SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 25
ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING




                 -By
                 O L K ARAHVINTH
                 20082606
PRINCIPLE
 Acoustic Emission may be defined as a transient elastic wave generated
  by the rapid release of energy within a material.
 When a structure is subjected to an external stimulus (change in
  pressure, load, or temperature), localized sources trigger the release of
  energy, in the form of stress waves, which propagate to the surface and
  are recorded by sensors. This occurs when a small surface displacement of
  a material is produced.
HISTORY & FACTS
 Probably the first practical use of AE was by pottery makers. As early as
  6,500 BC, potters were known to listen for audible sounds during the
  cooling of their ceramics, to asses the quality of there products.
 Probably the first observation of AE in metal was during twinning of pure
  tin as early as 3700 B.C.
 The first documented observations of AE appear to have been made in the
  8th century by Arabian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan. He described the
  “harsh sound or crashing noise” emitted from tin. He also describes iron as
  “sounding much” during forging.
 In 1936, Friedrich Forster and Erich Scheil (Germany) conducted
  experiments that measured small voltage and resistance variations caused
  by sudden strain movements caused by martensitic transformations.
 Today, AE Non-Destructive Testing used practically in all industries around
  the world for different types of structures and materials.
TESTING PROCESS




 Materials "talk" when they are in trouble: with Acoustic
  Emission equipment you can "listen" to the sounds of
cracks growing, fibers breaking and many other modes of
         active damage in the stressed material.
1. DETECTION OF AE

   Sources of AE include many
    different mechanisms of
    deformations and fracture whilst
    the detection process remains the
    same.
   As a crack grows a number of
    emissions are released.
   When the AE wave front arrives at
    the surface of a test specimen
    minute movements of the surface
    molecules occur.
   The function of AE sensors is to
    detect this mechanical movement
    and convert it into a useable
    electric signal.
2. PROCESSING OF AE
  SIGNALS

 The small voltage generated by the
  sensor is amplified and the raw
  radio frequency (RF) signal is
  transferred to the computer.
 Based on user defined
  characteristics, the RF signal is split
  into discrete waveforms.
 These waveforms are then
  prescribed by characteristics such
  as amplitude, rise time, absolute
  energy based on a user defined
  threshold.
3. DISPLAYING AE
  SIGNALS

 The collected waveforms can then
  be displayed in two ways.
 One, function of waveform
  parameters.
 Two, as the collected waveform
  itself.
 Most AE tests currently only record
  the waveform parameters and
  ignore the collected waveform,
  mainly due to the large amount of
  computing memory it uses.
4. LOCATING AE
  SIGNALS

 The automated source location
  capability of AE is perhaps its most
  significant attraction as a non-
  destructive testing (NDT)
  technique.
 The predominant method of source
  location is based on the
  measurement of time difference
  between the arrival of individual AE
  signals at different sensors in an
  array.
DIFFERENT FROM OTHER NDT
TECHNIQUES
 The first difference pertains to the origin of the signal. Instead of
  supplying energy to the object under examination, AET simply listens for
  the energy released by the object. AE tests are often performed on
  structures while in operation, as this provides adequate loading for
  propagating defects and triggering acoustic emissions.
 The second difference is that AET deals with dynamic processes, or
  changes, in a material. This is particularly meaningful because only active
  features (e.g. crack growth) are highlighted. The ability to discern
  between developing and stagnant defects is significant. However, it is
  possible for flaws to go undetected altogether if the loading is not high
  enough to cause an acoustic event. Furthermore, AE testing usually
  provides an immediate indication relating to the strength or risk of failure
  of a component. Other advantages of AET include fast and complete
  volumetric inspection using multiple sensors, permanent sensor
  mounting for process control, and no need to disassemble and clean a
  specimen.
AE SOURCE LOCATION
    TECHNIQUES



             Locating the source
             of significant
             acoustic emissions is
             often the main goal
             of an inspection.
1. MULTIPLE CHANNEL SOURCE
   LOCATION TECHNIQUE
   AE systems are capable of using multiple
    sensors/channels during testing,
    allowing them to record a hit from a
    single AE event.
   As hits are recorded by each
    sensor/channel, the source can be
    located by knowing the velocity of the
    wave in the material and the difference
    in hit arrival times among the sensors, as
    measured by hardware circuitry or
    computer software.
   Source location techniques assume that
    AE waves travel at a constant velocity in
    a material. By properly spacing the
    sensors in this manner, it is possible to
    inspect an entire structure with
    relatively few sensors.
2. LINEAR LOCATION
   TECHNIQUE
 One of the commonly used
  computed-source location
  techniques is the linear location
  principle
 Linear location is often used to
  evaluate struts on truss bridges.
 When the source is located at the
  midpoint, the time of arrival
  difference for the wave at the two
  sensors is zero.
 Whether the location lies to the
  right or left of the midpoint is
  determined by which sensor first
  records the hit. This is a linear
  relationship and applies to any
  event sources between the sensors.
3. ZONAL LOCATION
  TECHNIQUE
 As the name implies, zonal location
  aims to trace the waves to a specific
  zone or region around a sensor.
 Zones can be lengths, areas or volumes
  depending on the dimensions of the
  array.
 The source can be assumed to be within
  the region and less than halfway
  between sensors.
 When additional sensors are applied,
  arrival times and amplitudes help
  pinpoint the source zone.
4. POINT LOCATION
 In order for point location to be
  justified, signals must be detected in a
  minimum number of sensors: two for
  linear, three for planar, four for
  volumetric.
 Accurate arrival times must also be
  available.
 The velocity of wave propagation and
  exact position of the sensors are the
  necessary criteria.
 Equations can then be derived using
  sensor array geometry or more complex
  algebra to locate more specific points of
  interest.
INSTRUMENTATION
 Typical AE apparatus consist of the following
 components:

 Sensors used to detect AE events.

