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A Technical introduction
to PostgreSQL and PPAS
Enterprise Class PostgreSQL Database from EDB
10/6/2014
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Introduction
• About Ashnik
• PostgreSQL and buzz it has created
• Postgres Plus Advanced Server
• Architecture
• Oracle Compatibility
• Performance Features
• Security Features
• High Availability Features
• DBA Tools
• User Stories
• What’s coming up in v9.3
• How to start adopting
Agenda
2
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Independent & Thriving Development Community for over 20 years
• Thousands of active deployments worldwide in public and private
sector organizations of all sizes
PostgreSQL and the Community
3
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Postgres’ IMPACT
4
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
PostgreSQL – Postgres Plus Users, Globally
5
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
6
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Vietnam Thailand
Indonesia
PostgreSQL – Postgres Plus Users, across ASEAN
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
EnterpriseDB – The Company
7
• The Enterprise PostgreSQL company was founded in 2004,
first product GA in 2005
• 2,000+ customers across all market segments
• 70,000+ downloads/week of PostgreSQL and related products
• Enabling database consolidation using PostgreSQL and
advanced Oracle compatibility
• Saving customers millions through the power of open source
• Strong financial backing:
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Postgres Plus - Recognized
by Gartner’s Magic
Quadrant as a challenger
in the Database Market
The EnterpriseDB Advantage
8
• Products and Tools
• Advanced database server software
• Deep Oracle compatibility
• Bundled development and management tools
• Technical Support and Services
• Around the clock support
• Expert consulting
• Oracle migration services
• Remote management and monitoring
• Professional Training
• Learn PostgreSQL from the experts
• Web and on-site training
• Training for developers and DBAs
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Fast development cycles
• Thousands of developers
• Better code
• Lower cost
• 24/7 support
• Services and training
• Certification
• Indemnification
• Product strategy
Bringing the Advantage to Enterprises
9
Open Source
Software
Commercial
SoftwareEnterpriseDB
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
About PPAS
10
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Architectural Overview
11
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Process Architecture
Postmaster
BGWRITERBGWRITER STATS
COLLECTOR
STATS
COLLECTOR
ARCHIVERARCHIVERAUTO--VACUUMAUTO--VACUUM
BGWRITERBGWRITER STATS
COLLECTOR
STATS
COLLECTOR
Data
Files
WAL
Segments
Archived
WAL
Shared Memory
Shared Buffers Process ArrayWAL Buffers
WAL WriterWAL Writer LOG WRITERLOG WRITER
Error Log Files
12
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Database Limitations
13
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Limitations are generally
defined by
• Operating System Limits
• Compile-Time Parameters
– Data Type Usage
General Database
Limitations
Limit Value
Maximum Database Size Unlimited
Maximum Table Size 32 TB
Maximum Row Size 1.6 TB
Maximum Field Size 1 GB (4TB in v9.3 Beta)
Maximum Rows per Table Unlimited
Maximum Columns per Table 250-1600 (Depending on
Column types)
Maximum Indexes per Table Unlimited
Oracle Compatibility
14
• Run applications written for Oracle
virtually unchanged
• No need to re-train Oracle DBAs and
developers
• Support for PL/SQL language and OCI
interoperability
• Replication for easy sharing of data
• Dramatic Cost Savings
• No Vendor Lock-in
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Survey: Re-Use of Oracle DBA Skills
15
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Compatibility Means
16
• SQL Extension support
• Decode, NVL, Substr, NVL2,replace,translate, table()
• Date/time functions: add_months, extract, next_day,months_between,trunc, current_date support
• Support for cascade option in drop table
• PL/SQL support
• REF Cursors, Implicit and explicit cursors
• Looping, variable declarations, conditional statements
• Collections: Associative Arrays, Varrays, Nested tables
• Bulk binding
• Named parameters
• User Defined Exceptions
• Explicit Transaction Control - within a stored procedure
• Tools
• EDB*Plus – SQL*Plus look-a-like
• EDB*Loader – SQL*Loader equivalent
• EDB*Wrap – similar to the PL/SQL wrapper
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Compatibility Means (cont.)
17
• Packages
• Stored procedures
• Functions
• Triggers
• Optimizer Hints
• Database Links
• Hierarchical Queries
• Synonyms – Public and
Private
• Sequences
• Materialized Views
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Rownum
• Object types
o Create type … as object
o Create type … as table
o Create type …as varray
o Constructor and collection
methods
• PL/SQL like SUBTYPE, which
inherits form base type
• Users/Roles
• Dynamic SQL
• Features
Compatibility Means (cont.)
