1. The Age of Imperialism
Chapter 11
1850-1914

2. What is imperialism?
 The seizure (takeover) of a country or territory by
a stronger country

3. What is Imperialism?
 Why do Europeans do this?
 Industrialization sparks the need for:
 Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts
 Natural resources and raw materials
 New markets for products

4. What is Imperialism?
 Europeans want to control all aspects of their
colonies
 Politics
 Society
 Economy
 Culture and customs

5. Types of Imperialism
 Methods of Management
 Direct Control
 Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people but
grant no rights
 Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling culture
 Indirect Control
 Limited self-rule for local governments
 Legislative body includes colonial & local officials

6. Types of Imperialism
 Forms of Control
 Colony
 Governed by a foreign power
 Protectorate
 Governs itself, but under outside control
 Sphere of Influence
 Outside power controls investments & trading
 Economic Imperialism
 Private business interests assert control

7. I. The Scramble for Africa
 Africa Before European Dominion
 Divided into hundreds of ethnic groups
 Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Christianity
 Nations ranged from large empires to independent villages
 Africans controlled their own trade networks
 Europeans only had contact on African coasts

8. The Scramble for Africa (cont)
 Nations compete for overseas empires
 Europeans wanted more land
 Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber
 Africa was a mystery to many
 Europeans who penetrated Africa were:
 Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety
 Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Christianity
 Humanitarians – “westernize” the “savages”

9. The Scramble for Africa (cont)
 Forces Driving Imperialism
 Belief in European superiority
 Racism
 Social Darwinism
 Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa
 European technological superiority
 Europeans had means to control
 New medicines prevent diseases

10. The Division of Africa
 The Berlin Conference (1884)
 Europeans leaders divide Africa
 No African ruler invited
 Little or no thought about the
complex differences in ethnic groups
 By 1914 – Only independent nations
 Liberia
 Ethiopia

11. According to this
cartoon, which
European countries were
fighting for a position in
Africa?
How did the Berlin
Conference lead to the
situation shown in the
cartoon?

12. South Africa
 Three Groups Clash for Power
 Africans
 Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British
 Zulu nation lost to British in 1887
 Boers
 Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since the mid 1600s
 Also known as Afrikaners
 British
 Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin Conference

13. Boer War
 Fought between the Boers and the British
 Many Africans fought with the Boers
 First example of “total war”
 British win in 1910
 Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule)

14. Effects of
European
Imperialism
in Africa

15. II. Case Study: Nigeria
 Britain’s control of Nigeria
 Britain takes control by diplomacy & force
 All of Nigeria claimed as a colony in 1914
 Nigeria very culturally diverse
 250 ethnic groups
 British utilize indirect rule
 Local chiefs resent limits on their rule

16. African Resistance
 Africans Confront Imperialism
 Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weapons
 Unsuccessful Movements
 Algeria fights the French for 50 years
 German East Africa resistance results in 75,000 deaths
 Successful Movements
 Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II
 Plays Europeans against each other
 Stockpiles modern weapons
 Defeats Italy and remains independent

17. Legacy of Imperialism
 Negative Effects
 Africans lose land and independence
 Many lives are lost
 Traditional cultures breakdown
 Division of Africa creates problems that continue today
 Positive Effects
 Reduces local fighting
 Sanitation improves
 Hospitals and schools created
 Technology brings economic growth

18. III. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
 The Ottoman Empire Loses Power
 Empire begins to decline in 1566
 Death of Suleyman I
 Modernization movements are unsuccessful
 Greece and Serbia gain independence
 European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands

19. Downfall
of the
Ottoman Empire

20. Crimean War (1853)
 Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Empire
 Russia seeks Ottoman land
 Access to a warm-water port
 Russia loses war
 Ottomans are shown to be weak
 Russia still is able to take land

21. Europeans Grab Territory
 England gains control of:
 India – natural resources
 Suez Canal – international trade
 Persia – oil and tobacco
 Russia gains control of:
 Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Ocean
 Afghanistan – oil

22. The
Suez Canal

23. IV. British Imperialism in India
 British Expand Control over India
 East India Company
 Controls India thru economic imperialism
 Company uses an army including Indian
soldiers known as “sepoys”
 India was seen as the most important
colony
 Due to its production of raw materials
 Known as the “Jewel in the Crown”

24. Effects of British Rule
 Impact of Colonialism
 Railroads move cash crops and goods faster
 British control political and economic power
 Cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency and
caused famine
 Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and
missionaries
 Britain sought to “modernize” India

25. The Sepoy Rebellion
 Indians Rebel
 Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to religious reasons
 They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat
 Considered unclean by Muslims
 Many sepoys were jailed, others rebelled
 British put down the rebellion
 Results
 Britain takes direct control of India
 Increased distrust between Indians and British

27. Nationalism in India
 Call for reforms
 India adopts modernization movements
 Many Indians adopt western ways
 Religious Issues Remain
 Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885)
 Called for independence from Britain
 Formation of the Muslim League (1906)
 Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India

28. Imperialism in Southeast Asia
 European Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim”
 Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific
Ocean
 Britain – Malaysia, Burmia, and Singapore
 Netherlands – Indonesia
 France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
 Why?
 Land perfect for establishing trading and military
posts
 Excellent for plantation agriculture

29. Imperialism in Southeast Asia
 Results
 Modernization helps the European businesses
 Education, health, and sanitation improves
 Millions migrate to find work
 Racial and religious clashes increase

31. England’s
Empire
Grows

32. V. Imperialism in China and Japan
 China vs. The West
 China was self-sufficient – no need for trade
 China kept a favorable balance of trade
 Europeans were able to shift the balance
 Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant
 Opium War (1839-1842)– China vs. Britain
 China loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing
 Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Chinese
laws
 Chinese power over the West ends

33. China vs. The West
 Foreign Influence Grows
 Growing Spheres of Influence
 A Surge in Chinese Nationalism
 Boxer Rebellion
 Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign
priviledge
 Beginnings of Reform
 China tried to become more western
 Further added to internal problems

34. Imperialism
in China

35. Imperialism in Japan
 Japan remained isolated from western world for
centuries – only traded mainly with China
 Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan’s isolation
 Meiji Reform – Japan begins to modernize beginning
in 1867
 Japan was competitive with the west in many
modern industries

36. Imperialism in Japan
 Russo-Japanese War (1904)
 Treaty of Portsmouth
 Japan gained Russian territory
 Russia forced out of Korea
 Japan Controls Korea
 Takes control of the peninsula in 1910
 Begins a period of extreme oppression

37. THE END