 Preamplifiers amplifies initial signal. Typical
 amplification gain is 40 or 60 dB.

 Cables transfer signals on distances up to 200m to
 AE devices. Cables are typically of coaxial type.

 Data acquisition device performs filtration, signals’
 parameters evaluation, data analysis and charting.
SENSOR
 AE sensors respond with amazing
  sensitivity to motion in the low
  ultrasonic frequency range (10 kHz -
  2000 kHz). Motions as small as 10-12
  inches and less can be detected.
 These sensors can hear the
  breaking of a single grain in a metal,
  a single fiber in a fiber-reinforced
  composite, and a tiny gas bubble
  from a pinhole leak as it arrives at
  the liquid surface.
 The transducer element in an AE
  sensor is almost always a
  piezoelectric crystal, which is
  commonly made from a ceramic
  such as lead zirconate titanate
  (PZT).
APPLICATIONS
1. WELD MONITORING

 During the welding process,
  temperature changes induce
  stresses between the weld and
  the base metal.
 These stresses are often
  relieved by heat treating the
  weld.
2. BUCKET TRUCK
  INTEGRITY
  EVALUATION

 Accidents, overloads and
  fatigue can all occur when
  operating bucket trucks or
  other aerial equipment.
 If a mechanical or structural
  defect is ignored, serious
  injury or fatality can result.
3. BRIDGES
 Bridges contain many welds, joints
  and connections, and a combination
  of load and environmental factors
  heavily influence damage
  mechanisms such as fatigue cracking
  and metal thinning due to corrosion.
 Acoustic Emission is increasingly being
  used for bridge monitoring
  applications because it can
  continuously gather data and detect
  changes that may be due to damage
  without requiring lane closures or
  bridge shutdown.
 In fact, traffic flow is commonly used
  to load or stress the bridge for the AE
  testing.
4. AEROSPACE
  STRUCTURES
 Most aerospace structures consist
  of complex assemblies of
  components that have been design
  to carry significant loads while
  being as light as possible.
 AET has been used in laboratory
  structural tests, as well as in flight
  test applications.
 NASA's Wing Leading Edge Impact
  Detection System is partially based
  on AE technology.
OTHER APPLICATIONS
 Petrochemical and chemical: storage tanks, reactor vessels,
  offshore platforms, drill pipe, pipelines, valves, hydro-treater
  etc.
 Electric utilities: nuclear reactor vessels, piping, steam
  generators, ceramic insulators, transformers, aerial devices.
 Fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites, in particular
  glass-fiber reinforced parts or structures (e.g. fan blades)
 Material research (e.g. investigation of material properties,
  breakdown mechanisms, and damage behavior)
 Real-time leakage test and location within various
  components (small valves, steam lines, tank bottoms)
ADVANTAGES
  High sensitivity.
  Early and rapid detection of defects, flaws,
   cracks etc.
  Real time monitoring
  Cost Reduction
  Minimization of plant downtime for
   inspection, no need for scanning the whole
   structural surface.
STANDARDS
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
•  Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Vessels, Article 11, Subsection A, Section V, Boiler and
   Pressure Vessel Code
•  Acoustic Emission Examination of Metallic Vessels During Pressure Testing, Article 12, Subsection A, Section V,
   Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
•  Continuous Acoustic Emission Monitoring, Article 13 Section V

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
•   E569-97 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled Stimulation
•   E650-97 Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
•   E749-96 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During Continuous Welding
•   E750-98 Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
•   E976-00 Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
•   E1067-96 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP)
    Tanks/Vessels
•   E1106-86(1997) Standard Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
•   E1118-95 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP)
•   E1139-97 Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
•   E1211-97 Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
•   E1316-00 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
•   E1419-00 Standard Test Method for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
•   E1781-98 Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
•   E1932-97 Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts
•   E1930-97 Standard Test Method for Examination of Liquid Filled Atmospheric and Low Pressure Metal Storage
    Tanks Using Acoustic Emission
•   E2075-00 Standard Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response Using an Acrylic Rod
•   E2076-00 Standard Test Method for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic
    Emission
ASNT - American Society for Nondestructive Testing
•  ANSI/ASNT CP-189, ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel.
•  CARP Recommended Practice for Acoustic Emission Testing of Pressurized Highway Tankers Made of
   Fiberglass reinforced with Balsa Cores.
•  Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A.

Association of American Railroads
•   Procedure for Acoustic Emission Evaluation of Tank Cars and IM-101 tanks, Issue 1, and Annex Z thereto, “
    Test Methods to Meet FRA Request for Draft Sill Inspection program, docket T79.20-90 (BRW) ,”
    Preliminary 2

Compressed Gas Association
•  C-1, Methods for Acoustic Emission Requalification of Seamless Steel Compressed Gas Tubes.