18
• Data Types
• Integer, number, char, double precision, float, varchar2, blob, clob, xmltype, rowid, boolean
• Built-in Packages
• DBMS_:
o SQL, LOB, JOB, PIPE, ALERT, OUTPUT, UTILITY, PROFILER, RLS
• UTL_:
o FILE, MAIL, SMTP, ENCODE, TCP
• Oracle-like Data Dictionary
• ALL_, DBA_, USER_ views
• Most commonly accessed views
• Diagnostics - DRITA
• System and session waits
o Not exposed in PostgreSQL
o Part of Advanced Server
• Statspack-like reporting
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Flexible Partitioning Scheme in PostgreSQL
19
• Partitioning Example in PostgreSQL
o CREATE TABLE employees
o Create Child Tables
o create table emp_mgmt (check (job in (MANAGER'))) inherits (employees);
o create table emp_sales (check (job in ('SALESMAN'))) inherits (employees);
o Create the partitioning function
o CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION partition_emp();
o Create the trigger for partition
o CREATE TRIGGER employees_partition_trigger BEFORE INSERT ON employees
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE partition_emp();
• Advantages
• Flexible
• Customize your Partitioning Policy
• Disadvantages
• Complex
• Difficult to add/delete/split Partitions
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Partitioning Example in PPAS
CREATE TABLE employees
(empno numeric(4,0),ename varchar(10),job varchar(9),hiredate timestamp)
PARTITION BY LIST (job)
(PARTITION emp_mgmt VALUES ('MANAGER', 'PRESIDENT') tablespace tbsp_1, PARTITION
emp_sales VALUES ('SALESMAN') tablespace tbsp_2, PARTITION emp_ops VALUES ('CLERK')
tablespace tbsp_3
);
• PPAS Offers
• LIST and RANGE Partitioning Syntax
• Easy to manage and maintain partitions
• You can still take benefit of PostgreSQL syntax for complex partitioning e.g. Dynamic Partitions
• Easy to Add/Delete/Split/Swap/Detach/Attach partitions
• Brings the best of both the world!
Compatible and Flexible Partitioning Scheme in PPAS
20
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Scaling with Partitioning in PPAS v9.3
21
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
100
250
500
1000
Time in Seconds
NumberofTablePartitions
Partitioning Performance: PPAS 9.3 v. PostgreSQL 9.3 v. PPAS 9.2 • Postgres Plus
Advanced Server 9.3
is up to 460 times
faster with row
insertions into
partitioned tables
than PostgreSQL 9.3
or PPAS 9.2
• Better performance
for bulk loading and
disaster recovery
• Online Migration Toolkit enables point and click migration from Oracle
• Automatically Migrates:
Database Migration Toolkit
22
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Data
• Schemas
• Stored Procedures
• Triggers
• Functions
• Sequences
• Packages
• Views
• Database Links
• Synonyms
• Developed for High Performance Transaction
Environments (OLTP)
• DynaTune:
• Dynamic tuning of the database server to make the
optimal usage of the system resources available on
the host machine
• Index Advisor:
• Helps determine which columns you should index
to improve performance in a given workload.
• Query Optimization Hints, Hi-Speed Bulk Loader,
Multi-Threaded Replication
Performance enhancement in PPAS
23
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Infinite Cache
• High performance
horizontal scaling
architecture for
cache memory
• Cache expands with
inexpensive
commodity
hardware
Scalability with Infinite Cache
24
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Scalability with Infinite Cache
25
• Architecture: How it Works
• Disk access for data is slower than RAM access
• Infinite Cache puts disk data into the RAM cache
• Additional requests for that data are read from the faster cache
• The cache scales as needed with inexpensive hardware
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Application
High
speed
pg_cach
e buffers
in RAM
Slow speed
disk
High
Speed
Network
Update
d Data
Blocks
Update
Read
If not in buffer
Database Server
InfiniteCache
RAMblades
High
speed
Scalability with Infinite Cache
26
• Single Machine Performance
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Advanced Server is 16X
faster on a single machine
with large amounts of
memory
(e.g. greater than 2 GB)
Infinite Cache can be used
on a single machine!
Scalability with Infinite Cache
27
• Infinite Cache - Features
• Expands and Distributes buffer cache across multiple machines
• Designed for Read-Mostly applications (e.g. Content Management, Query Intensive, Business
Intelligence, Data Warehouse)
• Cache is transparent to client applications (no cache coding needed)
• Compression feature enables caching entire databases (e.g. put a 250 GB database into 32 GB
RAM Cache)
• Cache can be pre-warmed for immediate results
• Cache scales using inexpensive commodity hardware
• Infinite Cache can be run to boost single machine performance!
• Created For
• DBAs and data managers overseeing large amounts of data requiring fast response times for
queries and reporting loads
• Developers who don’t want to write specialized caching code16
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Red Hat Reference Architecture Series:
 Comparing BenchmarkSQL Performance
on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 to Windows
Server Enterprise (2010)
Performance Benchmark to SQL Server
28
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Scalability MySQL Vs PostgreSQL
29
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Security
30
• Object level privileges assigned to roles and users
• Virtual Private Database
• Kerberos and LDAP authentication
• Host base authentication
• SSL communication
• Data Level Encryption (AES, 3DES, etc)
• Ability to utilize 3rd party Key Stores in a full PKI Infrastructure
• Foundation for full compliance with the strictest of security standards
(PCI Data Security Standard)
• Flexible field level encryption and row level security
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
“By default, PostgreSQL is probably the most
security-aware database available ...”
