13. PHYSIOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE TEETH
1. Growth
a. Initiation (6th wk. of intrauterine life)
b. proliferation
c. histodifferentiation & morphodifferentiation
d. apposition or critical calcification
2. Calcification
Nollas stages of calcification
16. 3.Eruption
Active eruption
Passive eruption- attrition, lost of opposing
Parameters of eruption Assignment
-time of eruption
-sequence of eruption
4. Resorption & exfoliation of primary teeth
primary teeth only,
5. Attrition
37. II. Mixed Dentitional Period (transitional period)
-from 6 years to 13 years
Characteristics: a.Early Mixed
• Distal flaring of upper anteriors
• End to end molar relationship
• Transient anterior crowding of lower anterior teeth
b. Late mixed dentition
*space closed because of erupting canine
*crossbite/negative overbite
*zero overbite
*posterior overbite
38.
39.
40. II. Mixed Dentitional Period (transitional period)
-from 6 years to 13 years
Characteristics: a.Early Mixed
• Distal flaring of upper anteriors
• End to end molar relationship
• Transient anterior crowding of lower anterior teeth
b. Late mixed dentition
*space closed because of erupting canine
*crossbite/negative overbite
*zero overbite
*posterior overbite
41.
42.
43.
44. II. Mixed Dentitional Period (transitional period)
-from 6 years to 13 years
Characteristics: a.Early Mixed
• Distal flaring of upper anteriors
• End to end molar relationship
• Transient anterior crowding of lower anterior teeth
Late mixed dentition
*space closed because of erupting canine
*crossbite/negative overbite
*zero overbite
*posterior overbite
45.
46. II. Mixed Dentitional Period (transitional period)
-from 6 years to 13 years
Characteristics: a.Early Mixed
• Distal flaring of upper anteriors
• End to end molar relationship
• Transient anterior crowding of lower anterior teeth
Late mixed dentition
*space closed because of erupting canine
*crossbite/negative overbite
*zero overbite
*posterior overbite
62. How we overcome incisor liability
1. Slight increase in arch width
2. Labial positioning of permanent incisor relative
to primary incisor
3. Repositioning of canines in the mandibular arch
4. Continued development of the arches improves
spacing.
65. III. Permanent Dentitional Period
General characteristics
3. Normal surface contact
4. Normal cuspid to fossa relationship
5. Normal triangular ridge to embrassure or groove
contact
TOOTH CONTACTS
-stamp cuspids
-shear cuspids
74. Significance of ABC contacts
• Concept of Tripodization
Function of tooth contacts
c. Prevent horizontal or lateral drift of the teeth
buccolingually
d. Prevent mesial & distal drifting
84. Basic mandibular positions
• Centric relation
• Maximum Intercuspation
• Centric occlusion
• Centric relation of occlusion
• Physiologic rest position
PRP- VDO =FWS
85. Directional movement of the Mandible
• Bilateral movement – condyle move at same
direction and dimension
• Unilateral movements- working and nonworking
side
86. Bilateral Directional movement of the
mandible
Rotation Translation
Elevation upward backward & upward
Depression downward forward & downward
Protrusion downward forward
Retrusion
87. Salivary glands
• Parotid gland – Stensens duct
• Submandibular gland – Wartons duct
• Sublingual gland – Bartolins duct
• Minor:
– Mucous glands: glossopalatine glands, palatin glands, anterior
2/3 of tongue, posterior 1/3 of tongue
– Mixed: retromolar, labial, buccal mucosa.
– Serous: salivary protein and amylase
– Von Ebner gland: beside circumvalate papilla to clean the papilla.
88.
89. Salivary glands
• Parotid gland – Stensens duct
• Submandibular gland – Wartons duct
• Sublingual gland – Bartolins duct
• Minor:
– Buccal and Labial glands
– Palatoglossal glands – pharyngeal isthmus
– Palatal glands- soft and hard palate
– Anterior lingual glands- embedded w/in muscle in ventral surface of
tongue
– Posterior gland - root of the tongue
– Von Ebner gland: empty- trench of circumvalate papilla to clean the
papilla. serous
90. Properties
• 99 percent water 1 percent inorganic and organic
• 5.6 to 7.6 pH
• 1.002 to 1.008 specific. Gravity
• Frothy, colorless or slightly opalescent, odorless
• 1 t 1.5 liters a day
Types of Saliva
– Pure or active – stimulated saliva, clear and colorless
– Resting or mixed saliva- frothy
Serous cells – has zymogen granules
Mucous cells – mucous cells
95. • Diagnostic tests
– Calorimeter test – caries susceptivility test
a. Hyd ion test - indicate pH – pink, brown, blue
b. Methyl red test – acts as disclosinh solution
c. Snyder test - chew food- inoculate test 24, 48, 72 hrs.
if turns yellow – acidic
2. Microbial test
a. Bacteriologic test
3. Chemical test - flouride
96. Growth Factors in SALIVA
• a. Epidermal Growth Factor- wound healing
effect; mucosal defense barrier
• b. Nerve Growth Factor- stimulating effect on
ganglionic factor.
