East – Especially Israel Vs. Palestine
– Religious Extremism
Hinweis der Redaktion
Built Environment is the tangible impact of human beings on the landscape.
Raising Canes is an Independent Invention of Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Notice how acculturation can both ways – both the dominant culture and minority culture can take parts of each.
Big dog or small dog?
1) Language changes over time with the diffusion of other languages.
How English Diffused
Above is the British Colonies – notice the reason why English would become the dominant Lingua Franca. What kind of diffusion do you see in this?