European Committee for Standardization
•   DIN EN 14584, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – Examination of Metallic Pressure Equipment
    during Proof Testing; Planar Location of AE Sources.
•   EN 1330-9, Non-Destructive Testing – Terminology – Part 9, Terms Used in Acoustic Emission Testing.
•   EN 13477-1, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – Equipment Characterization – Part 1,
    Equipment Description.
•   EN 13477-2, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – Equipment Characterization – Part 2,
    Verification of Operating Characteristics.
•   EN 13554, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – General Principles.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
•    IEEE C57.127, Trial-Use guide for the Detection of Acoustic Emission from Partial Discharges in Oil-
     Immersed Power Transformers.
THANK YOU




AET 08.11.2011 OLK

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Ultrasonic testing
Ultrasonic testingUltrasonic testing
Ultrasonic testingzoha nasir
 
3.LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING
3.LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING3.LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING
3.LIQUID PENETRANT TESTINGClephen Dsouza
 
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)- NDT
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)- NDTUltrasonic Testing (UT)- NDT
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)- NDTSukesh O P
 
non-destructive testing ppt
non-destructive testing pptnon-destructive testing ppt
non-destructive testing pptJAMSHED ALAM
 
Radiographic testing
Radiographic testingRadiographic testing
Radiographic testingzoha nasir
 
Non Destructive Testing Versus Destructive Testing
Non Destructive Testing Versus Destructive TestingNon Destructive Testing Versus Destructive Testing
Non Destructive Testing Versus Destructive TestingMani Vannan M
 
Liquid penetrant testing
Liquid penetrant testingLiquid penetrant testing
Liquid penetrant testingyash patel
 
Thermographic testing-presentation
Thermographic testing-presentationThermographic testing-presentation
Thermographic testing-presentationPradeep Mahil
 
experimental stress analysis-Chapter 7
experimental stress analysis-Chapter 7experimental stress analysis-Chapter 7
experimental stress analysis-Chapter 7MAHESH HUDALI
 
Ppt on destructive testing and non destructive testing.
Ppt on destructive testing and non destructive testing.Ppt on destructive testing and non destructive testing.
Ppt on destructive testing and non destructive testing.Mukuldev Khunte
 
Non Destructive Testing (NDT)
Non Destructive Testing (NDT)Non Destructive Testing (NDT)
Non Destructive Testing (NDT)Azmir Latif Beg
 
Non Destructive Testing
Non Destructive TestingNon Destructive Testing
Non Destructive TestingHimanshi Gupta
 
Eddy Current Testing (ECT)- NDT
Eddy Current Testing (ECT)- NDTEddy Current Testing (ECT)- NDT
Eddy Current Testing (ECT)- NDTSukesh O P
 
Presentation on Dye Penetrant Testing
Presentation on Dye Penetrant TestingPresentation on Dye Penetrant Testing
Presentation on Dye Penetrant TestingMd.Arman Hossain
 
ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT) & ACOUSTIC EMISSION (AE)
ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT)  &  ACOUSTIC EMISSION (AE)ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT)  &  ACOUSTIC EMISSION (AE)
ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT) & ACOUSTIC EMISSION (AE)laxtwinsme
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Ultrasonic testing
Ultrasonic testingUltrasonic testing
Ultrasonic testing
 
Magnetic Particle Inspection
Magnetic Particle InspectionMagnetic Particle Inspection
Magnetic Particle Inspection
 
3.LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING
3.LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING3.LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING
3.LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING
 
Non destructive testing ppt
Non destructive testing pptNon destructive testing ppt
Non destructive testing ppt
 
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)- NDT
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)- NDTUltrasonic Testing (UT)- NDT
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)- NDT
 
non-destructive testing ppt
non-destructive testing pptnon-destructive testing ppt
non-destructive testing ppt
 
Radiographic testing
Radiographic testingRadiographic testing
Radiographic testing
 
Introduction to Ultrasonic Testing
Introduction to Ultrasonic TestingIntroduction to Ultrasonic Testing
Introduction to Ultrasonic Testing
 
Non Destructive Testing Versus Destructive Testing
Non Destructive Testing Versus Destructive TestingNon Destructive Testing Versus Destructive Testing
Non Destructive Testing Versus Destructive Testing
 
Liquid penetrant testing
Liquid penetrant testingLiquid penetrant testing
Liquid penetrant testing
 
Thermographic testing-presentation
Thermographic testing-presentationThermographic testing-presentation
Thermographic testing-presentation
 
experimental stress analysis-Chapter 7
experimental stress analysis-Chapter 7experimental stress analysis-Chapter 7
experimental stress analysis-Chapter 7
 
Ppt on destructive testing and non destructive testing.
Ppt on destructive testing and non destructive testing.Ppt on destructive testing and non destructive testing.
Ppt on destructive testing and non destructive testing.
 
Acoustic Emission Testing.ppt
Acoustic Emission Testing.pptAcoustic Emission Testing.ppt
Acoustic Emission Testing.ppt
 
Non Destructive Testing (NDT)
Non Destructive Testing (NDT)Non Destructive Testing (NDT)
Non Destructive Testing (NDT)
 
Non Destructive Testing
Non Destructive TestingNon Destructive Testing
Non Destructive Testing
 
Eddy Current Testing (ECT)- NDT
Eddy Current Testing (ECT)- NDTEddy Current Testing (ECT)- NDT
Eddy Current Testing (ECT)- NDT
 
Presentation on Dye Penetrant Testing
Presentation on Dye Penetrant TestingPresentation on Dye Penetrant Testing
Presentation on Dye Penetrant Testing
 
NDT
NDTNDT
NDT
 
ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT) & ACOUSTIC EMISSION (AE)
ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT)  &  ACOUSTIC EMISSION (AE)ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT)  &  ACOUSTIC EMISSION (AE)
ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT) & ACOUSTIC EMISSION (AE)
 

Ähnlich wie Acoustic Emission (AE) Testing

Acoustic Emission Basics by Boris Muravin
Acoustic Emission Basics by Boris MuravinAcoustic Emission Basics by Boris Muravin
Acoustic Emission Basics by Boris Muravinmboria
 
