2. Literature Review
FUNCTION
o To demonstrate skills in
library searching
o To show command of
the subject are
o To show understanding
of the problem
o To justify the research
topic, design and
methodology
FORMAT
o Written in essay form
o Groups related work
together
o Combines summary and
synthesis
Hart, C. (2001). Doing a
Literature Review. London.
Sage Publications Ltd.
3. What are the
key theories,
concepts and
ideas?
What are the
major issues
and debates
about the
topic?
QUESTIONS
which could be
addressed by
Literature review
How is
knowledge on
the topic
structured and
organised?
What are the
main questions
and problems
that have been
addressed to
date?
Hart, C. (2001). Doing a
Literature Review. London.
Sage Publications Ltd.
4. Good
Literature Review
Poor
Literature Review
Is a synthesis of
x Is an annotated
available research
biography
Is a critical evaluation x Confined to
description
Has appropriate
breadth and depth
x Narrow and shallow
Has clarity and
conciseness
x Confusing and longwinded
Uses rigorous and
consistent methods
x Constructed in an
arbitrary manner
5. Summary
Shortened version of a text
Contains selected relevant information already
mentioned in the text
Other peoples’ ideas BUT written in your own
words
Must use appropriate CITATION style
Synthesis Organizes information around a specific
topic/issue
Integrates information from several texts
Develops and supports arguments
Your own inference based on texts read
Linking
sentences
Creates cohesion + coherence
Cohesion = grammatical + lexical links;
mechanical links at language level e.g. use of
pronouns (it, that, these), use of transitional
words (and, however, in addition)
Coherence = how meanings and ideas are related
to each other e.g. limit the number of
topics/issues discussed in a single paragraph
6. TASK 1
Where possible, identify the function of each sentence as i)summary,
ii) synthesis, iii) linking sentence; in the following paragraph taken
from a literature review on Problem Based Learning.
S1 Traditional pedagogies, such as lecturing and demonstrating solutions to problems,
very often result in students being capable of solving textbook problems, but unable to
apply the knowledge to solve real life problems (Brown, Collins and Duguid, 1989;
Mayer, 1996; Perkins and Salomon, 1989). S2 Problem based learning (PBL) is one of
several instructional methods developed to remedy this problem. S3 Hoffman and
Ritchie (1997 : 97) define PBL as “…a student-centered pedagogical strategy that
poses significant, contextualized, real-world, ill-structured situations while providing
resources, guidance, instruction, and opportunities for reflection to learners as they
developed content knowledge and problem solving skills.” S4 In other words, PBL
organizes knowledge to be taught around the problems that the learners will
encounter in their personal lives or professionals careers. S5 In PBL, the learners are
situated with authentic problems in which they are challenged to be active problemsolvers. S6 The ultimate goals of PBL are to guide learners towards “meaning-making
over fact-collecting” (Rhem, 1998 : 1) as well as to become self-directed learners (Torp
and Sage, 2002). S7 It is obvious that PBL does not present learning content for
students to memorize, instead, it mimics natural learning processes where learning is
initiated when a problem is encountered. S8 In seeking solutions to the problems, the
person learns the skills as well as the knowledge that revolves around the problem
and the context in which the problem takes place.
7. S1
Summary statement - supported by evidence through the
use of citation to show that what you are saying is valid
S2
Linking sentence to create coherence – own sentence
S3
Direct quotation/Summary? – if phrase/sentence
/definition is directly copied/lifted from existing source/text
S4 +
S5
Synthesis – own inference achieved through interpretation
of available information – own sentence + idea
S6
Summary statement - supported by evidence through the
use of quotation & citation
S7 +
S8
Synthesis – own inference achieved thro
ugh interpretation of available information – own sentence +
idea
11. DIRECT QUOTATION
- SHORT VERBATIM QUOTATION
AUTHOR and YEAR System
Author(s)
Year published
According to Canale and Swain (1980), “Strategic competence is the
verbal and nonverbal communication strategies that may be called into
action to compensate for breakdowns in communication .” (30).