Database Hacker's Handbook- David Litchfield
PL/Secure and EDB*Wrap
31
• Encrypt your Pl/pgsql stored programs with PL/Secure
• Encrypt your SPL procedures with EDB*Wrap
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
SQL/Protect
32
• DBA Managed SQL Injection Protection
a) Preventing attacks is normally the responsibility of the application developer, but
with SQL/Protect, DBAs can now provide another layer of protection to prevent
corruption or co-opting of the database.
• Multiple Prevention Techniques
a) Unauthorized Relations
b) Utility Commands (e.g. DDL)
c) SQL Tautology
d) Unbounded DML
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Multi-Master Replication – Active-Active Technology
• Near real-time Replication
• Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC)
• Point-in-Time Recovery
• Log Shipping for Standby (~ Oracle® Data Guard)
High Availability
33
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Availability
Backup and Recovery Options
34
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Physical and Logical Backup
• Logical Backup using pg_dump
• Instance level logical backup using pg_dumpall
• Table level, Schema level or DB level logical backup
• pg_restore
• Physical Backups
• pg_basebackup
• Compressed backup
• Recovery with WAL and archived WAL
• Point in Time Recover
• Using OS Clustering
• Using a shared disk for data
Active – Passive OS HA Clustering
35
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Uses WAL (Write Ahead Log)
• WAL is continuously shipped through
an opened TCP channel to Hot
Standby Node
• Hot Standby node can be used for
read scalability
Hot Streaming Replication (Hot Standby Mode)
36
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Uses WAL (Write Ahead Log)
• Archived WAL is shipped to Hot
Standby Node
• Hot Standby node can be used for
read scalability
Log Shipping Replication (Hot Standby Mode)
37
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
EnterpriseDB Postgres Plus Failover Manager
38
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Agent Agent
• Using pg-pool
• Using redundant disk for data
• Hot Standby node can be used
for read scalability
HA with read scaling (with pg-pool)
39
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Trigger based replication
• Publication – Subscription
• Snapshot and Continuous
• Cascaded Replication
• Read Scalability
• Master/Slave DB can be:
• Oracle
• MSSQL
• Postgres Plus Advanced Server
• Either Master or Slave should be
PPAS/PostgreSQL
xDB Single Master Replication (SMR)
40
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• High Availability uses
• Geographic distribution of load
• For creation of Testing/staging env using snapshot replication
• Segregate OLTP and reporting
xDB Replication Use Cases
41
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Replication
xDB Single-Master Replication (SMR)
42
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Table
D
Table
C
Table
B
Table
A
Table
C
Table
D
Procs
Objects
ReportsQueries
Continuous
or Scheduled
----------------
Filtered
or All Rows
Transaction
Replication
Improved
OLTP
Performance
Inexpensive
Query /
Reporting
Oracle Server Postgres Plus Advanced Server
xDB SMR Heterogeneous Replication Support
43
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Source/Target Oracle MS SQL
Server
2005/2008
PostgreSQL
Advanced
Server
(Oracle
mode)
Advanced
Server
(PostgreSQL
mode)
Oracle No No Yes Yes Yes
MS SQL
Server
2005/2008
No No Yes Yes Yes
PostgreSQL No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Advanced
Server (Oracle
mode)
Yes Yes No
Yes
No
Advanced
Server
(PostgreSQL
mode)
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
• Trigger based replication
• 2 or more Masters can be Sync
• Auto Conflict Detection & Resolution
• Read & Write Scalability
xDB Multi Master Replication (MMR)
44
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Java-based Replication Server and Replication Console
• Delta changes recorded in shadow tables via post Insert/Update/Delete triggers
• Data Replication through JDBC channel
xDB MMR Architecture
45
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Enterprise Class DBA Tools
46
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Remotely Manage, Monitor And Tune
• Management En-Mass Design
• Enterprise Performance Monitoring
• Proactive Alert Management
• Graphical Administration
• SQL Workload Profiling
• Simplified Capacity Planning
• Full SQL IDE
Postgres Enterprise Manager
47
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
PEM Distributed Architecture
48
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Performance
Monitoring Dashboards
• Capacity Manager
• Postgres Expert
• Alert Management
• Browser based console
and dashboard
• Audit Manager
• Team Support
• Distributed Architecture
• Convenient Access
PEM For DBAs: Centralized Tool
49
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Helps you apply patches and
updates for all the
products under PPAS:
Stackbuilder Plus
50
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• A solution to aid in the creation of highly
available configurations of Postgres
• Monitors the health of a Postgres HA
configuration
• Automates the failover process in the event
of a failure
• Used in conjunction with Streaming
Replication
Postgres Plus Failover Manager
51
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Slave
Witness
Master
Failover Manager Architecture
52
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Agent Agent
• Automatic Failover from master to replica node
• Configurable fencing operation
1. By default uses VIP
2. Parameter to specify alternative operation
a) Ex: reconfigure a load balancer
• Manual failover configuration possible
• Email notifications when cluster status changes
• Witness node provides protection against ‘split brain’ scenarios
• User configurable wait times
• Built on PPCD/JGroups technology
Failover Manager Features
53
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Replicate below objects from MS SQL Server to
Postgres Plus Advanced Server:
• Schemas
• Tables
• Constraints
• Indexes
• Table data
• Views
Replicating & Migrating Microsoft SQL Server
54
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
• Split input files into multiple files
• Load single tables in parallel
• Magnitudes better load time performance
• Parallel load capabilities also in Migration Toolkit and Migration Studio
Parallel Data Loader
55
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
FTD Replicates Oracle Data for Volume Peaks
Background
FTD is the world’s leading provider of floral-
related products and services
Processes 15M+ orders annually through 20,000
retail florists in the US
The ARGO System Project
FTD deployed new shipping administration
system (ARGO)
ARGO’s performance deteriorated during peak
holiday loads
Oracle-based system couldn’t handle peak
reporting volumes
Off-load reporting data form Oracle to Postgres
using Postgres Plus Replication Server
Why Postgres
No major changes required to run Oracle apps
on Postgres
Project completed in 6 weeks (Valentines Day
 Mother’s Day)
Out of the Box Compatibility with existing
database
Improved Vendor Service – response times
decreased dramatically
Performance of order processing systems
improved 400% by offloading reporting to
Postgres
“When someone comes in at a sixth of the cost [of Oracle]
and 500 times the customer service, that makes it very
easy.”