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
 
Acoustic emission sensors, equipment
Acoustic emission sensors, equipment Acoustic emission sensors, equipment
Acoustic emission sensors, equipment mboria
 
Detection of internal defects prior to value-added processes
Detection of internal defects prior to value-added processesDetection of internal defects prior to value-added processes
Detection of internal defects prior to value-added processesInnerspec Technologies
 
L35 phased array ultrasound & time of flight diffraction
L35 phased array ultrasound & time of flight diffractionL35 phased array ultrasound & time of flight diffraction
L35 phased array ultrasound & time of flight diffractionkarthi keyan
 
SURFACE ACOUSTIC.pptx
SURFACE ACOUSTIC.pptxSURFACE ACOUSTIC.pptx
SURFACE ACOUSTIC.pptxParaDise11
 
Iaetsd detection, recognition and localization of partial discharge
Iaetsd detection, recognition and localization of partial dischargeIaetsd detection, recognition and localization of partial discharge
Iaetsd detection, recognition and localization of partial dischargeIaetsd Iaetsd
 
EMAT Based Production Inspection Systems
EMAT Based Production Inspection SystemsEMAT Based Production Inspection Systems
EMAT Based Production Inspection SystemsInnerspec Technologies
 
Lab methods for power sys condition monitoring
Lab methods for power sys condition monitoringLab methods for power sys condition monitoring
Lab methods for power sys condition monitoringmosesnbklyn
 
Me407 mechatronics ppt3
Me407 mechatronics ppt3Me407 mechatronics ppt3
Me407 mechatronics ppt3Dhanesh S
 
IRJET- Distance Measurement with the Help of Ultrasonic Sensor
IRJET-  	  Distance Measurement with the Help of Ultrasonic SensorIRJET-  	  Distance Measurement with the Help of Ultrasonic Sensor
IRJET- Distance Measurement with the Help of Ultrasonic SensorIRJET Journal
 
A review of the application of Acoustic Emission Technique in Engineering
A review of the application of Acoustic Emission Technique in EngineeringA review of the application of Acoustic Emission Technique in Engineering
A review of the application of Acoustic Emission Technique in EngineeringSamira Gholizadeh, MIEAust, CPEng, NER
 
Smart Sound Processing for Defect Sizing in Pipelines Using EMAT Actuator Bas...
Smart Sound Processing for Defect Sizing in Pipelines Using EMAT Actuator Bas...Smart Sound Processing for Defect Sizing in Pipelines Using EMAT Actuator Bas...
Smart Sound Processing for Defect Sizing in Pipelines Using EMAT Actuator Bas...Innerspec Technologies
 

Ähnlich wie Acoustic Emission (AE) Testing (20)

Acoustic Emission Basics by Boris Muravin
Acoustic Emission Basics by Boris MuravinAcoustic Emission Basics by Boris Muravin
Acoustic Emission Basics by Boris Muravin
 
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
 
Acoustic emission sensors, equipment
Acoustic emission sensors, equipment Acoustic emission sensors, equipment
Acoustic emission sensors, equipment
 
Eddy current inspection
Eddy current inspection Eddy current inspection
Eddy current inspection
 
IEEE_2011_Conference
IEEE_2011_ConferenceIEEE_2011_Conference
IEEE_2011_Conference
 
Detection of internal defects prior to value-added processes
Detection of internal defects prior to value-added processesDetection of internal defects prior to value-added processes
Detection of internal defects prior to value-added processes
 
L35 phased array ultrasound & time of flight diffraction
L35 phased array ultrasound & time of flight diffractionL35 phased array ultrasound & time of flight diffraction
L35 phased array ultrasound & time of flight diffraction
 
Intro To Ultrasonics
Intro To UltrasonicsIntro To Ultrasonics
Intro To Ultrasonics
 
SURFACE ACOUSTIC.pptx
SURFACE ACOUSTIC.pptxSURFACE ACOUSTIC.pptx
SURFACE ACOUSTIC.pptx
 
Iaetsd detection, recognition and localization of partial discharge
Iaetsd detection, recognition and localization of partial dischargeIaetsd detection, recognition and localization of partial discharge
Iaetsd detection, recognition and localization of partial discharge
 
G1303054353
G1303054353G1303054353
G1303054353
 
EMAT Based Production Inspection Systems
EMAT Based Production Inspection SystemsEMAT Based Production Inspection Systems
EMAT Based Production Inspection Systems
 
Lab methods for power sys condition monitoring
Lab methods for power sys condition monitoringLab methods for power sys condition monitoring
Lab methods for power sys condition monitoring
 
NDT Techniques.pptx
NDT Techniques.pptxNDT Techniques.pptx
NDT Techniques.pptx
 
Me407 mechatronics ppt3
Me407 mechatronics ppt3Me407 mechatronics ppt3
Me407 mechatronics ppt3
 
Aaron
AaronAaron
Aaron
 
IRJET- Distance Measurement with the Help of Ultrasonic Sensor
IRJET-  	  Distance Measurement with the Help of Ultrasonic SensorIRJET-  	  Distance Measurement with the Help of Ultrasonic Sensor
IRJET- Distance Measurement with the Help of Ultrasonic Sensor
 
A review of the application of Acoustic Emission Technique in Engineering
A review of the application of Acoustic Emission Technique in EngineeringA review of the application of Acoustic Emission Technique in Engineering
A review of the application of Acoustic Emission Technique in Engineering
 