Quotation marks
Pg no.
According to Canale and Swain (1980: 30), “Strategic competence is the
verbal and nonverbal communication strategies that may be called into
action to compensate for breakdowns in communication.”
“Strategic competence is the verbal and nonverbal communication
strategies that may be called into action to compensate for breakdowns
in communication.” (Canale and Swain, 1980: 30).
12. NUMBER System
As Quiepo et. al. noted back in 1994 [8], “the heat transfer community can
expect to see a significant increase in pioneering applications of Genetic
Algorithms (GAs) methodologies to many complicated thermoscience problems
admitting optimization in some sense. These exciting applications are being
facilitated by the increased availability of high performance computers,
distributed computing environments and improved guidelines for the
specification of the necessary GA parameters.”
13. DIRECT QUOTATION -
LONG VERBATIM QUOTATION
Year published
Author(s)
In comparison to past behaviours, both men and women in the U.S. today spend
more money and time on their personal appearance. Schwer and Daneshvary
(2000), observe that,
Americana are taking care of themselves by exercising, eating nutritious food,
taking care of their skin, and enhancing their appearance including their hair
via colour, transplants and permanents. In a quest to enhance their appearance,
both women and men are spending more time and money on physical
appearance, including personal grooming at beauty salons, beauty shops and
barbershops. (207)
Pg no.
A separate paragraph on its own
Slightly indented from other paragraphs
No quotation marks
14. DIRECT QUOTATION
- SELECTIVE QUOTATION
3 dots to show that you have not lifted certain words written by the author
The intent of classroom discourse studies is to seek out “...objective
assessments of student-teachers‟ performance in the classroom and the
identification of effective teaching.” (Tsui, 2008 : 261)
Pg no.
Quotation marks
As suggested by Tsui (2008), the intent of classroom discourse studies is
to seek out “...objective assessments of student-teachers‟ performance ...
and the identification of effective teaching” (261).
Author(s)
Year published
15. Task 2
Use information from the two excerpts below to formulate either a verbatim or
selective quotation to be included in a literature review on how standard
examination can negatively affect the teaching and learning of science.
Excerpt 1: Shamos, M. (2002). The myth of scientific literacy. New Brunswick, NJ:
Rutgers University Press. Excerpt on page 231
It is astonishing how exams limit what can be done in the science classroom. Standards
testing used to measure students‟ scientific literacy constrains and routinizes the teachers'
behavior, causing them to violate their own standards of good teaching. Teachers feel
pressured to cover topics in the syllabus so students will score well on tests.
Excerpt 2: Wood, T. (2008). State-mandated accountability as a constraint on teaching
and learning science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 25 (8). Excerpt on page
641.
Examination standards effectively strips students of the opportunity to be active agents in
the processes of science literacy. The classroom interaction is structured in such a way as to
inhibit students from asking questions of their own. As a result, students' opportunity to
express curiosity and inquiry, which is a central processes in scientific thinking, are
constrained. These unintended consequences of standard examinations, instead of
improving science teaching and learning, continue to reduce science instruction to the
literal comprehension of isolated facts and skills.
17. Task 3
Original text written by Luft, R.L. (2000). Management. In Malonis, J., (Ed). Encyclopedia of Business2nd. Edition. Detroit: Gale Group
"Management is a process that is used to accomplish organizational goals; that is, a process that is used to
achieve what an organization wants to achieve. An organization could be a business, a school, a city, a group
of volunteers, or any governmental entity. Managers are the people to whom this management task is
assigned, and it is generally thought that they achieve the desired goals through the key functions of (1)
planning, (2) organizing, (3) directing, and (4) controlling.“
Examine each version of the paraphrased text and determine whether it has been properly
paraphrased or whether it constitutes plagiarism.