Jason Weiss, Software Architect
InMobi Delivers Mobile Ads with Postgres
57
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Background
• One of the fastest growing mobile advertising networks
• Huge scalability and performance requirements, billions of ads per month
• Uses HP Proliant server
Mobile Ad Platform Project
• Postgres the best fit for a scalable open-source
database
• Community support not sufficient to meet business
requirements, EnterpriseDB a partner
• Initial database install supported organic growth
• 25 instances across 4 data centers with replication
• Database sizes upwards of 600 GB
• 200K txns/minute with 3 ms response time
Why Postgres
• Most scalable open-source database
• Lower cost than traditional databases
• Performance and reliability up to the task at
internet scale, supporting the most extreme
workloads
• Customizations by EnterpriseDB rapidly
incorporated into the product ensuring costly
customization maintenance is avoided
Sony Reduces TCO of database environment by 80%
58
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Free Realms Project
• Lower TCO and improve licensing flexibility
• Leverage existing Oracle DBA and Developer talent
• Migrate key Oracle apps to Postgres
• Commercial-grade quality and reliability, including
backup and recovery standards, to support mission-
critical applications
• Scalable, high performance execution
Why Postgres
• Reduced TCO by 80%
• East of Migration – majority of Oracle apps
could run unmodified on Postgres Plus
• Skills re-use – Oracle – trained staff could
immediately work with Postgres Plus
• Exceptional technical support from
EnterpriseDB
“Postgres Plus has proven to be a cost-effective
database that can accommodate Free Realms’
massive growth.”
- Andy Sites, Free Realms Senior Producer, SOE
Background
• Free Realms massively multiplayer online game
• >9M registered players since April 2009
• IT Oracle scale-up was cost-prohibitive
Background
• Multi-terabyte Oracle DB and needed to
reduce DB costs
• Running old, unsupported version of
Oracle and had to pay to upgrade
The EPBS Project
• Engaged EnterpriseDB consulting
services to migrate
• Unique migration process developed
and implemented
Why Postgres
• 2.2 TeraByte system migrated and
now running on Postgres Plus
Advanced Server
• Current performance is comparable
to Oracle
• Costs reduced significantly by
migrating to EnterpriseDB solutions
Achieved Comparable Performance Replacing Oracle
59
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
ToT, Thailand plans to replace Oracle Exadata-TimesTen In-
memory database with HP-EnterpriseDB stack
60
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Background
• Largest public sector company in telecom in Thailand
• Has very stringent response time SLA (20ms response time for user requests ~ 3-5 read queries)
• Current setup has Oracle Exadata and four TimeTen In-memory databases
Current Challenges in Oracle Stack
• Issues in sync of Exadata with
In-memory databases
• Full refresh locks the tables
• Current system can go upto 1500 tps
• Dynamic Partitioning for huge table
• Current system load is 750 TPS with
write operations
• 5000 user requests (16.5K read queries)
per second with 4 servers
HP-EnterpriseDB Stack Proposed to be DR for Exadata
• HP DL-980 (4 CPU * 10 cores, 256GB RAM)
• 1TB VMA Disks for faster access
• Simulation tests show 2800 write-TPS achieved
• Flexible Partitioning scheme in PPAS (add partition on the fly for
each new date, no manual intervention)
• Currently this server is being tested as DR for Exadata
• Replication using xDB near-relatime replication for 1000 tps
• Scalability achieved using cascaded replication and Infinite Cache
• Setup can handle 5500 user requests (18K queries per second)
with 1.5-2.5ms response time per query
v.9.3
• Switch master without archive logs in cascaded replication
• Faster recovery
• Enhanced partitioning feature- Better performance
• More extended JSON support
• Materialized Views
• Updatable Views
• Recursive Views
• Replication between Heterogeneous System Architectures – Facilitates central backup server
• pg_xlogdump to decode WAL
• 4TB Large Object Support
• Better memory managements
What’s New?
61
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
v.9.4
• Logical Replication
• Time Lagging DR
• Enhanced JSON features
• Enhancements in Materialized Views
• Moving aggregates
• Pg_prewarm to warm up the cache
• Backup throttle
• ALTER SYSTEM command to set parameters
What’s Coming up?
