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Technology in Architecture
Lecture 9
Vertical Transportation
Elevators Design Considerations
Elevator Selection Parameters
Example Problem
Vertical Transportation
Classification
Elevators




Passenger
Freight
Special service

Escalators
Types
Elevators


traction






gearless  medium-high speed
passenger
geared  low speed passenger

hydraulic




plunger
hole-less
roped
Performance Criteria
Ideal Performance:













minimum waiting time
comfortable acceleration
rapid transportation
smooth/rapid slowing
accurate leveling
rapid loading/unloading
quick/quiet door operation
good visual travel direction/floor indicators
easily operated controls
comfortable lighting
reliable emergency equipment
smooth/safe operation of mechanical equipment
Codes and Standards
ANSI/ASME Code A17.1
NFPA 101  Life Safety Code
NFPA 70  Electrical
ANSI A117.1  Barrier Free
Elevator Design Considerations
Passenger Elevator
Components
Traction Elevator










car
cables
elevator machine
controls
counterweight
hoistway
rails
penthouse
pit
S: p. 1395,

F.31.1
Traction Elevator
Components
Machine room


8’-6” minimum clear

Bottom of Beam
(OH)


17’-6” – 20’6’’

Travel


number of floors

Pit (P)


10’-1” – 11-5”
S: p. 1439, F.31.29
Passenger Elevator
Components
Hydraulic









car
plunger/piston/jack
elevator machine
controls
hoistway
rails
penthouse/headway
pit

S: p. 1400, F.31.5
Hydraulic Elevator
Components
Machine room


7’-9” minimum clear

Bottom of Beam (OH)


12’-0” – 12’3’’

Pit (P)/Plunger



4’-0”
Travel +2’-6”

S: p. 1402, F.31.6
Design Considerations
Door openings




>3’-6” for simultaneous
loading/unloading
<3’-6” for singular
loading

S: p. 1405, F.31.11
Design Considerations
Doors






single slide (24-36”)
center opening (42-60”)
two-speed, side opening
(42”)
two-speed, center
opening (60”)

S: p. 1406, F.31.12
Elevator Selection Parameters
Definitions
Interval (I) or lobby dispatch time


average time between departure of cars from lobby

Waiting time




average time spent
by a passenger
between arriving in
the lobby and leaving
the lobby in a car
equals (0.6 x I)
S: p. 1421, T.31.4
Definitions
Car passenger capacity (p)


passengers per car

S: p. 1422, T.31.5
Definitions
Handling Capacity (HC)




maximum number of passengers handled in a 5
minute period
when expressed as a percentage of the building
population it is called percent handling capacity
(PHC)
HC= 300(p)
I
S: p. 1422, T.31.6
Definitions
Average trip time
(AVTRP)


average time from
passengers from arriving
in lobby to leaving car at
upper floor

Note: car size
floor to floor height
S: p. 1424, F.31.20
Definitions
Round-trip time (RT)


average time required for
a car to make a round trip

S: p. 1425, F.31.21
Parameters
Building population



typical area per person
based on net area and
building type

S: p. 1423, T.31.7
Parameters
Office building efficiency


net usable area as a
percentage of gross area

S: p. 1423, T.31.8
Parameters
Elevator equipment recommendations





building type
car capacity
rise
speed

S: p. 1432, T.31.9
Sizing Equations
Handling capacity (HC):

HC=300p/I

Interval (I):

I=RT/N

5-min. handling capacity (h): h=300p/RT
Number of cars (N):

N=HC/h
Elevator Design Example
Example Problem
Design an elevator system for a 10 story,
single purpose tenant, office building that
provides an “good” level of service.
Construction level is “normal”
Floor height: 12’-0” floor to floor
Floor area: 15,000 net square feet (nsf) each
1. Determine Percent Handling
Capacity (PHC)
Office building
Investment

range  11.5-13 %
say 12%
PHC=0.12
S: p. 1422, T.31.6
2. Determine Interval (I)
Office building
“Good” service

I=25-29 sec
S: p. 1421, T.31.4
3. Determine Building Population
Office building
Single tenant
Normal construction
range  90-110 sf/person
say 100 sf/person
Pop= 9 floors@15,000 nsf
100sf/person
Pop=1350 people
S: p. 1423, T.31.7
4. Determine Handling
Capacity (HC)
PHC=0.12
HC=0.12 x 1350 people
HC= 162 people
5. Determine Rise & Select Car
9 floors (above lobby)
12’-0” floor-floor
Rise=9 x 12’-0’
Rise=108’
Select Car:
2500# car
@400 fpm
S: p. 1432, T.31.9
6. Determine Average
Trip Time (AVTRP)
12’-0” floor-floor
2500# car
400 fpm
9 floors
AVTRP= 64 sec
S: p. 1425, F.31.21
7. Determine Round
Trip Time (RT)
12’-0” floor-floor
2500# car
9 floors
400 fpm

RT= 112 sec
S: p. 1428, F.31.23
8. Verify Single Car Capacity (p)
2500# car
p= 13 people

S: p. 1422, T.31.5
9. Determine 5-minute
Handling Capacity (h)
h=300p/RT
h= 300 x 13/112
h= 34.8 people
10. Determine number of cars (N)
N=HC/h
N= 162/34.8
N= 4.7 cars
say 5 cars
11. Confirm Interval (I)
I=RT/N
I= 112/5
I= 22.4 sec
Required I  25-29 sec
Design exceeds
performance requirements
12. Repeat Until
Performance Complies
Try 4 cars (2500 lbs., 400 fpm)
11. (Re)Confirm Interval (I)
I=RT/N
I= 112/4
I= 28 sec
Required I  25-29 sec
Design meets performance
requirements
12. Repeat Until
Performance Complies
Performance is in compliance
Use 4 cars (2500 lbs., 400 fpm)
Elevator Lobby Requirements
Lobby Parameters


Proximity to other cars







single zone
multizone

Proximity to emergency
exits/egress stairs
Adjacent to main lobby

S: p. 1438, F.31.27
Lobby Sizing
Size based on peak interval



15 or 20 minute peak time
5 sf/person

From previous example using 15 minute peak
h=34.8 people/5-min. 104.4 people/15 min.
Area= 104.4 people x 5 sf/person = 522 sf
vertical-transportation (mechanical)

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vertical-transportation (mechanical)