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Grammar Book

By: Antonio Capozzi
Table of Contents
3.     Presente -ar –er –ir
4.     Stem Changers
5.     Irregulars –go –zco –yo
6.     Saber vs conocer
7.     Reflexives
8.     ‘se’ impersonal
9.     Dipthongs
10.    Verbs like…Uir/guir
11.    Verbs like…Cer/cir
12.    Verbs like…Ger/gir
13.    Hace +__+ que + present/presentente
14.   Imperfecto
15.   Preterite
16.   Car, gar, zar
17.   Spock
18.   cucaracha
19.   Snake/snakeys
20.   Comparatives/Superlatives
21.   Futuro
Ar, Er, Ir
   • Los verbos regulares en el presente
                                               Ir-
     Ar-
     o         amos                            o        imos
     as        an         Er-
                                               es       en
     a                    o       emos
                                               e
Caminar-                  Es      en

Camino     Caminamos      e
                       Comer-                Vivir-
Caminas Caminan
                       Como     Comemos      Vivo     Vivimos
Camina
                       Comes    Comen        Vives    Viven

                       Come                  Vive
Stem Changers aka Boot verbs
• The verbs change in the root
• They do not change in the nosotros form or
  the vosotros      Pensar-
                    Penso
• E  ie
                    Pienso
• O ue
• U ue

                        Yo            nosotros
                        Tú            vosotros
                        El/ella/utd   Ellos/Ellas/Utds
Irregulars -go -zco -yo
• The “go” “zco” verbs are only in the irregulars in the
  yo form
                                                       Yo – Tengo
• “go” verbs- caer, decir, oir, puner, hacer, tener, traer,
                                                       Yo – Hago
  venir                                                Yo - Vengo
• “zco” verbs (cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducir
• y los demás – ser, ir, estar, ver,             Yo - Conozco
                                                 Yo - Produzco
 saber, dar                                      Yo - Conduzco
       Ser-           Ir-
       Soy    Somos   Voy   Vamos
       Eres   Son     Vas   Van
       Es             Va
Saber Vs Conocer
• Both saber y conocer translate to the English
  verb to know
• Both “yo” forms are irregular



                            Saber –
  Conocer-
                            Sé      sabemos
  Conozco conocemos
                            Sabes   saben
  Conoces Conocen
                            Sabe
  Conoce
Reflexives
• Brenda se lava- se is reflexive
• Reflexives also can be added on the end of an
  infinitive. Such as…- Puedo verme en el espejo
‘se impersonal
• pronoun ”se” is in front of verbs to make
  general statements.
• ¿cómo se dice man en español?
• In English it translates to either “you say” or
  “one says.”
Dipthongs w/accents
• Dipthongs are the strong or weak vowels in a
  word next to each other.       *two
                                 strong
• Strong vowel sounds are a,e,o. vowels
                                 cannot be
• Weak vowel sounds are i,u,y.   in the same
                                 syllable
• puerto, ciudad, siete, hay.
Verbs like…Uir/Guir
Guir                                 Uir
                                     -Nosotros form is the only that doesn’t
-Yo form only changes from Gu to G
                                     change.
-Conseguir
                                     -Verbs that end in -uir (not guir) add y
consigo                              before o, e, and a endings
consigues
                                     -atribuir
consigue
conseguimos                          atribuyo
consiguen                            atribuyes
                                     atribuye
                                     atribuimos
                                     atribuyen
Verbs like…Cer/cir
• Verbs that end in a vowel + cer or cir add z
  before the c in the yo form only.
• Verbs that end in a consonant + cer or cir
  change the c to z in the yo form only.
• conducir = conduzco
• ejercer = ejerzo
Verbs like…Ger/gir
• Verbs that end in ger and gir change the g to j
  in the yo form only.
• coger = cojo
• fingir = finjo
Hace +__+ que +
        Present/Presentente
• The yo form is the only irregular
• Hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacen
Imperfecto
• The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions
  in the past that occurred repeatedly.
• Yo caminaba todo los días.
Ser-              Ver-               Er/Ir-
era               veía               ía
eras              veías              ías
         Ir-                Ar-
era               veía               ía
éramos            veíamos   aba
         iba                         íamos
eran              veían     abas
         ibas                        ían
                            aba
         iba
                            ábamos
         íbamos
                            aban
         iban
Preterite
• “Snapshot” of time.
• Known beginning and or ending
• Trigger words: ayer, anoche, aneayer, la
  semana pasada ect…

   É      Í
   Aste   iste
   ó      ió
   Amos   imos
   Aron   ieron
Car, gar, zar
•   Car qué
•   Gar  qué
•   Zar  cé
•   * 1st person only “yo”
Spock
Hacer                        Dar/ver
            Ir/ser

hice                         d/v - i
hiciste    Fui               d/v - iste
hizo       Fuiste            d/v - io
hicimos    Fue               d/v - imos
hicieron   Fuimos            d/v - ieron
           Fueron
Cucaracha
Andar  anduv
Estar  estuv         É
Poder  pud           iste
Poner  pus           O
Querer quis          imos
Saber  sup           ieron
Tener  tuv           “j” verbs  i
Venir  vin
Conducir  conduj
Producir  produj
Traducir  traduj      Eron
Traer  traj           Eron
Decir  dij
Snake/Snakey
• Stem changers and Y changers

Dormir-                Leer-
Dormi dormimos         Leí      leimos
Dormiste               Leiste
Durmio Durmieron       Leyó     leyeron
Comparatives/Superlatives
Adjective    Comparative Translation   Superlative   Translation
bueno        good        mejor que     better        el / la mejor   the best
malo         bad         peor que      worse         el / la peor    the worst
viejo        old         mayor que     older         el / la mayor   the oldest
joven        young       menor que     younger       el / la menor   the youngest
“Will factor”