• c. Transforming Growth Factor- causes cell
differentiation & growth
• d. Fibroblast Growth Factor- regulator of wound
healing
98. Mastication
Control of mastication
• Voluntary Movements- result of deliberate
effort and will.
• Reflex Movements- programmed in CPG
-fine-ture voluntary movements
99. Reflex Movements
• Stretch reflex from muscle spindles- maintain
the posture of the jaw in its rest position
• Periodontal Reflex- give sensation about
pressure on the teeth (pacinian corpuscles)
- guide teeth into occlusion during the
grinding phase as teeth slide across each other
towards occlusal position
100. 3. Tendon organ reflexes- monitor the force exerted
by a number of different motor units during
weak contractions.
4. Joint Reflexes- signal extremes of movement (e.g
opening, protrusion, or lateral excursion) that
oppose movement beyond safe limit.
101. Cyclical Movements
-rhythmic and well-controlled functional
mandibular movements due to
proprioceptors and nociceptors that receive
stimuli.
102. Chewing stroke
-basic unit of mastication
-represents each cycle of opening and closing
movements of the mandible.
1. opening phase- downward with slight lateral
movement of the mandible.
2. closing phase
a. crushing phase- initial upward
movement of mandible
b. grinding phase
c. chopping type
103. Tooth Contacts during mastication
Single tooth contact
-tooth contact B
-occurs in the maximum intercuspal position
Gliding tooth contact
-occurs as the cuspal inclines of the stamp
cusp pass by each other during the opening
(56%) and grinding phase ( 60%) of mastication
104. Stages of Mastication
• Incision stage- performed by incisors to cut food into
smaller pieces
• Direct crushing stage- buccal inclines of maxillary
stamp cusps pass over lingual inclines of mandibular
stamp cusps to tear food into morsels.
• Trituration stage- performed by molars to grind food
ready for swallowing
105. Factors that affect Forces of Mastication
1. Gender
female- 35.8 - 44.4 kg
male- 53.6 - 64.4 kg
2. Tooth
incisor- 13.2 - 23.1 kg
molar- 41.3 – 89.8 kg
4. Type of food
5.Age and Diet
6. Dentition (dentulous, edentulous, partial edentulous)
7. Craniofacial morphology - brachycephalic, dolichocephalic
8. Masticatory muscle size - masseter
106. Factors that affect Chewing stroke
1. quality & quantity of tooth contacts
-more tooth contacts , smaller chewing strokes
2. occlusal condition of teeth
-flat occlusal table- broader chewing stroke
-tall cusps with deep fossa- predominantly
vertical chewing stroke.
3. TMJ
-normal TMJ- well rounded strokes with definite
borders and less repeated
-painful TMJ- repeated pattern & shorter strokes,
slower & irregular pattern
107. Swallowing
Types
1. Infantile or Visceral swallowing
a. mandible is stabilized by placing the tongue
forward & between the gumpads
b.
c. occurs until posterior primary teeth errupt to
assume somatic or mature swallow
-approximately before 2 years old
108. 2. Mature or Somatic swallowing
-requires maximum intercuspation
a. mandible is stabilized by maximum
intercuspation of teeth.
most important tooth contact: single tooth contact
(tooth contact B)
b. normal oral seal
109. Types of Swallowing
1. Bucco-pharyngeal phase
-voluntary movement from oral cavity to pharynx
(oropharynx)
Space of Donder- where the bolus is placed
- space between tongue & palate (when
tongue is elevated)
-ends when tongue goes down.
110. 2. Pharyngo-esophageal phase
-involuntary movement from pharynx to
esophagus
epiglottis- most important structure to prevent
choking
- closes the oropharynx
- closes the airway during
swallowing
“during choking, food enters the larynx therefore bolus blocks
larynx.”
111. 3. Esophagus to Stomach
-peristaltic movement of esophagus
-involuntary
regurgitation-movement of bolus from esophagus
to oral cavity
vomiting-movement of chyme from stomach to
esophagus to oral cavity
-pressure is in stomach
GERD (Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease)
oral significance: increase susceptibility to
caries (acid reflux)
112. Frequency of Swallowing
- approximately 590 times a day
a. 146- while eating
b. 394- between meals while awake
c. 50-while sleeping
Unique Features:
6. Occurs as early as intrauterine life.
7. Occurs at the end of respiratory phase.
8. Occurs even in the absence of food.
9. Most frequently repeated activity of the masticatory system.
113. Speech
Processes involved
• respiration- major physiology for speech
• resonance- paranasal sinuses
• articulation
a. lips- come together and touch to produce
M, B, P sounds
b. teeth- incisal edges of anterior teeth
approximate each other to produce “Sh”
sound
c. tongue & palate- tip of tongue touches
palate behind incisors to produce D sound
114. d. tongue and teeth- tongue touches upper
incisors to produce Th and S sound.
e. lip & teeth- lower lip touches incisal edges
of upper incisors to make F & V
sound.
f. tongue & soft palate- posterior portion of
tongue touches soft palate to make K &
G sound.
4. verbalization
