2. DNA
•Material genetik pada mahluk hidup adalah Asam nukleat (DNA atau RNA) yaitu suatu polimer nukleotidayg berperanan dlm penyimpanan serta pemindahan informasi genetik
4. Transformation
•Fred Griffith menggunakan strain bakteri S.pneumoniaevirulen tipe Sand nonvirulent tipe R
Smooth Streptococcuspneumoniae(pneumococci)
Rough Streptococcuspneumoniae(pneumococci)
6. 6Transformation
•Dia menemukan bhw strain tipe R dapat menjadi virulentketika mengambil DNA (transformasi) dari strain tipe S yg sudah mati
•Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa DNA adalah adalah material genetik
12. Support for Avery
•They radiolabeled the protein coat with 35S and theDNAwith 32P in order to “see” which of the molecules actually entered the cell and produced more phage.
14. DNA/RNA
•Asam nukleat terdapat dlm 2 bentuk, yaitu asam deoksiribosa (DNA) dan asam ribosa (RNA).
•Pdseleukariot,DNAterdapatdidlmnukleus,
•padaselprokariot,terdptdlmsitoplasmadalambentuknukleoid.
17. DNA
•Gula pentose (Deoxyribose) terikat ke gugus phosphat (PO4) groups melalui ikatan phosphodiester
•Ikatan antara molekul deoxiribosa dengan basa-basa nitrogen disebut ikatan glikosida
18. 18
Nukleotida DNA
O=P-O
OPhosphateGroup
NNitrogenous base(A, G, C, or T) CH2OC1
C4
C3
C2
5Sugar(deoxyribose) O
19. 19
Gula Pentosa
•Tersusun atas 5 atom karbon yg dinotasi 1’ -5’
CH2OC1C4C3
C2
5Sugar(deoxyribose)
20. 20
Basa2 Nitrogen
•Double ring PURIN
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
•Single ring PYRIMIDIN
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
T or CA or G
21. Pasangan-basa
•Purin hanya berpasangan dgnPirimidin
•Pasangan antara Guanin & sitosinmembentuk tiga ikatan hidrogen
C
G
3 H-bonds
26. Three Dimensional Structure of DNA
•Rosalind Franklin-X-ray crystallography of DNA-showed that DNA was in a helix with PO4and sugars to the outside.
•James Watson and Francis Crick- took Franklin’s data-in April 23, 1953, and deduced the structure of DNA. Won the Nobel Prize along with Maurice Wilkins.
27. 1962: Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
James D. WatsonFrancis H. Crick
Maurice H. F.
Wilkins
What about?
Rosalind Franklin
35. Type B-DNA
Other DNA forms include: A-DNA: Right-handed double helix with 11 bases per turn; shorter and wider at 2.2 nm diameter. Exists in some DNA-protein complexes. Z-DNA: Left-handed double helix with 12 bases per turn; longer and thinner at 1.8 nm diameter.
36. Characteristics of DNA
•All chains of DNA and RNA have a 5’ PO4end and a 3’ OH end.
•Base sequences are written in a 5’ to 3’ direction.
•Ex. 5’ pGpTpCpCpApT-OH 3’ or
-GTCCAT -
37. Characteristics of DNA
•Base pairs stabilize the molecule by forming H-bonds.
•Antiparallel Strands-
5’----------------3’
3’----------------5’
•Strands are complementary.
38. Discovery of DNA Structure
•Erwin Chargaffmenunjukkan jumlah dari basa penyusun DNA ( A,T,C,G)
•Pada sel somatik:
A = 30.3%
T = 30.3%
G = 19.5%
C = 19.9%
39. Genome:
Keseluruhan gen/DNA yang ada di dalam sel hidup.
Gene:
Urutan nukleotida yang mengkode suatu protein.
40. Two types of organism:
Eukaryotes;
cells contain membrane-bound
compartments, including a nucleus and organelles.
Eukaryotes include: animals, plants, fungi, and
protozoa.
Prokaryotes:Lack internal compartments extensively.
Divided into two groups: bacteria and archaea.]