Introduction to Some New Era Fields in Pakistan GIS, RS, and Geomatics

1. RS, GIS, Geomatics and its applications to Engineering

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 2

3. Emerging New Subjects and their applications
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 3

4. Introduction to New Fields
Remote Sensing (RS)
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Geomatics
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 4

5. PART -01
Remote Sensing + Image Processing
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 5

6. Introduction to Basics
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 6

7. Remote Sensing (RS)
“Theartandscienceofobtaininginformationaboutanobjectwithoutbeingindirectcontactwiththeobject”(Jensen2000).
Thescience(andart)ofacquiringinformationaboutanobject,withoutenteringincontactwithit,bysensingandrecordingreflectedoremittedenergyandprocessing,analyzing,andapplyingthatinformation.
Informationusuallygatheredfromspacecraftoranairplane.
Infromofaerialphotographstosatelliteimages.
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 7

8. Remote Sensors … PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 8
Eyes
Ears
Binoculars
Digital Camera
Pigeon Cameras
1903

9. Types of Remote Sensing
Types
Terrestrial RS
Optical
300nm –3000nm
Thermal
>3000nm-14,000nm
Microwave
1mm-1m
Celestial RS
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 9

10. VISION
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 10
HUMAN’s EYE
Rods (to see objects at night) = 7 million
Cones (to see colors) = 100 million
CAT’s EYE
Rods (to see objects at night) =~ 21 million
Cones (to see colors) =~ far less

11. Thebasicprincipleofremotesensingisbasedupontheinteractionofelectromagneticradiationwithatmosphereandtheearth.Electromagneticradiationreflectedoremittedfromanobjectistheusualsourceofremotesensingdata.
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 11

12. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 12
Wavelength
Frequency
(how many times peak
passes per second)
Light - can be thought of as a wave in the 'electromagnetic field' of the universe
A wave can be characterized by its wavelength or its frequency
Remote sensing is
concerned with the
measurement of EMR
returned by the earth’s
natural and cultural features
that first receive energy
from the sun or an artificial
source such as a radar
transmitter.
Blue green yellow red
1020 Hz 1018 Hz 1016 Hz 1014 Hz 1012 Hz 1010 Hz
1 pm 10pm 10 nm 1 micron 100 microns 1 mm 100 mm
vi-si-ble
Gamma
Rays
X-Rays UV N.
IR
Th.
IR
Microwaves
Radar
TV FM
Radiowaves
0.4 m 0.5 m 0.6 m 0.7 m
Mid
IR
Far IR
Visible light contains light
from 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers
Infrared light from 0.1
micrometers to 1 millimeter

13. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 13

14. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 14

15. Resolutions
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 15
Resolutions
SPATIAL
Smallest identifiable area as a discrete object in an image
SPECTRAL
No. of frequencies recorded = sensors
TEMPORAL
Time interval between measurements
RADIOMETRIC
Intensities identified by sensors

16. ImageisthePictorialPresentationofRaster.PixelsarecalledasPictureelements.SizeofPixelgivestheResolutionoftheimage.SmallerthePixelsizeLargerwilltheResolution.EveryRasterisnotimagebuteveryimageisaRaster.
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 16
SPATIAL RESOLUTION

17. * Vegetation in Yellowish green, * Vegetation in Red. * Water in Gray, * Water in Black.
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 17
SPECTRAL RESOLUTION

18. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 18
Spectral Resolution
MSS
Multi-spectral
Bands: 3-14
Hyper-spectral
Bands: 24-224

19. Temporal Resolution (Example: for satellite in Red and Black colors)
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 19
Time
July 1
July 12
July 23
August 3
11 days
16 days
July 2
July 18
August 3
TEMPORAL RESOLUTION

20. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 20
1023
6-bit range
0
63
8-bit range
0
255
0
10-bit range
2-bit range
0
4
RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION

21. Resolution of Satellite Systems
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 21
SPATIALRESOLUTIONS
NOAA-AVHRR(1100m)
GOES(700m)
MODIS(250,500,1000m)
LandsatTMandETM(30–60m)
SPOT(10–20m)
IKONOS(4,1m)
Quick-bird(0.6m)

22. *LAC: Local Area Coverage*GAC: Global Area Coverage
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 22
SerialNo.
Satellites
Altitude(km)
Bands (μm)
Multi-spectral (m)
Panchromatic (m)
Thermal (m)
Purpose

23. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 23

24. October23,2005DuststorminChadat250mresolution,MODIS(ModerateResolutionImagingSpectroradiometer)NASAModerateResolutionImagingSpectrometer,705km,sun-synchronousorbit,1-2dayforallofearth,250m,500m,1000mresolution.NASA
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 24
MODIS (250 m)

25. 30mresolutionand60mresolution(thermal),705kmorbit,7bandsincludingthermalinfrared,Manhattan,KS.Image,2000(USGS- EROS)
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 25
LANDSAT (30 m)

26. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 26
IKONOS (04 m)
MSS

27. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 27
SPOT (2.5 m)

28. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 28
IKONOS (01 m) (Panchromatic)

29. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 29
Quick Bird (0.6 m)

30. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 30
Imagery and their price ranges

31. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 31
Imagery free of cost

32. Introduction to Basics
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 32

33. Image Processing
Digitalimageprocessingisatechnologyofapplyinganumberofcomputeralgorithmstoprocessadigitalimage.
Backin1980’s,aftercomputergainenoughspeedandmemory.
Itincludes:
Imageacquisition
Imageprocessing
Theresultcaneither:
Animage.
Orasetofrepresentativecharacteristicoforiginalimage.
Like:Classifiedimages
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 33

34. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 34
a)Original RGB Image
b)R-component
c)G-component
d)B-component

35. Why Image Processing?
ItsHumanergtogetfromBettertoBest
TohaveahighQualityimages.
Toseebeyondthehumanvisionary.
Tohaveapreciseinterpretation.
Toextractthehiddeninformation.
Toutilizethemaximumoftheavailable.
Togetabetterideabeforegettingintoreal-timework-out,likesurveying.
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 35

36. Where to use Image Processing?
Remotesensing(e.g.satelliteimagery)
GeographicInformationSystem(e.g.imageprocessing)
Medicalimaging(e.g.X-ray,CTScan,MRI)
Forensics(e.g.finger-prints)
Military(e.g.detection,tracking)
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 36

37. Extracted Information From Processed Images
Type of information extracted
Spatial Information
Geometric data
Shape, size
Quantitative data
Numbers, count
Spectral Information
Radiometric data
Tone, texture
Qualitative data
Sharpness, enhancement
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 37

38. Anomalies: Types and Examples
Type of Anomalies
Systematic Errors
Internal error
Geometric error
Non-systematic Error
Platform error (satellite)
Non-predictable
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 38
Examples of Anomalies
Systematic Distortion
Earth rotation
Earth curvature
Mirror scan velocity
Non-systematic Distortion
Altitude
Attitude

39. PART -02
Geographic Information System + Photogrammetry + Surveying +GPS + Geomatics
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 39

40. Introduction to Basics
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 40

41. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 41
We Live in Two Worlds
Natural World
Constructed World
. . . These Are Increasingly In Conflict
GIS

42. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 42

43. GIS Main Points
Amapwithadatabasebehindit.
Avirtualrepresentationoftherealworldanditsinfrastructure.
Aconsistent“as-built”oftherealworld,naturalandmanmade.
AGIScan:
create,edit,query,analyze,anddisplaymapinformationonthecomputer
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 43

44. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 44
GIS
“S”
System
Technology for the acquisition and management
Science
Theory and concepts behind the technology
Studies
Social, legal and ethical issues

45. RASTER VS VECTORS
Raster
Discretevalues
Attribute
Numericvalues
Non-textvalues
Abruptchange
Generalizedvalues
Notrueshapeandsize
Vector
Continuousvalues
Point,line,polygon
Attribute
Numeric
Text
Gradualchange
Maintainsoftrue,Relative,shapeandsize
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 45

46. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 46

47. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 47
The World
Geographic
Knowledge
Citizens

48. How GIS Describe The Data?
SPATIALDATA
WHEREITIS?
LocationalData
RepresentationofReadDataintermsofCoordinates
Geographic(lat/long)
Projected(meters,feet)
GeographicData(onthesurfaceoftheEarth)
Geo-spatialData(rangeofdatafromEarthtoSpace)
ASPATIALDATA
WHATITIS?
AttributeData
Numeric
Text
Non-spatialdata
StandsonthebasisofDatabase
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 48

49. Cont.
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 49

50. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 50
Geographic coordinates
Tabular attributes
Geographic Data Model
Digital Orthophoto
Streets
Hydrography
Parcels
Buildings
Zoning
Utilities
Administrative Boundaries

51. KEY PROPERTIES OF SPATIAL DATA
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 51
Key Properties of Spatial data
Projection
3D earth into 2D map
Accuracy
How well does the database info match the real world
Scale
Ratio of distance on a map to the equivalent distance on the ground
Resolution
The size of the smallest feature able to be recognized

52. In Short Summary of GIS
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 52
“GISismuchmorethanacontainerofmapsindigitalform”.
“AGISisacomputerizedtoolforsolvinggeographicproblems”
“GISisaspatialdecisionsupportsystem”
“GISisatooltoautomatetime-consumingtasksthataretootediousorexpensiveorinaccurateifperformedbyhand”

53. Cont.
InGISweusuallygowiththeprocessingofdata,analyzingit,andgeneratingaspatialandnon- spatialdataoutofourinputdata.
Nodealingwiththeacquisitionofthedata.
Itisadecisionmakingtool.
Itisalsoageo-databasewithtemporalanalysis.
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 53

54. Introduction to Basics
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 54

55. Introduction To Surveying
Surveyingisinter-changeablycalled“GEOMATICS”.
BUT,‘Geomatics’isaMajorField!
Sosurveying,bydefinitionstandsout:
Thescience,art,adtechnologyofdeterminingtherelativepositionsofpoints,Above,On,BelowtheSurfaceoftheEarth.
Thedisciplinewhichcompromisesallmethodsformeasuringandcollectingalloftheinformationaboutthephysicalearth.
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 55

56. Types of Surveying
Types of Surveying
By purpose
Engineering
To choose locations
Topography
Recording all features on land
By Scale
By Measurements taken
Triangulations
By Angles
Traversing
By Bearing and Distances
By Equipment used
Tape
Compass
Total Station
Spatial Station
EDM
Theodolite
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 56

57. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 57

58. Mapping Scales
•High Details
•Small area
•1:24,00 or larger
Large Scale
•Average
•1:24,00 –120,000
Medium Scale
•Less Details
•Large area
•1:120,000 or smaller
Small Scale
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 58

59. Methods for Surveying
Methods for Surveying
Aerial Way-out
Satellite imaging
Accurate
Economical
Large area coverage
Ground Verification
For establishment of Control and check
Small area coverage
Large scale mapping
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 59

60. Introduction to Basic
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 60

61. Introduction
Thescienceandartofobtainingreliableinformationbythemeansofphotographs.
Informationabout2Dand3Dobjects withoutincontact.
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 61
Area of Specialization
Metric
Applied over spatial data
Distance, elevation, area, volume etc.
Interpretative
Related to RS
Classifying objects on basis of shape, size, patterns, shadows, etc.

62. Evolution of Photogrammetry
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 62
Serial No.
Level ofGeneration
Year Range
Difference
01.
1stGeneration
1850-1900
Inventionof photography
02.
Analog
1900-2000
Inventionof Planes
03.
Analytical
1950-2000
Invention of Cameras
04.
Digital
1970-tillnow
Invention of CCD, LIDAR, X-Ray

63. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 63
End Lap And Side Lap

64. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 64
Workflow
Capture Images
Determine camera orientations
Generate DTMs & 3D Images (if required)
Analyse data: calculate volumes, digitize vector data, etc.