62
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
How to start adoption
63
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
REPLICATION SERVER
BACKUP / DR SERVER
NEW APPLICATION
MIGRATION
You have a ‘Real’ alternative to Oracle or other
conventional proprietary Databases
Conclusion
64
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
Economical
Technically
Sound
Easy to
Adopt
65
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.

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Technical Introduction to PostgreSQL and PPAS

  • 1. A Technical introduction to PostgreSQL and PPAS Enterprise Class PostgreSQL Database from EDB 10/6/2014 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 2. • Introduction • About Ashnik • PostgreSQL and buzz it has created • Postgres Plus Advanced Server • Architecture • Oracle Compatibility • Performance Features • Security Features • High Availability Features • DBA Tools • User Stories • What’s coming up in v9.3 • How to start adopting Agenda 2 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 3. • Independent & Thriving Development Community for over 20 years • Thousands of active deployments worldwide in public and private sector organizations of all sizes PostgreSQL and the Community 3 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 5. PostgreSQL – Postgres Plus Users, Globally 5 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 6. 6 Malaysia Philippines Singapore Vietnam Thailand Indonesia PostgreSQL – Postgres Plus Users, across ASEAN CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 7. EnterpriseDB – The Company 7 • The Enterprise PostgreSQL company was founded in 2004, first product GA in 2005 • 2,000+ customers across all market segments • 70,000+ downloads/week of PostgreSQL and related products • Enabling database consolidation using PostgreSQL and advanced Oracle compatibility • Saving customers millions through the power of open source • Strong financial backing: CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. Postgres Plus - Recognized by Gartner’s Magic Quadrant as a challenger in the Database Market
  • 8. The EnterpriseDB Advantage 8 • Products and Tools • Advanced database server software • Deep Oracle compatibility • Bundled development and management tools • Technical Support and Services • Around the clock support • Expert consulting • Oracle migration services • Remote management and monitoring • Professional Training • Learn PostgreSQL from the experts • Web and on-site training • Training for developers and DBAs CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 9. • Fast development cycles • Thousands of developers • Better code • Lower cost • 24/7 support • Services and training • Certification • Indemnification • Product strategy Bringing the Advantage to Enterprises 9 Open Source Software Commercial SoftwareEnterpriseDB CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 12. Process Architecture Postmaster BGWRITERBGWRITER STATS COLLECTOR STATS COLLECTOR ARCHIVERARCHIVERAUTO--VACUUMAUTO--VACUUM BGWRITERBGWRITER STATS COLLECTOR STATS COLLECTOR Data Files WAL Segments Archived WAL Shared Memory Shared Buffers Process ArrayWAL Buffers WAL WriterWAL Writer LOG WRITERLOG WRITER Error Log Files 12 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 13. Database Limitations 13 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. • Limitations are generally defined by • Operating System Limits • Compile-Time Parameters – Data Type Usage General Database Limitations Limit Value Maximum Database Size Unlimited Maximum Table Size 32 TB Maximum Row Size 1.6 TB Maximum Field Size 1 GB (4TB in v9.3 Beta) Maximum Rows per Table Unlimited Maximum Columns per Table 250-1600 (Depending on Column types) Maximum Indexes per Table Unlimited
  • 14. Oracle Compatibility 14 • Run applications written for Oracle virtually unchanged • No need to re-train Oracle DBAs and developers • Support for PL/SQL language and OCI interoperability • Replication for easy sharing of data • Dramatic Cost Savings • No Vendor Lock-in CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 15. Survey: Re-Use of Oracle DBA Skills 15 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 16. Compatibility Means 16 • SQL Extension support • Decode, NVL, Substr, NVL2,replace,translate, table() • Date/time functions: add_months, extract, next_day,months_between,trunc, current_date support • Support for cascade option in drop table • PL/SQL support • REF Cursors, Implicit and explicit cursors • Looping, variable declarations, conditional statements • Collections: Associative Arrays, Varrays, Nested tables • Bulk binding • Named parameters • User Defined Exceptions • Explicit Transaction Control - within a stored procedure • Tools • EDB*Plus – SQL*Plus look-a-like • EDB*Loader – SQL*Loader equivalent • EDB*Wrap – similar to the PL/SQL wrapper CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 17. Compatibility Means (cont.) 17 • Packages • Stored procedures • Functions • Triggers • Optimizer Hints • Database Links • Hierarchical Queries • Synonyms – Public and Private • Sequences • Materialized Views CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. • Rownum • Object types o Create type … as object o Create type … as table o Create type …as varray o Constructor and collection methods • PL/SQL like SUBTYPE, which inherits form base type • Users/Roles • Dynamic SQL • Features
