2. Cancer
 Diagnosed each year in one in every 250 men and one in
every 300 women(WHO).
 Clonal in origin

3. Six hallmarks
1. Immortality eg. HeLa cells
2. Produces GO signal, ie proto-oncogenic protiens
3. Override STOP signals (TSGs inactivation)
4. Resist cell death
5. Angiogenesis
6. Metastasis

4. Treatments available
 Radiotherapy
 Chemotherapy
 Hormone therapy
 Cytokines
 Monoclonal antibodies
 Gene therapy

5. Gives rise to all type of cells
present in an organism. E.g.,
embryonic stem cells derived from
blastocyst

6. INDUCED PLURIPOTENCY

7. iPSCs were first produced in
2006 from mouse epidermal
fibroblast cells
In 2007, iPSCs were derived
from human cells by Shinya
Yamanaka's team at Kyoto
University, Japan
Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine for the discovery that
mature cells can be
reprogrammed to become
pluripotent
Mouse iPSCs
Human iPSCs

8. Takahashi and Yamanaka, Cell, Aug 25, 2006

9. iPSc Generation

10. Potentials of iPS cellsPotentials of iPS cells
 Ability to differentiate into many cell types
 Easily accessible
 Individual-specific i.e. personalized or non-immunogenic
 Vastly renewable
 Useful for studying mechanisms of disease
 Useful for drug, toxicity testing

11. Application of the hiPSCs

12. Application in cancer
Disease modeling
Immuno therapy

13. Immunotherapy
• Immune system fails to effectively fight
the tumor.
Tumor tolerence
Weak response
Defending property
• autologous immune enhancement
Dendritic cell vaccines(iPSDCs)
T-cell therapies
NK-cell therapies

14. Contd…..
• Antitumor monoclonal
antibodies
block growth signals
stops angiogenesis
Drug/radiation delivery
• Cancer vaccines

15. Disease modeling
• Best model to study cancer pathogenesis is primary patient
sample.
• iPSCs can be generated from cancer cells.
• Can use for
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma(PDAC)
Chronic myeloid Leukemia(CML)
Juvenile Mylomonocytic Leukemia(JMML)

16. Obstacles in therapeutic
application of iPSCs in humans
• Use of harmful oncogenes as part of the reprogramming
factors.
• Use of viral vectors for gene delivery that carry the risk of
insertional mutagenesis.
• Low efficiency and slow kinetics of reprogramming.
• Lack of robust and reliable differentiation protocols for human
iPS cells

17. Conclusion
• Discovery of iPSC is a remarkable boost to research and
therapy
• Offered a new field for cancer research and future possible
applications in the clinical practice.
• use of hiPSCs may contribute to the development of future
personalized cell therapies and open new possibilities

18. References
1. Seung-Ick Oh, Chang Kyu Lee, Kyung Jin Cho,Kyung-Ok
Lee, Ssang-Goo Cho, and Sunghoi Hong; Technological
Progress in Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
for Clinical Applications, The Scientific World Journal ,10
(2012),1-10
2. MartinezMatthias Stadtfeld and Konrad Hochedlinger;
Induced pluripotency: history, mechanisms and
applications, Genes & Development, 24 (2010), 2239–
2263
3. Timothy J Nelson, Almudena , Fernandez,
SatsukiYamada,Yasuhiro Ikeda, Carmen Perez-Terzic,
Andre Terzic; Induced pluripotent stem cells: advances
to applications, Stem Cells and Cloning: Advances and
Applications,3 (2010), 29-37

19. 4. Eamon Geoghegan and Lucy Byrnes; Mouse induced
pluripotent stem cells, The International Journal of
Developmental Biology, 52, (2008), 1015-1022
5. Kazutoshi Takahashi, Koji Tanabe, Mari Ohnuki, Megumi
Narita,Tomoko Ichisaka, Kiichiro Tomoda and Shinya
Yamanaka; Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult
Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors,Cell, 131, (2007), 1–
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