Paraphrase 1
Luft (2000) states that the way for an organisation to achieve its aims is through its managers. He then
divides their responsibilities into four key roles: „planning‟, „organising‟, „directing‟ and „controlling‟.
Paraphrase 2
According to Luft (2000), management is the method that is used to achieve organisational aims; that is,
the method that is used to achieve what an organisation wants to achieve. He makes clear that an
organisation could be a business, a school, a town, a group of people working voluntarily, or any governing
body. Managers are the people who this task is given to, and it is agreed that they achieve what they want
through the key activities of planning, organising, directing and controlling.
Paraphrase 3
Management can best be defined as the system that is used for any organisation to succeed in meeting its
objectives. This organisation can take many forms and be large or small. The key people in the
accomplishment of these objectives are the managers. Their most important roles in the process are,
planning, organising, directing and controlling (Luft, 2000)
18. Original text :
"Management is a process that is used to accomplish organizational goals; that is, a
process that is used to achieve what an organization wants to achieve. An
organization could be a business, a school, a city, a group of volunteers, or any
governmental entity. Managers are the people to whom this management task is
assigned, and it is generally thought that they achieve the desired goals through the
key functions of (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) directing, and (4) controlling.“
Paraphrase 1
Luft (2000) states that the way for an organisation to achieve its aims is through its
managers. He then divides their responsibilities into four key roles: „planning‟,
„organising‟, „directing‟ and „controlling‟.
Correct information has been included
Not possible to change the 4 key functions in the paraphrase – as it
would risk changing original content – so, OK to retain the words
= PARAPHRASE
19. Original text :
"Management is a process that is used to accomplish organizational goals; that is, a
process that is used to achieve what an organization wants to achieve. An
organization could be a business, a school, a city, a group of volunteers, or any
governmental entity. Managers are the people to whom this management task is
assigned, and it is generally thought that they achieve the desired goals through the
key functions of (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) directing, and (4) controlling.“
Paraphrase 2
According to Luft (2000), management is the method that is used to achieve
organisational aims; that is, the method that is used to achieve what an
organisation wants to achieve. He makes clear that an organisation could be a
business, a school, a town, a group of people working voluntarily, or any governing
body. Managers are the people who this task is given to, and it is agreed that they
achieve what they want through the key activities of planning, organising, directing
and controlling.
Too similar to original although some vocabulary has been changed
= PLAGIARISM
20. Original text :
"Management is a process that is used to accomplish organizational goals; that is, a
process that is used to achieve what an organization wants to achieve. An
organization could be a business, a school, a city, a group of volunteers, or any
governmental entity. Managers are the people to whom this management task is
assigned, and it is generally thought that they achieve the desired goals through the
key functions of (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) directing, and (4) controlling.“
Paraphrase 3
Management can best be defined as the system that is used for any organisation to
succeed in meeting its objectives. This organisation can take many forms and be
large or small. The key people in the accomplishment of these objectives are the
managers whose important roles are that in planning, organising, directing and
controlling (Luft, 2000)
Correct information has been included
Not possible to change the 4 key functions in the paraphrase – as it
would risk changing original content – so, OK to retain the words
= PARAPHRASE
21. Original text written by Brown (2008)
“The meeting tourism market have been vigorously pursued by many former
industrial cities in Europe and the U.S. as part of their strategies of post industrial urban regeneration.”
Paraphrased text
reporting verb
Brown (2008) notes that many cities in the U.S. and Europe that once relied
on heavy industry are now trying to revitalize themselves by developing a
meetings tourism industry.
Author
Year Published
22. Reporting phrase
Year Published
According to Brown (2008), many cities in the U.S. and Europe that once
relied on heavy industry are now trying to revitalize themselves by developing
a meetings tourism industry.
Author
Many cities in the U.S. and Europe that once relied on heavy industry are now
trying to revitalize themselves by developing a meetings tourism industry [1].
23. Surame(s) of author(s)
+ date of publication
e.g.