  • 18. Compatibility Means (cont.) 18 • Data Types • Integer, number, char, double precision, float, varchar2, blob, clob, xmltype, rowid, boolean • Built-in Packages • DBMS_: o SQL, LOB, JOB, PIPE, ALERT, OUTPUT, UTILITY, PROFILER, RLS • UTL_: o FILE, MAIL, SMTP, ENCODE, TCP • Oracle-like Data Dictionary • ALL_, DBA_, USER_ views • Most commonly accessed views • Diagnostics - DRITA • System and session waits o Not exposed in PostgreSQL o Part of Advanced Server • Statspack-like reporting CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 19. Flexible Partitioning Scheme in PostgreSQL 19 • Partitioning Example in PostgreSQL o CREATE TABLE employees o Create Child Tables o create table emp_mgmt (check (job in (MANAGER'))) inherits (employees); o create table emp_sales (check (job in ('SALESMAN'))) inherits (employees); o Create the partitioning function o CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION partition_emp(); o Create the trigger for partition o CREATE TRIGGER employees_partition_trigger BEFORE INSERT ON employees FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE partition_emp(); • Advantages • Flexible • Customize your Partitioning Policy • Disadvantages • Complex • Difficult to add/delete/split Partitions CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 20. • Partitioning Example in PPAS CREATE TABLE employees (empno numeric(4,0),ename varchar(10),job varchar(9),hiredate timestamp) PARTITION BY LIST (job) (PARTITION emp_mgmt VALUES ('MANAGER', 'PRESIDENT') tablespace tbsp_1, PARTITION emp_sales VALUES ('SALESMAN') tablespace tbsp_2, PARTITION emp_ops VALUES ('CLERK') tablespace tbsp_3 ); • PPAS Offers • LIST and RANGE Partitioning Syntax • Easy to manage and maintain partitions • You can still take benefit of PostgreSQL syntax for complex partitioning e.g. Dynamic Partitions • Easy to Add/Delete/Split/Swap/Detach/Attach partitions • Brings the best of both the world! Compatible and Flexible Partitioning Scheme in PPAS 20 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 21. Scaling with Partitioning in PPAS v9.3 21 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 100 250 500 1000 Time in Seconds NumberofTablePartitions Partitioning Performance: PPAS 9.3 v. PostgreSQL 9.3 v. PPAS 9.2 • Postgres Plus Advanced Server 9.3 is up to 460 times faster with row insertions into partitioned tables than PostgreSQL 9.3 or PPAS 9.2 • Better performance for bulk loading and disaster recovery
  • 22. • Online Migration Toolkit enables point and click migration from Oracle • Automatically Migrates: Database Migration Toolkit 22 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. • Data • Schemas • Stored Procedures • Triggers • Functions • Sequences • Packages • Views • Database Links • Synonyms
  • 23. • Developed for High Performance Transaction Environments (OLTP) • DynaTune: • Dynamic tuning of the database server to make the optimal usage of the system resources available on the host machine • Index Advisor: • Helps determine which columns you should index to improve performance in a given workload. • Query Optimization Hints, Hi-Speed Bulk Loader, Multi-Threaded Replication Performance enhancement in PPAS 23 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 24. • Infinite Cache • High performance horizontal scaling architecture for cache memory • Cache expands with inexpensive commodity hardware Scalability with Infinite Cache 24 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 25. Scalability with Infinite Cache 25 • Architecture: How it Works • Disk access for data is slower than RAM access • Infinite Cache puts disk data into the RAM cache • Additional requests for that data are read from the faster cache • The cache scales as needed with inexpensive hardware CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. Application High speed pg_cach e buffers in RAM Slow speed disk High Speed Network Update d Data Blocks Update Read If not in buffer Database Server InfiniteCache RAMblades High speed
  • 26. Scalability with Infinite Cache 26 • Single Machine Performance CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. Advanced Server is 16X faster on a single machine with large amounts of memory (e.g. greater than 2 GB) Infinite Cache can be used on a single machine!
  • 27. Scalability with Infinite Cache 27 • Infinite Cache - Features • Expands and Distributes buffer cache across multiple machines • Designed for Read-Mostly applications (e.g. Content Management, Query Intensive, Business Intelligence, Data Warehouse) • Cache is transparent to client applications (no cache coding needed) • Compression feature enables caching entire databases (e.g. put a 250 GB database into 32 GB RAM Cache) • Cache can be pre-warmed for immediate results • Cache scales using inexpensive commodity hardware • Infinite Cache can be run to boost single machine performance! • Created For • DBAs and data managers overseeing large amounts of data requiring fast response times for queries and reporting loads • Developers who don’t want to write specialized caching code16 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 28. • Red Hat Reference Architecture Series:  Comparing BenchmarkSQL Performance on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 to Windows Server Enterprise (2010) Performance Benchmark to SQL Server 28 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 29. Scalability MySQL Vs PostgreSQL 29 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 30. Security 30 • Object level privileges assigned to roles and users • Virtual Private Database • Kerberos and LDAP authentication • Host base authentication • SSL communication • Data Level Encryption (AES, 3DES, etc) • Ability to utilize 3rd party Key Stores in a full PKI Infrastructure • Foundation for full compliance with the strictest of security standards (PCI Data Security Standard) • Flexible field level encryption and row level security CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. “By default, PostgreSQL is probably the most security-aware database available ...” Database Hacker's Handbook- David Litchfield