5.ULTRASONIC TESTING
5.ULTRASONIC TESTING5.ULTRASONIC TESTING
5.ULTRASONIC TESTING
 
Smart Sound Processing for Defect Sizing in Pipelines Using EMAT Actuator Bas...
Smart Sound Processing for Defect Sizing in Pipelines Using EMAT Actuator Bas...Smart Sound Processing for Defect Sizing in Pipelines Using EMAT Actuator Bas...
Smart Sound Processing for Defect Sizing in Pipelines Using EMAT Actuator Bas...
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

The Critical Role of Spatial Data in Today's Data Ecosystem
The Critical Role of Spatial Data in Today's Data EcosystemThe Critical Role of Spatial Data in Today's Data Ecosystem
The Critical Role of Spatial Data in Today's Data EcosystemSafe Software
 
QMMS Lesson 2 - Using MS Excel Formula.pdf
QMMS Lesson 2 - Using MS Excel Formula.pdfQMMS Lesson 2 - Using MS Excel Formula.pdf
QMMS Lesson 2 - Using MS Excel Formula.pdfROWELL MARQUINA
 
Digital Tools & AI in Career Development
Digital Tools & AI in Career DevelopmentDigital Tools & AI in Career Development
Digital Tools & AI in Career DevelopmentMahmoud Rabie
 
Automation Ops Series: Session 3 - Solutions management
Automation Ops Series: Session 3 - Solutions managementAutomation Ops Series: Session 3 - Solutions management
Automation Ops Series: Session 3 - Solutions managementDianaGray10
 
Modifying Your SQL Streaming Queries on the Fly: The Impossible Trinity
Modifying Your SQL Streaming Queries on the Fly: The Impossible TrinityModifying Your SQL Streaming Queries on the Fly: The Impossible Trinity
Modifying Your SQL Streaming Queries on the Fly: The Impossible TrinityHostedbyConfluent
 
Event-Driven Microservices: Back to the Basics
Event-Driven Microservices: Back to the BasicsEvent-Driven Microservices: Back to the Basics
Event-Driven Microservices: Back to the BasicsHostedbyConfluent
 
Build Copilots on Streaming Data with Generative AI, Kafka Streams and Flink SQL
Build Copilots on Streaming Data with Generative AI, Kafka Streams and Flink SQLBuild Copilots on Streaming Data with Generative AI, Kafka Streams and Flink SQL
Build Copilots on Streaming Data with Generative AI, Kafka Streams and Flink SQLHostedbyConfluent
 
Women in Automation 2024: Technical session - Get your career started in auto...
Women in Automation 2024: Technical session - Get your career started in auto...Women in Automation 2024: Technical session - Get your career started in auto...
Women in Automation 2024: Technical session - Get your career started in auto...DianaGray10
 
Error Handling with Kafka: From Patterns to Code
Error Handling with Kafka: From Patterns to CodeError Handling with Kafka: From Patterns to Code
Error Handling with Kafka: From Patterns to CodeHostedbyConfluent
 
Building a Self-Service Stream Processing Portal: How And Why
Building a Self-Service Stream Processing Portal: How And WhyBuilding a Self-Service Stream Processing Portal: How And Why
Building a Self-Service Stream Processing Portal: How And WhyHostedbyConfluent
 
Exactly-once Stream Processing with Arroyo and Kafka
Exactly-once Stream Processing with Arroyo and KafkaExactly-once Stream Processing with Arroyo and Kafka
Exactly-once Stream Processing with Arroyo and KafkaHostedbyConfluent
 
Apache Kafka's Common Pitfalls & Intricacies: A Customer Support Perspective
Apache Kafka's Common Pitfalls & Intricacies: A Customer Support PerspectiveApache Kafka's Common Pitfalls & Intricacies: A Customer Support Perspective
Apache Kafka's Common Pitfalls & Intricacies: A Customer Support PerspectiveHostedbyConfluent
 
Book industry state of the nation 2024 - Tech Forum 2024
Book industry state of the nation 2024 - Tech Forum 2024Book industry state of the nation 2024 - Tech Forum 2024
Book industry state of the nation 2024 - Tech Forum 2024BookNet Canada
 
Beyond Tiered Storage: Serverless Kafka with No Local Disks
Beyond Tiered Storage: Serverless Kafka with No Local DisksBeyond Tiered Storage: Serverless Kafka with No Local Disks
Beyond Tiered Storage: Serverless Kafka with No Local DisksHostedbyConfluent
 
CERN IoT Kafka Pipelines | Kafka Summit London
CERN IoT Kafka Pipelines | Kafka Summit LondonCERN IoT Kafka Pipelines | Kafka Summit London
CERN IoT Kafka Pipelines | Kafka Summit LondonHostedbyConfluent
 
🎶🎵Bo-stream-ian Rhapsody: A Musical Demo of Kafka Connect and Kafka Streams 🎵🎶
🎶🎵Bo-stream-ian Rhapsody: A Musical Demo of Kafka Connect and Kafka Streams 🎵🎶🎶🎵Bo-stream-ian Rhapsody: A Musical Demo of Kafka Connect and Kafka Streams 🎵🎶
🎶🎵Bo-stream-ian Rhapsody: A Musical Demo of Kafka Connect and Kafka Streams 🎵🎶HostedbyConfluent
 
Mastering Kafka Consumer Distribution: A Guide to Efficient Scaling and Resou...
Mastering Kafka Consumer Distribution: A Guide to Efficient Scaling and Resou...Mastering Kafka Consumer Distribution: A Guide to Efficient Scaling and Resou...
Mastering Kafka Consumer Distribution: A Guide to Efficient Scaling and Resou...HostedbyConfluent
 