Bernstein (2004)
Reporting verb
-PRESENT TENSE
(linking the study with
your research)
Reporting verb
-PAST TENSE
(distancing the study
with your research)
states
argues
maintains
suggests
asserts
concludes
acknowledges
predicts
warns
stated
argued
maintained
suggested
asserted
concluded
acknowledged
predicted
warned
24. Reporting verb -PAST TENSE
(focus on past event)
A survey
/study/experiment
conducted by Clark (2005) showed that
Reporting Phrase
According to
As stated by
In the view of
Swales (2002)
[name of
author(s)]
As stated in
„Discourse Analysis‟
[name of book/article/paper]
25. Summarizing + Paraphrasing Written Texts
Step 1
• Read and understand the text carefully
•Take note of the references used
• Select relevant information – depending on your purpose
•Take note of page number where information is found
Step 2
• Make notes
Step 3
Step 4
• Change grammar – rearrange words and sentences
• Simplify text – reduce complex sentences to simple
sentences
• Use synonyms
• Rewrite the ideas in complete sentences
Step 5 • Add in-text citation
26. Action
Application
Step 1:
read
understand
take note of ref used
Milldew, R (2009). Teaching phonetics. Boston: City
Press.
OR
[1] R, Milldew, Teaching phonetics, City Press, Boston,
2009
Step 2:
select relevant info
take note of pg no
Pg 5
It is undeniable that the large majority of non-native learners of
English experience a number of problems in attempting to
master the phonetic patterns of the language.
Step 3:
make notes
Many English language learners have problems with English
pronunciation
Step 4:
rewrite in complete
sentences
Many non-native learners find English pronunciation difficult.
Step 5:
add in-text citation
Milldew (2009) points out that many non-native learners find
English pronunciation difficult
OR
Many non-native learners find English pronunciation difficult
[1].
27. For each of the following written texts:
1. Use paraphrasing to summarize the information – make sure to use
appropriate in-text citation format
2. Write the reference list of each summarized information.
Task 4
1 An introduction to the world of science. Written by William Short. Printed in New York.
Published by Aesop Publication in 2000.
The amphibian, which is the animal class to which our frogs and toads belong, were the first
animals to crawl from the sea and inhibit the earth.
2 Author is Charles Yin. Book entitled writing made easy. Printed in Singapore by Atlas Press
in 200r4.
It is not uncommon to encounter sentences which, though they contain a great number of
words and are constructed in a highly complex way, none the less turn out on inspection to
convey very little meaning of any kind.
3 Urban development. Book printed in Hong Kong. Published by Mac Publication in 2008.
Author is Jeremy Martin.
One of the most noticeable phenomena in any big city, such as London or Paris, is the steadily
increasing number of petrol-driven vehicles, some in private ownership, others belonging to
the public transport system, which congest the roads and render rapid movement more
difficult year by year.
4 Written by Catherine Cross in the Western Culture Journal. Article entitle British Culture.
Volume 6 Issue 3, 2002. Found on page 112-200.
Tea, whether of the China or Indian variety, is well know to be high on the list of those
beverages which are most frequently drunk by the inhabitants of the British Isles.
5 Changing earth. Article written by Jeremy Irons and Robert Mall in the Ecosystem journal.
Volume 10. Issue 1. published in 2009. on pages 53-63.
28. Author and Year System
The first animals to leave the seas and
live on dry land were the amphibians
(Short, 2000).
Short, W. (2000). An introduction to the
world of science. New York: Aesop
Publication.
Number System
The first animals to leave the seas and
live on dry land were the amphibians [1].
[1] W, Short, An introduction to the
world of science. Aesop Publication, New
York, 2000.
Yin (2004) states that some long and
complicated sentences actually contain
minimal information.
Some long and complicated sentences
actually contain minimal information [2].
Yin, C. (2004). Writing made easy.
Singapore: Atlas Press.
[2] C, Yin, Writing made easy. Atlas
Press, Singapore, 2004.