  • 31. PL/Secure and EDB*Wrap 31 • Encrypt your Pl/pgsql stored programs with PL/Secure • Encrypt your SPL procedures with EDB*Wrap CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 32. SQL/Protect 32 • DBA Managed SQL Injection Protection a) Preventing attacks is normally the responsibility of the application developer, but with SQL/Protect, DBAs can now provide another layer of protection to prevent corruption or co-opting of the database. • Multiple Prevention Techniques a) Unauthorized Relations b) Utility Commands (e.g. DDL) c) SQL Tautology d) Unbounded DML CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 33. • Multi-Master Replication – Active-Active Technology • Near real-time Replication • Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC) • Point-in-Time Recovery • Log Shipping for Standby (~ Oracle® Data Guard) High Availability 33 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. Availability
  • 34. Backup and Recovery Options 34 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. • Physical and Logical Backup • Logical Backup using pg_dump • Instance level logical backup using pg_dumpall • Table level, Schema level or DB level logical backup • pg_restore • Physical Backups • pg_basebackup • Compressed backup • Recovery with WAL and archived WAL • Point in Time Recover
  • 35. • Using OS Clustering • Using a shared disk for data Active – Passive OS HA Clustering 35 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 36. • Uses WAL (Write Ahead Log) • WAL is continuously shipped through an opened TCP channel to Hot Standby Node • Hot Standby node can be used for read scalability Hot Streaming Replication (Hot Standby Mode) 36 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 37. • Uses WAL (Write Ahead Log) • Archived WAL is shipped to Hot Standby Node • Hot Standby node can be used for read scalability Log Shipping Replication (Hot Standby Mode) 37 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 38. EnterpriseDB Postgres Plus Failover Manager 38 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. Agent Agent
  • 39. • Using pg-pool • Using redundant disk for data • Hot Standby node can be used for read scalability HA with read scaling (with pg-pool) 39 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 40. • Trigger based replication • Publication – Subscription • Snapshot and Continuous • Cascaded Replication • Read Scalability • Master/Slave DB can be: • Oracle • MSSQL • Postgres Plus Advanced Server • Either Master or Slave should be PPAS/PostgreSQL xDB Single Master Replication (SMR) 40 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 41. • High Availability uses • Geographic distribution of load • For creation of Testing/staging env using snapshot replication • Segregate OLTP and reporting xDB Replication Use Cases 41 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. Replication
  • 42. xDB Single-Master Replication (SMR) 42 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. Table D Table C Table B Table A Table C Table D Procs Objects ReportsQueries Continuous or Scheduled ---------------- Filtered or All Rows Transaction Replication Improved OLTP Performance Inexpensive Query / Reporting Oracle Server Postgres Plus Advanced Server
  • 43. xDB SMR Heterogeneous Replication Support 43 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. Source/Target Oracle MS SQL Server 2005/2008 PostgreSQL Advanced Server (Oracle mode) Advanced Server (PostgreSQL mode) Oracle No No Yes Yes Yes MS SQL Server 2005/2008 No No Yes Yes Yes PostgreSQL No Yes Yes Yes Yes Advanced Server (Oracle mode) Yes Yes No Yes No Advanced Server (PostgreSQL mode) No Yes Yes Yes Yes
  • 44. • Trigger based replication • 2 or more Masters can be Sync • Auto Conflict Detection & Resolution • Read & Write Scalability xDB Multi Master Replication (MMR) 44 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 45. • Java-based Replication Server and Replication Console • Delta changes recorded in shadow tables via post Insert/Update/Delete triggers • Data Replication through JDBC channel xDB MMR Architecture 45 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 46. Enterprise Class DBA Tools 46 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 47. Remotely Manage, Monitor And Tune • Management En-Mass Design • Enterprise Performance Monitoring • Proactive Alert Management • Graphical Administration • SQL Workload Profiling • Simplified Capacity Planning • Full SQL IDE Postgres Enterprise Manager 47 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 49. • Performance Monitoring Dashboards • Capacity Manager • Postgres Expert • Alert Management • Browser based console and dashboard • Audit Manager • Team Support • Distributed Architecture • Convenient Access PEM For DBAs: Centralized Tool 49 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 50. Helps you apply patches and updates for all the products under PPAS: Stackbuilder Plus 50 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 51. • A solution to aid in the creation of highly available configurations of Postgres • Monitors the health of a Postgres HA configuration • Automates the failover process in the event of a failure • Used in conjunction with Streaming Replication Postgres Plus Failover Manager 51 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. Slave Witness Master
  • 53. • Automatic Failover from master to replica node • Configurable fencing operation 1. By default uses VIP 2. Parameter to specify alternative operation a) Ex: reconfigure a load balancer • Manual failover configuration possible • Email notifications when cluster status changes • Witness node provides protection against ‘split brain’ scenarios • User configurable wait times • Built on PPCD/JGroups technology Failover Manager Features 53 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 54. Replicate below objects from MS SQL Server to Postgres Plus Advanced Server: • Schemas • Tables • Constraints • Indexes • Table data • Views Replicating & Migrating Microsoft SQL Server 54 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 55. • Split input files into multiple files • Load single tables in parallel • Magnitudes better load time performance • Parallel load capabilities also in Migration Toolkit and Migration Studio Parallel Data Loader 55 