Attacking (and Defending) Apache Kafka | Kafka Summit London
Attacking (and Defending) Apache Kafka | Kafka Summit LondonAttacking (and Defending) Apache Kafka | Kafka Summit London
Attacking (and Defending) Apache Kafka | Kafka Summit LondonHostedbyConfluent
 
The Streaming Data Lake - What Do KIP-405 and KIP-833 Mean for Your Larger Da...
The Streaming Data Lake - What Do KIP-405 and KIP-833 Mean for Your Larger Da...The Streaming Data Lake - What Do KIP-405 and KIP-833 Mean for Your Larger Da...
The Streaming Data Lake - What Do KIP-405 and KIP-833 Mean for Your Larger Da...HostedbyConfluent
 
Transport in Open Pits______SM_MI10415MI
Transport in Open Pits______SM_MI10415MITransport in Open Pits______SM_MI10415MI
Transport in Open Pits______SM_MI10415MIRomil Mishra
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

The Critical Role of Spatial Data in Today's Data Ecosystem
The Critical Role of Spatial Data in Today's Data EcosystemThe Critical Role of Spatial Data in Today's Data Ecosystem
The Critical Role of Spatial Data in Today's Data Ecosystem
 
QMMS Lesson 2 - Using MS Excel Formula.pdf
QMMS Lesson 2 - Using MS Excel Formula.pdfQMMS Lesson 2 - Using MS Excel Formula.pdf
QMMS Lesson 2 - Using MS Excel Formula.pdf
 
Digital Tools & AI in Career Development
Digital Tools & AI in Career DevelopmentDigital Tools & AI in Career Development
Digital Tools & AI in Career Development
 
Automation Ops Series: Session 3 - Solutions management
Automation Ops Series: Session 3 - Solutions managementAutomation Ops Series: Session 3 - Solutions management
Automation Ops Series: Session 3 - Solutions management
 
Modifying Your SQL Streaming Queries on the Fly: The Impossible Trinity
Modifying Your SQL Streaming Queries on the Fly: The Impossible TrinityModifying Your SQL Streaming Queries on the Fly: The Impossible Trinity
Modifying Your SQL Streaming Queries on the Fly: The Impossible Trinity
 
Event-Driven Microservices: Back to the Basics
Event-Driven Microservices: Back to the BasicsEvent-Driven Microservices: Back to the Basics
Event-Driven Microservices: Back to the Basics
 
Build Copilots on Streaming Data with Generative AI, Kafka Streams and Flink SQL
Build Copilots on Streaming Data with Generative AI, Kafka Streams and Flink SQLBuild Copilots on Streaming Data with Generative AI, Kafka Streams and Flink SQL
Build Copilots on Streaming Data with Generative AI, Kafka Streams and Flink SQL
 
Women in Automation 2024: Technical session - Get your career started in auto...
Women in Automation 2024: Technical session - Get your career started in auto...Women in Automation 2024: Technical session - Get your career started in auto...
Women in Automation 2024: Technical session - Get your career started in auto...
 
Error Handling with Kafka: From Patterns to Code
Error Handling with Kafka: From Patterns to CodeError Handling with Kafka: From Patterns to Code
Error Handling with Kafka: From Patterns to Code
 
Building a Self-Service Stream Processing Portal: How And Why
Building a Self-Service Stream Processing Portal: How And WhyBuilding a Self-Service Stream Processing Portal: How And Why
Building a Self-Service Stream Processing Portal: How And Why
 
Exactly-once Stream Processing with Arroyo and Kafka
Exactly-once Stream Processing with Arroyo and KafkaExactly-once Stream Processing with Arroyo and Kafka
Exactly-once Stream Processing with Arroyo and Kafka
 
Apache Kafka's Common Pitfalls & Intricacies: A Customer Support Perspective
Apache Kafka's Common Pitfalls & Intricacies: A Customer Support PerspectiveApache Kafka's Common Pitfalls & Intricacies: A Customer Support Perspective
Apache Kafka's Common Pitfalls & Intricacies: A Customer Support Perspective
 
Book industry state of the nation 2024 - Tech Forum 2024
Book industry state of the nation 2024 - Tech Forum 2024Book industry state of the nation 2024 - Tech Forum 2024
Book industry state of the nation 2024 - Tech Forum 2024
 
Beyond Tiered Storage: Serverless Kafka with No Local Disks
Beyond Tiered Storage: Serverless Kafka with No Local DisksBeyond Tiered Storage: Serverless Kafka with No Local Disks
Beyond Tiered Storage: Serverless Kafka with No Local Disks
 
CERN IoT Kafka Pipelines | Kafka Summit London
CERN IoT Kafka Pipelines | Kafka Summit LondonCERN IoT Kafka Pipelines | Kafka Summit London
CERN IoT Kafka Pipelines | Kafka Summit London
 
🎶🎵Bo-stream-ian Rhapsody: A Musical Demo of Kafka Connect and Kafka Streams 🎵🎶
🎶🎵Bo-stream-ian Rhapsody: A Musical Demo of Kafka Connect and Kafka Streams 🎵🎶🎶🎵Bo-stream-ian Rhapsody: A Musical Demo of Kafka Connect and Kafka Streams 🎵🎶
🎶🎵Bo-stream-ian Rhapsody: A Musical Demo of Kafka Connect and Kafka Streams 🎵🎶
 
Mastering Kafka Consumer Distribution: A Guide to Efficient Scaling and Resou...
Mastering Kafka Consumer Distribution: A Guide to Efficient Scaling and Resou...Mastering Kafka Consumer Distribution: A Guide to Efficient Scaling and Resou...
Mastering Kafka Consumer Distribution: A Guide to Efficient Scaling and Resou...
 