Martin (2008) warns that big cities have
growing traffic problems.
Big cities have growing traffic problems
[3].
Martin, J. (2008). Urban development.
Hong Kong: Mac Publication.
[3] J, Martin,Urban development, Mac
Publication, Hong Kong, 2008
29. Author and Year System
Number System
According to Clark (2002), the British
drink a large amount of tea.
The British drink a large amount of tea
[4].
Cross, C. (2002). British culture.
Western Culture Journal. 6(3). 112200.
[4] C, Cross, British culture, Western
Culture Journal 6(3), (2002) 112-200.
Irons and Mall (2009) observe that
Europe is experiencing erratic weather
patterns.
Europe is experiencing erratic weather
patterns [5].
Irons, J. and Mall, R. (2009). Changing
earth. Ecosystem. 10(1). 53-63.
[5] J, Irons and R, Mall, Changing earth,
Ecosystem, 10(1), (2009) 53-63.
31. Here is a silly story:
There once was a squirrel who went into an ice cream shop and asked the clerk,
“Do you have any walnut?”
“No. Sorry. We’re out of walnuts today.”
The squirrel went away, but came back an hour later and said, “Have you got any
walnuts?”
The clerk looked at the squirrel angrily. “I told you. We don’t have any walnut. Now
get out of here.”
The squirrel went out the door, but in an hour came back again. “Have you got any
walnuts?” he asked the clerk.
“I told you we don’t have any walnuts. Listen here. If you come back here one
more time, I’m going to nail your paws back to the counter. Now, get out!”
The squirrel went out again, but sure enough, an hour later he was back. “Have
you got any nails?” he asked.
The clerk looked surprised. “No. I don’t have any nails.”
“Great!” the squirrel said. “Have you got any walnuts?”
32. Summarising
Synthesizing
A squirrel came into an
ice cream parlour and
irritated the clerk by
asking him each time if
he had walnuts.
Asking over and over again for
something will annoy people
We should never give up
The squirrel is crazy
This is a joke, and in jokes, things
usually happen 3 times
Reflect on what you have read
Combine ideas gained from reading with own knowledge
Create new ideas, perspectives, opinions/ Personal
understanding of text
33. Robots are mainly utilized in the manufacturing industry for monotonous and
repetitive task such as in car-assembly line. However, with the development in
nano-technology, other applications of robots are now multiplying. For instance,
search-and-rescue robots are now being used to search for victims trapped under
collapsed buildings. The military is also using robots as tools for combat where
robots are used to collect information from enemy territory as well as to diffuse
bombs. Domestic robots are also on the rise particularly for vacuum cleaning and
lawn mowing. Although such robots are not built to look like their human
counterparts, they have actually been programmed with a „brain‟ that allows them
to accomplish the task they have been assigned for.
Reflect on what you have read
previously - robots used in manufacturing
Now – robots used for search and rescuer
operation, by the military, in homes
Combine ideas gained from
reading with own knowledge
Robots equipped with artificial intelligence
can do many human activities
Create new ideas, perspectives,
opinions/ Personal understanding
of text
Robots may replace humans in many areas
34. Use the 3-step approach discussed to synthesize the following:
Task 5
1
Most children tend to imitate negative things they see on television, as they do
not have the mental capacity to differentiate between right and wrong. Parents
therefore need to play an active role in preventing their children from picking
up the wrong values when watching television programmes. If a television
programme contains a scene showing violence, parents need to stress the fact
that violence is not the best way to solve a problem. Such violence in real life
could cause pain and even death.
2
Greenhouses gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are naturally
released through biodegradation processes. However, what is alarming is the
fact that human activities are adding to the naturally occurring gases at an
unprecedented level. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere through
the burning of fossil fuels used in electricity generation and automobile
combustion. Industrial activities produce large amounts of methane and
nitrous oxide emitted during the production process of coal, natural gas, and
oil. Such gases act like a thick blanket covering the earth‟s atmosphere,
trapping the sun's heat and causing the planet to warm up.