                                  El Futuro
    • Infinitives & -           É
                                Ás
                                Á
                                Emos    Ir + a + infinitive
    vivir = viviré              Án      (immediate future)

   Decir- to say
   Haber- there to be/to have
   Hacer- to make do
   Poder-to be able
   Poner- to put,place,rest
   Querer-to want, love
   Saber- to know
   Salir- to leave, go out
   Tener-to have
   Valer- to be worth
   Venir- to come

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Grammar book

  • 2. Table of Contents 3. Presente -ar –er –ir 4. Stem Changers 5. Irregulars –go –zco –yo 6. Saber vs conocer 7. Reflexives 8. ‘se’ impersonal 9. Dipthongs 10. Verbs like…Uir/guir 11. Verbs like…Cer/cir 12. Verbs like…Ger/gir 13. Hace +__+ que + present/presentente 14. Imperfecto 15. Preterite 16. Car, gar, zar 17. Spock 18. cucaracha 19. Snake/snakeys 20. Comparatives/Superlatives 21. Futuro
  • 3. Ar, Er, Ir • Los verbos regulares en el presente Ir- Ar- o amos o imos as an Er- es en a o emos e Caminar- Es en Camino Caminamos e Comer- Vivir- Caminas Caminan Como Comemos Vivo Vivimos Camina Comes Comen Vives Viven Come Vive
  • 4. Stem Changers aka Boot verbs • The verbs change in the root • They do not change in the nosotros form or the vosotros Pensar- Penso • E  ie Pienso • O ue • U ue Yo nosotros Tú vosotros El/ella/utd Ellos/Ellas/Utds
  • 5. Irregulars -go -zco -yo • The “go” “zco” verbs are only in the irregulars in the yo form Yo – Tengo • “go” verbs- caer, decir, oir, puner, hacer, tener, traer, Yo – Hago venir Yo - Vengo • “zco” verbs (cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducir • y los demás – ser, ir, estar, ver, Yo - Conozco Yo - Produzco saber, dar Yo - Conduzco Ser- Ir- Soy Somos Voy Vamos Eres Son Vas Van Es Va
  • 6. Saber Vs Conocer • Both saber y conocer translate to the English verb to know • Both “yo” forms are irregular Saber – Conocer- Sé sabemos Conozco conocemos Sabes saben Conoces Conocen Sabe Conoce
  • 7. Reflexives • Brenda se lava- se is reflexive • Reflexives also can be added on the end of an infinitive. Such as…- Puedo verme en el espejo
  • 8. ‘se impersonal • pronoun ”se” is in front of verbs to make general statements. • ¿cómo se dice man en español? • In English it translates to either “you say” or “one says.”
  • 9. Dipthongs w/accents • Dipthongs are the strong or weak vowels in a word next to each other. *two strong • Strong vowel sounds are a,e,o. vowels cannot be • Weak vowel sounds are i,u,y. in the same syllable • puerto, ciudad, siete, hay.
  • 10. Verbs like…Uir/Guir Guir Uir -Nosotros form is the only that doesn’t -Yo form only changes from Gu to G change. -Conseguir -Verbs that end in -uir (not guir) add y consigo before o, e, and a endings consigues -atribuir consigue conseguimos atribuyo consiguen atribuyes atribuye atribuimos atribuyen
  • 11. Verbs like…Cer/cir • Verbs that end in a vowel + cer or cir add z before the c in the yo form only. • Verbs that end in a consonant + cer or cir change the c to z in the yo form only. • conducir = conduzco • ejercer = ejerzo
  • 12. Verbs like…Ger/gir • Verbs that end in ger and gir change the g to j in the yo form only. • coger = cojo • fingir = finjo
  • 13. Hace +__+ que + Present/Presentente • The yo form is the only irregular • Hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacen
  • 14. Imperfecto • The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly. • Yo caminaba todo los días. Ser- Ver- Er/Ir- era veía ía eras veías ías Ir- Ar- era veía ía éramos veíamos aba iba íamos eran veían abas ibas ían aba iba ábamos íbamos aban iban
  • 15. Preterite • “Snapshot” of time. • Known beginning and or ending • Trigger words: ayer, anoche, aneayer, la semana pasada ect… É Í Aste iste ó ió Amos imos Aron ieron
  • 16. Car, gar, zar • Car qué • Gar  qué • Zar  cé • * 1st person only “yo”
  • 17. Spock Hacer Dar/ver Ir/ser hice d/v - i hiciste Fui d/v - iste hizo Fuiste d/v - io hicimos Fue d/v - imos hicieron Fuimos d/v - ieron Fueron
  • 18. Cucaracha Andar  anduv Estar  estuv É Poder  pud iste Poner  pus O Querer quis imos Saber  sup ieron Tener  tuv “j” verbs  i Venir  vin Conducir  conduj Producir  produj Traducir  traduj Eron Traer  traj Eron Decir  dij
  • 19. Snake/Snakey • Stem changers and Y changers Dormir- Leer- Dormi dormimos Leí leimos Dormiste Leiste Durmio Durmieron Leyó leyeron
  • 20. Comparatives/Superlatives Adjective Comparative Translation Superlative Translation bueno good mejor que better el / la mejor the best malo bad peor que worse el / la peor the worst viejo old mayor que older el / la mayor the oldest joven young menor que younger el / la menor the youngest
  • 21. “Will factor” El Futuro • Infinitives & - É Ás Á Emos Ir + a + infinitive vivir = viviré Án (immediate future) Decir- to say Haber- there to be/to have Hacer- to make do Poder-to be able Poner- to put,place,rest Querer-to want, love Saber- to know Salir- to leave, go out Tener-to have Valer- to be worth Venir- to come