65. GPS Intro
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 65

66. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 66
THREE PARTS OF GPS
Spacesegment
Controlsegment
User/Groundsegment

67. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 67
Control Segment
Space Segment
User Segment
THREE
SEGMENTS
OF
THE
GPS
Monitor Stations
GroundAntennas
Master Station

68. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 68
Kwajalein Atoll
US Space Command
Control
Segment
Hawaii
Ascension Is.
Diego Garcia
Cape Canaveral
Ground Antenna
Master Control Station
Monitor Station

69. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 69
WORKING OF GPS

70. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 70
11,000 miles
11,000 miles
11,000 miles
11,000 miles
SOURCES OF ERRORS
IN
GPS READINGS
AND
MEASUREMENTS

71. GPS Fun and Facts
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 71
Categories
Facts
Categories
Facts
Developed By
USDpt. of Defense (DoD)
DevelopingYear
1993
Operational
Active
Total No.Of Satellites
31
ConstellationSatellites
24-27
Signal Speed
Speedof light (3x10⁵km)
Time Period
12 hours
Inclination
55 degrees
Precision
30m-0.5m
Manufacturers
Trimble Navigation Ltd., Motorola Solutions, etc.
Altitude
20,200 km
Estimated Cost
24Billion US Dollars
FollowSidereal Day
24h 56m 4s
Types
DGPS, A-GPS
Bands
L1 and L2 now L5
Frequencies (MHz)
1575.42 , 1227.60 , 1176.45
Services
SPS , PPS
Codes
C/A , P

72. Introduction to Basics
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 72

73. Definition
Itisthedisciplineofgathering,storing,processing,anddeliveringGeographicinformation, orSpatiallyreferencedinformation.
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 73

74. WhileinGeomatics,wegoforallthosetypeofthedisciplinesthatdealswiththemeasurementsofthegeo-data,likegeodesy,surveying,photogrammetry,GPSetc.
Amorespecializedfield.
Itdealswiththeacquisitionofthedataalongwithmodeling,andallotherGISstuff.
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 74

75. PART -03
Applications to Civil Engineering
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 75

76. Cycle
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 76

77. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 77

78. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 78
Direction of Flow
Cross-Section
ChannelCross –Sections

79. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 79

80. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 80

81. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 81
INTERPOLATION
Points are interpolated in Arc Map to produce a continuous surface.

82. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 82
CENTERLINE
Define the centerline along the channel

83. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 83
Straightened River in 3D

84. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 84
Analysis, Modeling,
Decision Making
Arc Hydro
Geodatabase
Arc Hydro Data and Models

85. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 85
Streams
Drainage Areas
Hydrography
Channels
Terrain Surfaces
Rainfall Response
Digital Ortho- photos
Data Model Based on Inventory

86. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 86
Streams
Watersheds Water body
Monitoring Points
Arc Hydro Framework Input Data

87. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 87

88. REFERENCES
PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 88
1.Using Geographic Information System (GIS) to Manage Civil Engineering Projects By Asmaa Abdul Jabbar
2.Longley et al (2005) Geographic Information Systems and Science. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. (Chapter 14, pages 317-319)
3.www.esri.com/engineering
4.http://webhelp.esri.com/arcpad/8.0/userguide/index.htm#capture_devices/concept_intro.htm
Special Acknowledgement
Industrial partners:ESRI, Danish Hydraulic Institute, Camp, Dresser and McKee, Dodson and Associates
Government partners:
Federal: EPA, USGS, Corps of Engineers (Hydrologic Engineering Center)
State: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Texas Water Development Board
Local: Lower Colorado River Authority, City of Austin, Dept. of Watershed Protection
Academic Partners:University of Texas, Brigham Young University, Utah State University

89. PIAIP_NESPAK Sunday, August 17, 2014 89