35. 1
Most children tend to imitate negative things they see on television, as they do not have
the mental capacity to differentiate between right and wrong. Parents therefore need to
play an active role in preventing their children from picking up the wrong values when
watching television programmes. If a television programme contains a scene showing
violence, parents need to stress the fact that violence is not the best way to solve a
problem. Such violence in real life could cause pain and even death.
Reflect on what you have
read
• Children imitate negative things they see on television
• Parents need to advise children to help prevent them
from picking up the wrong values seen on TV
Combine ideas gained from
reading with own knowledge
• Children do not know that what they see on TV is not
real
• Parents are children‟s main care giver
Create new ideas,
perspectives, opinions/
Personal understanding of
text
• Parents need to be actively involved in order to
minimize the impact of TV violence on children
36. 2
Greenhouses gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are naturally released
through biodegradation processes. However, what is alarming is the fact that human
activities are adding to the naturally occurring gases at an unprecedented level.
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels used
in electricity generation and automobile combustion. Industrial activities produce large
amounts of methane and nitrous oxide emitted during the production process of coal,
natural gas, and oil. Such gases act like a thick blanket covering the earth‟s atmosphere,
trapping the sun's heat and causing the planet to warm up.
Reflect on what you have
read
Combine ideas gained from
reading with own
knowledge
Create new ideas,
perspectives, opinions/
Personal understanding of
text
• Human activities are adding to the naturally occurring
gases at an unprecedented level - burning of fossil fuels,
industrial activities
• Gases trap the sun's heat and cause the planet to warm up.
• Many human activities are releasing greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere
• The atmosphere is getting hotter due to the green house
effect
• If humans do not reduce activities which contribute to the
green house gases, the earth will be too hot to live in
40. Cohesion: Within + Between Sentences
1.
Use reference words
Use transitional markers
Use reference words
As teachers, we have daily opportunities to equip our students with
essential life skills.
The job is incredibly satisfying.
As teachers, we have daily opportunities to equip our students with
essential life skills. These privileges make our job incredibly satisfying.
2.
Use transitional markers
Retirement should be the reward for a lifetime of work.
It is widely viewed as a sort of punishment.
It is a punishment for growing old.
Retirement should be the reward for a lifetime of work. Instead, it is
widely viewed as a sort of punishment for growing old.
41. Use appropriate reference words and transitional markers to join
the sentences in order to create text cohesiveness.
Task 6
A wise man once said, “A journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step.
The journey of an emerging writer begins with solid re-writing.
Task will help reduce the anxiety of a first-time writer.
Task will help organize preliminary ideas.
Emerging writers should include steps in their own journeys in writing.
If I had to describe my favourite teacher in two words, it would be patiently enthusiastic.
Two simple adjectives may be just words to some.
To me two simple adjectives encapsulate one wonderful year of learning under the most
inspirational teacher.
Not my attempt at flattery.
Patient and enthusiastic reflect the deepest expressions of my thankful heart.
Dr. Edward C. Tolman, after experimenting with rats over a long period of years, found that
rats that learned to run a maze under the pressure of hunger took much longer to learn the
maze than rats that learned under non-crisis conditions.
The learning that did take place was of a narrow type.
After learning the "right" route, these rats panicked if one avenue were blocked off.
Not able to survey the field to notice alternative routes.
When the rats were permitted to learn under non-crisis conditions, they later performed well
in a crisis.
42. A wise man once said, “A journey of a thousand miles must begin with a
single step.
The journey of an emerging writer begins with solid re-writing.
Task will help reduce the anxiety of a first-time writer.
Task will help organize preliminary ideas.
Emerging writers should include steps in their own journeys in writing.
A wise man once said, “A journey of a thousand miles must begin with a
single step. Similarly, the journey of an emerging writer begins with solid
re-writing. This task will not only help reduce the anxiety of a first-time
writer, but will also help organize preliminary ideas. Thus, emerging writers
should include these steps in their own journeys in writing.