Attacking (and Defending) Apache Kafka | Kafka Summit London
Attacking (and Defending) Apache Kafka | Kafka Summit LondonAttacking (and Defending) Apache Kafka | Kafka Summit London
Attacking (and Defending) Apache Kafka | Kafka Summit London
 
The Streaming Data Lake - What Do KIP-405 and KIP-833 Mean for Your Larger Da...
The Streaming Data Lake - What Do KIP-405 and KIP-833 Mean for Your Larger Da...The Streaming Data Lake - What Do KIP-405 and KIP-833 Mean for Your Larger Da...
The Streaming Data Lake - What Do KIP-405 and KIP-833 Mean for Your Larger Da...
 
Transport in Open Pits______SM_MI10415MI
Transport in Open Pits______SM_MI10415MITransport in Open Pits______SM_MI10415MI
Transport in Open Pits______SM_MI10415MI
 

Acoustic Emission (AE) Testing

  • 1. ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING -By O L K ARAHVINTH 20082606
  • 2. PRINCIPLE  Acoustic Emission may be defined as a transient elastic wave generated by the rapid release of energy within a material.  When a structure is subjected to an external stimulus (change in pressure, load, or temperature), localized sources trigger the release of energy, in the form of stress waves, which propagate to the surface and are recorded by sensors. This occurs when a small surface displacement of a material is produced.
  • 3. HISTORY & FACTS  Probably the first practical use of AE was by pottery makers. As early as 6,500 BC, potters were known to listen for audible sounds during the cooling of their ceramics, to asses the quality of there products.  Probably the first observation of AE in metal was during twinning of pure tin as early as 3700 B.C.  The first documented observations of AE appear to have been made in the 8th century by Arabian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan. He described the “harsh sound or crashing noise” emitted from tin. He also describes iron as “sounding much” during forging.  In 1936, Friedrich Forster and Erich Scheil (Germany) conducted experiments that measured small voltage and resistance variations caused by sudden strain movements caused by martensitic transformations.  Today, AE Non-Destructive Testing used practically in all industries around the world for different types of structures and materials.
  • 4. TESTING PROCESS Materials "talk" when they are in trouble: with Acoustic Emission equipment you can "listen" to the sounds of cracks growing, fibers breaking and many other modes of active damage in the stressed material.
  • 5. 1. DETECTION OF AE  Sources of AE include many different mechanisms of deformations and fracture whilst the detection process remains the same.  As a crack grows a number of emissions are released.  When the AE wave front arrives at the surface of a test specimen minute movements of the surface molecules occur.  The function of AE sensors is to detect this mechanical movement and convert it into a useable electric signal.
  • 6. 2. PROCESSING OF AE SIGNALS  The small voltage generated by the sensor is amplified and the raw radio frequency (RF) signal is transferred to the computer.  Based on user defined characteristics, the RF signal is split into discrete waveforms.  These waveforms are then prescribed by characteristics such as amplitude, rise time, absolute energy based on a user defined threshold.
  • 7. 3. DISPLAYING AE SIGNALS  The collected waveforms can then be displayed in two ways.  One, function of waveform parameters.  Two, as the collected waveform itself.  Most AE tests currently only record the waveform parameters and ignore the collected waveform, mainly due to the large amount of computing memory it uses.
  • 8. 4. LOCATING AE SIGNALS  The automated source location capability of AE is perhaps its most significant attraction as a non- destructive testing (NDT) technique.  The predominant method of source location is based on the measurement of time difference between the arrival of individual AE signals at different sensors in an array.
  • 9. DIFFERENT FROM OTHER NDT TECHNIQUES  The first difference pertains to the origin of the signal. Instead of supplying energy to the object under examination, AET simply listens for the energy released by the object. AE tests are often performed on structures while in operation, as this provides adequate loading for propagating defects and triggering acoustic emissions.  The second difference is that AET deals with dynamic processes, or changes, in a material. This is particularly meaningful because only active features (e.g. crack growth) are highlighted. The ability to discern between developing and stagnant defects is significant. However, it is possible for flaws to go undetected altogether if the loading is not high enough to cause an acoustic event. Furthermore, AE testing usually provides an immediate indication relating to the strength or risk of failure of a component. Other advantages of AET include fast and complete volumetric inspection using multiple sensors, permanent sensor mounting for process control, and no need to disassemble and clean a specimen.
  • 10. AE SOURCE LOCATION TECHNIQUES Locating the source of significant acoustic emissions is often the main goal of an inspection.
  • 11. 1. MULTIPLE CHANNEL SOURCE LOCATION TECHNIQUE  AE systems are capable of using multiple sensors/channels during testing, allowing them to record a hit from a single AE event.  As hits are recorded by each sensor/channel, the source can be located by knowing the velocity of the wave in the material and the difference in hit arrival times among the sensors, as measured by hardware circuitry or computer software.  Source location techniques assume that AE waves travel at a constant velocity in a material. By properly spacing the sensors in this manner, it is possible to inspect an entire structure with relatively few sensors.
  • 12. 2. LINEAR LOCATION TECHNIQUE  One of the commonly used computed-source location techniques is the linear location principle  Linear location is often used to evaluate struts on truss bridges.  When the source is located at the midpoint, the time of arrival difference for the wave at the two sensors is zero.  Whether the location lies to the right or left of the midpoint is determined by which sensor first records the hit. This is a linear relationship and applies to any event sources between the sensors.
  • 13. 3. ZONAL LOCATION TECHNIQUE  As the name implies, zonal location aims to trace the waves to a specific zone or region around a sensor.  Zones can be lengths, areas or volumes depending on the dimensions of the array.  The source can be assumed to be within the region and less than halfway between sensors.  When additional sensors are applied, arrival times and amplitudes help pinpoint the source zone.
