This presentation by Jim Barborak was delivered at the 'Concessioning tourism opportunities in conservation areas and maximising rural development' workshop, held in Maputo between 19-22 March 2012 (Day 2, Session 5, Financing tourism concessions)

1. Basic principles
Government agencies, NGOs and
communities that own or manage PA
Who pays the bills? management agencies can and should try
Funding protected areas and to become more self sufficient, particularly
to pay for recurrent personnel and
the role of concessions operations costs
There are a number of techniques and
mechanisms to achieve this
Jim Barborak Concessions can be one of an array of
mechanisms to fund PAs but are not a
panacea
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A key goal should be to develop the There are no miraculous solutions for the
planning, budgeting, and administrative challenge of financial sustainability.
systems and financial strategies
Financial strategies are need to resolve
needed for an agency, program or
both short and long term funding needs
project to meet its goals and objectives
with the greatest effectiveness, Strategies and sources are needed to
efficiency, social responsibility and cover both operational (recurrent costs)
sustainability possible. and development costs.
This requires keeping fixed costs low!
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It is vital to begin the source for support in Funding techniques
house, then locally, then regionally, then
nationally, and only then think about Regular and special Alliances with other
outside resources and support from budget allocations agencies: tourism,
abroad. User fees and tariffs for agrarian reform,
direct (e.g. Tourists) planning, tourism,
and indirect users education, defense,
Many people in developing countries public security, public
(water users)
switch this around! works
Environmental service
fee and payment Creation of foundations,
systems endowments and trust
funds
Carbon markets
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2. Other mechanisms External sources of support
Fiscal stamps and excise taxes
Hunting and fishing licenses and permits for
scientific research and resource use and export Multilaterals
Excise taxes (guns, ammo, fishing and camping
gear)
Fines and auction of confiscated goods and use UNDP, UNEP, FAO, BIRF (B. Mundial)
of confiscated equipment Regional Banks: ADB, etc.
Tourism taxes European Union
Commemorative stamps and coins
Regional bodies
Tax breaks and other fiscal incentives in return for
donations of cash, equipment, land, materials
Souvenirs and book sales
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Bilateral agencies International Conventions
CIDA (Canadá)
HOLLAND Ramsar
JICA World Heritage
AECID
USAID International ITTO
DANIDA volunteers CBD, UNFCCC via GEF
NORAD National resource
management
FINNIDA
agencies (USDA
GTZ/KFW DOI from USA)
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New mechanisms Funds from NGOs
Can be global, BirdLife network
Debt swaps under TFCA and other programs regional, national or FFI
REDD and global carbon market local WCS
Environmental service payment systems May be focused on WWF
National and regional environmental funds environmental issues
IUCN
Trust funds and endowments or on social
development TNC
Private capital investments CI
Often more flexible,
quicker than bilaterals CARE
and multilaterals National NGOs
Local NGOs
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3. Sources of scholarships, research grants, Sources of direct revenue
technical assistance, funds for exchanges
Tourism activities
Universities Fundraising campaigns and appeals
Museums Souvenir sales
Science foundations Visitor center proceeds
DAAD Concerts, art sales, galas
USIA, Fulbright Membership dues
CUSO Corporate and individual philanthropic
Other governments donations
International volunteer agencies Friends associations
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Don´t forget! So how can concessions help fund
parks?
NGOs are not necessarily good Directly through concessions fees
entrepreneurs, neither are governments Directly through investments in physical plant
and equipment
NGOs, concessions, etc. require very clear Directly through donations and in-kind
and well thought out statutes and services provides to PA authorities
administrative and financial controls
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Indirect ways concessions can help Presentations
fund PAs
Indirectly by increasing visitation and direct
entrance fees and other fees paid to Financing for private sector working in Malcolm Turner
Mozambique
conservation authorities
Indirectly by reducing fixed costs of PA mgt. Financing for the private sec tor in tourism Sue Snyman
concessions in southern Africa
Indirectly by supporting fundraising campaigns Maximizing local linkages into the Tourism Manuel Mutimucuio
(the value chain – “the trickledown effect”)
Indirectly through investments in communities
that reduce pressure on park resources
Indirectly through physical presence
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