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 56. FTD Replicates Oracle Data for Volume Peaks Background FTD is the world’s leading provider of floral- related products and services Processes 15M+ orders annually through 20,000 retail florists in the US The ARGO System Project FTD deployed new shipping administration system (ARGO) ARGO’s performance deteriorated during peak holiday loads Oracle-based system couldn’t handle peak reporting volumes Off-load reporting data form Oracle to Postgres using Postgres Plus Replication Server Why Postgres No major changes required to run Oracle apps on Postgres Project completed in 6 weeks (Valentines Day  Mother’s Day) Out of the Box Compatibility with existing database Improved Vendor Service – response times decreased dramatically Performance of order processing systems improved 400% by offloading reporting to Postgres “When someone comes in at a sixth of the cost [of Oracle] and 500 times the customer service, that makes it very easy.” Jason Weiss, Software Architect
  • 57. InMobi Delivers Mobile Ads with Postgres 57 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. Background • One of the fastest growing mobile advertising networks • Huge scalability and performance requirements, billions of ads per month • Uses HP Proliant server Mobile Ad Platform Project • Postgres the best fit for a scalable open-source database • Community support not sufficient to meet business requirements, EnterpriseDB a partner • Initial database install supported organic growth • 25 instances across 4 data centers with replication • Database sizes upwards of 600 GB • 200K txns/minute with 3 ms response time Why Postgres • Most scalable open-source database • Lower cost than traditional databases • Performance and reliability up to the task at internet scale, supporting the most extreme workloads • Customizations by EnterpriseDB rapidly incorporated into the product ensuring costly customization maintenance is avoided
  • 58. Sony Reduces TCO of database environment by 80% 58 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. Free Realms Project • Lower TCO and improve licensing flexibility • Leverage existing Oracle DBA and Developer talent • Migrate key Oracle apps to Postgres • Commercial-grade quality and reliability, including backup and recovery standards, to support mission- critical applications • Scalable, high performance execution Why Postgres • Reduced TCO by 80% • East of Migration – majority of Oracle apps could run unmodified on Postgres Plus • Skills re-use – Oracle – trained staff could immediately work with Postgres Plus • Exceptional technical support from EnterpriseDB “Postgres Plus has proven to be a cost-effective database that can accommodate Free Realms’ massive growth.” - Andy Sites, Free Realms Senior Producer, SOE Background • Free Realms massively multiplayer online game • >9M registered players since April 2009 • IT Oracle scale-up was cost-prohibitive
  • 59. Background • Multi-terabyte Oracle DB and needed to reduce DB costs • Running old, unsupported version of Oracle and had to pay to upgrade The EPBS Project • Engaged EnterpriseDB consulting services to migrate • Unique migration process developed and implemented Why Postgres • 2.2 TeraByte system migrated and now running on Postgres Plus Advanced Server • Current performance is comparable to Oracle • Costs reduced significantly by migrating to EnterpriseDB solutions Achieved Comparable Performance Replacing Oracle 59 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 60. ToT, Thailand plans to replace Oracle Exadata-TimesTen In- memory database with HP-EnterpriseDB stack 60 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. Background • Largest public sector company in telecom in Thailand • Has very stringent response time SLA (20ms response time for user requests ~ 3-5 read queries) • Current setup has Oracle Exadata and four TimeTen In-memory databases Current Challenges in Oracle Stack • Issues in sync of Exadata with In-memory databases • Full refresh locks the tables • Current system can go upto 1500 tps • Dynamic Partitioning for huge table • Current system load is 750 TPS with write operations • 5000 user requests (16.5K read queries) per second with 4 servers HP-EnterpriseDB Stack Proposed to be DR for Exadata • HP DL-980 (4 CPU * 10 cores, 256GB RAM) • 1TB VMA Disks for faster access • Simulation tests show 2800 write-TPS achieved • Flexible Partitioning scheme in PPAS (add partition on the fly for each new date, no manual intervention) • Currently this server is being tested as DR for Exadata • Replication using xDB near-relatime replication for 1000 tps • Scalability achieved using cascaded replication and Infinite Cache • Setup can handle 5500 user requests (18K queries per second) with 1.5-2.5ms response time per query
  • 61. v.9.3 • Switch master without archive logs in cascaded replication • Faster recovery • Enhanced partitioning feature- Better performance • More extended JSON support • Materialized Views • Updatable Views • Recursive Views • Replication between Heterogeneous System Architectures – Facilitates central backup server • pg_xlogdump to decode WAL • 4TB Large Object Support • Better memory managements What’s New? 61 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 62. v.9.4 • Logical Replication • Time Lagging DR • Enhanced JSON features • Enhancements in Materialized Views • Moving aggregates • Pg_prewarm to warm up the cache • Backup throttle • ALTER SYSTEM command to set parameters What’s Coming up? 62 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.
  • 63. How to start adoption 63 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. REPLICATION SERVER BACKUP / DR SERVER NEW APPLICATION MIGRATION
  • 64. You have a ‘Real’ alternative to Oracle or other conventional proprietary Databases Conclusion 64 CONFIDENTIAL ©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved. Economical Technically Sound Easy to Adopt