3. Antimatter is the extension of the concept of the antiparticle to
matter.
Antimatter is composed of antiparticles , i.e., particles with
identical mass and spin as those of ordinary particles, but with
opposite charge and magnetic properties
For Eg.- a positron (also called "antielectron") and an antiproton
can form an antihydrogen atom in the same way that an electron
and a proton form a normal matter hydrogen atom.
4. The term antimatter was first used by Arthur Schuster in 1898.
The modern theory of antimatter begins in 1928 by Paul Dirac.
Antielectron is discovered by Dr. Carl D. Anderson in 1932.
Antielectron is also called as Positron.
Antihydrogen produced in 1999.
Opposite of the proton is the antiproton (negative charge).
Opposite of the neutron is the antineutron.
5. The Dirac equation is a relativistic quantum
mechanical wave equation formulated by British
physicist Paul Dirac in 1928 .
The Dirac equation in the form originally proposed by
Dirac is:
where , m is the rest mass of the electron,
c is the speed of light,
p is the momentum operator,
x and t are the space and time coordinates,
ħ = h/2π is the reduced Planck constant, also
known as Dirac's constant.
6. One way to denote an antiparticle is by adding a bar over
the particle's symbol.
Antiproton is denoted by p .
Antielectron is denoted by e+ .
Antiparticles are created everywhere in the universe where
high-energy particle collisions take place.
Antimatter may similarly be produced in regions like the
center of the Milky Way and other galaxies, where very
energetic celestial events occur.
7. The baryon asymmetry
problem is an imbalance in
baryonic matter and
antibaryonic matter in the
universe.
There are thee possible
explanations…….
Violation of CP symmetry
Such a violation could allow
matter to be produced more
commonly than antimatter in
conditions immediately after
the Big Bang.
8. Random distributon of
matter and antimatter
after big bang
Another possibility is
that antimatter
dominated regions exist
within the universe, but
outside our observable
universe
9. There are several theories
about how antimatter
gravitationally interacts with
normal matter :
Normal gravity
Antigravity
Gravivector & Graviscalar
10. Particles of most atoms are
accelerated to very high speeds
The particles are aimed and
allowed to impact on a target
(tungsten)
The kinetic energy caused by
acceleration is converted into
gamma radiation, positrons and
Above: A large collider at the European
Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
antiprotons
11. Antihydrogen is the
antimatter counterpart of
hydrogen. the antihydrogen
atom is made up of a positron
and antiproton.
When antihydrogen atoms
come into contact with
ordinary matter, they quickly
annihilate each other and
produce energy in the form of
gamma rays and high-energy
particles called pions.
12. Antiprotons can be controlled in
magnetic fields .
One method for antiproton
storage is the Penning Trap.
Super cold, vacuumed,
electromagnetic bottle in which
charged particles of antimatter
can be suspended .
Capacity = 1 x 1010
antiprotons/week .
Developers believe that 1 x 1020
antiprotons must be stored.
13. Antimatter is the costliest material to make in
this world.
In 2006, Gerald Smith estimated 250 million
dollars could produce 10 milligrams of
positrons (equivalent to $25 billion per gram);
and in 1999 NASA gave a figure of $62.5 trillion
per gram of antihydrogen.
According to CERN, it has cost a few hundred
million Swiss Francs to produce about 1
billionth of a gram
14. MEDICAL : Antimatter-matter reactions have
practical applications in medical imaging, such as
positron emission tomography (PET).
It is used heavily in clinical oncology (medical
imaging of tumors and the search for metastases).
PET is also an important research tool to map
normal human brain and heart function.
15. PET is a valuable technique for
some diseases and disorders,
because it is possible to target the
radio-chemicals used for particular
bodily functions –
1 : Oncology
2 : neurology
3 : cardiology
4 : atherosclerosis
5 : Neuropsychology / Cognitive
neuroscience
6 : Pharmacology
16. Matter comes in contact with antimatter.
They annihilate each other .
This annihilation creates very large amounts of energy.
Energy Produced = 9 x 1016 J/Kg
This energy has the highest energy density of all
known propellants.
Ten billion times more energy then hydrogen/oxygen
300 times the fusion reaction at suns core.
Isn’t that dangerous?
1 gm of antimatter + 1 gm matter 2=1.8 1014J
2mc
(A days output for a large power station)
But to make that gram you need – many days output
from a large power station
17. An antimatter weapon is a hypothetical device using
antimatter as a power source, a propellant, or an explosive for
a weapon.
Antimatter weapons do not currently exist due to the cost of
production and the limited technology available to produce
and contain antimatter in sufficient quantities for it to be a
useful weapon.
If we could assemble all the antimatter we've ever made at
CERN and annihilate it with matter, we would have enough
energy to light a single electric light bulb for a few minutes."