  • 14. 4. POINT LOCATION  In order for point location to be justified, signals must be detected in a minimum number of sensors: two for linear, three for planar, four for volumetric.  Accurate arrival times must also be available.  The velocity of wave propagation and exact position of the sensors are the necessary criteria.  Equations can then be derived using sensor array geometry or more complex algebra to locate more specific points of interest.
  • 15. INSTRUMENTATION Typical AE apparatus consist of the following components: Sensors used to detect AE events. Preamplifiers amplifies initial signal. Typical amplification gain is 40 or 60 dB. Cables transfer signals on distances up to 200m to AE devices. Cables are typically of coaxial type. Data acquisition device performs filtration, signals’ parameters evaluation, data analysis and charting.
  • 16. SENSOR  AE sensors respond with amazing sensitivity to motion in the low ultrasonic frequency range (10 kHz - 2000 kHz). Motions as small as 10-12 inches and less can be detected.  These sensors can hear the breaking of a single grain in a metal, a single fiber in a fiber-reinforced composite, and a tiny gas bubble from a pinhole leak as it arrives at the liquid surface.  The transducer element in an AE sensor is almost always a piezoelectric crystal, which is commonly made from a ceramic such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT).
  • 17. APPLICATIONS 1. WELD MONITORING  During the welding process, temperature changes induce stresses between the weld and the base metal.  These stresses are often relieved by heat treating the weld.
  • 18. 2. BUCKET TRUCK INTEGRITY EVALUATION  Accidents, overloads and fatigue can all occur when operating bucket trucks or other aerial equipment.  If a mechanical or structural defect is ignored, serious injury or fatality can result.
  • 19. 3. BRIDGES  Bridges contain many welds, joints and connections, and a combination of load and environmental factors heavily influence damage mechanisms such as fatigue cracking and metal thinning due to corrosion.  Acoustic Emission is increasingly being used for bridge monitoring applications because it can continuously gather data and detect changes that may be due to damage without requiring lane closures or bridge shutdown.  In fact, traffic flow is commonly used to load or stress the bridge for the AE testing.
  • 20. 4. AEROSPACE STRUCTURES  Most aerospace structures consist of complex assemblies of components that have been design to carry significant loads while being as light as possible.  AET has been used in laboratory structural tests, as well as in flight test applications.  NASA's Wing Leading Edge Impact Detection System is partially based on AE technology.
  • 21. OTHER APPLICATIONS  Petrochemical and chemical: storage tanks, reactor vessels, offshore platforms, drill pipe, pipelines, valves, hydro-treater etc.  Electric utilities: nuclear reactor vessels, piping, steam generators, ceramic insulators, transformers, aerial devices.  Fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites, in particular glass-fiber reinforced parts or structures (e.g. fan blades)  Material research (e.g. investigation of material properties, breakdown mechanisms, and damage behavior)  Real-time leakage test and location within various components (small valves, steam lines, tank bottoms)
  • 22. ADVANTAGES  High sensitivity.  Early and rapid detection of defects, flaws, cracks etc.  Real time monitoring  Cost Reduction  Minimization of plant downtime for inspection, no need for scanning the whole structural surface.
  • 23. STANDARDS ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers • Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Vessels, Article 11, Subsection A, Section V, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code • Acoustic Emission Examination of Metallic Vessels During Pressure Testing, Article 12, Subsection A, Section V, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code • Continuous Acoustic Emission Monitoring, Article 13 Section V ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials • E569-97 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled Stimulation • E650-97 Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors • E749-96 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During Continuous Welding • E750-98 Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation • E976-00 Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response • E1067-96 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels • E1106-86(1997) Standard Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors • E1118-95 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP) • E1139-97 Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries • E1211-97 Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors • E1316-00 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations • E1419-00 Standard Test Method for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission • E1781-98 Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors • E1932-97 Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts • E1930-97 Standard Test Method for Examination of Liquid Filled Atmospheric and Low Pressure Metal Storage Tanks Using Acoustic Emission • E2075-00 Standard Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response Using an Acrylic Rod • E2076-00 Standard Test Method for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission
  • 24. ASNT - American Society for Nondestructive Testing • ANSI/ASNT CP-189, ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel. • CARP Recommended Practice for Acoustic Emission Testing of Pressurized Highway Tankers Made of Fiberglass reinforced with Balsa Cores. • Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A. Association of American Railroads • Procedure for Acoustic Emission Evaluation of Tank Cars and IM-101 tanks, Issue 1, and Annex Z thereto, “ Test Methods to Meet FRA Request for Draft Sill Inspection program, docket T79.20-90 (BRW) ,” Preliminary 2 Compressed Gas Association • C-1, Methods for Acoustic Emission Requalification of Seamless Steel Compressed Gas Tubes. European Committee for Standardization • DIN EN 14584, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – Examination of Metallic Pressure Equipment during Proof Testing; Planar Location of AE Sources. • EN 1330-9, Non-Destructive Testing – Terminology – Part 9, Terms Used in Acoustic Emission Testing. • EN 13477-1, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – Equipment Characterization – Part 1, Equipment Description. • EN 13477-2, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – Equipment Characterization – Part 2, Verification of Operating Characteristics. • EN 13554, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – General Principles. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers • IEEE C57.127, Trial-Use guide for the Detection of Acoustic Emission from Partial Discharges in Oil- Immersed Power Transformers.