43. If I had to describe my favourite teacher in two words, it would be patiently
enthusiastic.
Two simple adjectives may be just words to some.
To me two simple adjectives encapsulate one wonderful year of learning
under the most inspirational teacher.
Not my attempt at flattery.
Patient and enthusiastic reflect the deepest expressions of my thankful
heart.
If I had to describe my favourite teacher in two words, it would be patiently
enthusiastic. These two simple adjectives may be just words to some, but to
me they encapsulate one wonderful year of learning under the most
inspirational teacher. This is not my attempt at flattery, but the two
adjectives, patient and enthusiastic reflect the deepest expressions of my
thankful heart.
44. Dr. Edward C. Tolman, after experimenting with rats over a long period of years,
found that rats that learned to run a maze under the pressure of hunger took much
longer to learn the maze than rats that learned under non-crisis conditions.
The learning that did take place was of a narrow type.
After learning the "right" route, these rats panicked if one avenue were blocked off.
Not able to survey the field to notice alternative routes.
When the rats were permitted to learn under non-crisis conditions, they later
performed well in a crisis.
Dr. Edward C. Tolman, after experimenting with rats over a long period of years,
found that rats that learned to run a maze under the pressure of hunger took much
longer to learn the maze than rats that learned under non-crisis conditions.
Furthermore, the learning that did take place was of a narrow type. That is
, after learning the "right" route, these rats panicked if one avenue were blocked off.
They were not able to survey the field to notice alternative routes. However, when
the rats were permitted to learn under non-crisis conditions, they later performed
well in a crisis.
45. Cohesion: Between Paragraphs
Different paragraphs must be linked so that they make sense as a whole.
Poor link between Paragraphs
Overall, Management Systems
International has logged increased sales
in every sector, leading to a significant
rise in third-quarter profits.
It is important to note that the
corporation had expanded its
international influence.
Good link between paragraphs
Overall, Management Systems
International has logged increased sales
in every sector, leading to a significant
rise in third-quarter profits.
Link
It is important to note that these
impressive profits are largely due to the
corporation's expanded international
influence.
46. Rewrite each of the respective second paragraphs so that that each one is
cohesively linked to the first paragraph.
Task 7
1
Portland, sixty miles from the Pacific Ocean, is by no means immune to the
suburbanization that has sapped the vitality from many cities.
Contain about two-thirds of the area's 1.4 million residents and about half
of the area's jobs.
2
There are several reasons why it can be argued that television has a
negative effect on cultural development.
People no longer take part in more traditional forms of cultural
entertainment.
3
Fearing for the loss of more Danish lands, Christian IV signed the Treaty of
Lubeck, effectively ending the Danish phase of the 30 Years War.
The Swedish intervention began.
4
Amy Tan became a famous author after her novel, The Joy Luck Club,
skyrocketed up the bestseller list.
There are other things to note about Tan as well. Amy Tan also participates
in the satirical garage band the Rock Bottom Remainders.
47. Poor link between Paragraphs
Good link between paragraphs
Portland, sixty miles from the
Pacific Ocean, is by no means
immune to the suburbanization that
has sapped the vitality from many
cities.
Contain about two-thirds of the
area's 1.4 million residents and about
half of the area's jobs.
Portland, sixty miles from the
Pacific Ocean, is by no means
immune to the suburbanization that
has sapped the vitality from many
cities.
Its suburbs contain about twothirds of the area's 1.4 million
residents and about half of the area's
jobs.
There are several reasons why it
can be argued that television has a
negative effect on cultural
development.
People no longer take part in
more traditional forms of cultural
entertainment.
There are several reasons why it
can be argued that television has a
negative effect on cultural
development.
Firstly, people who watch
television all day long no longer take
part in more traditional forms of
cultural entertainment.
48. Poor link between Paragraphs
Good link between paragraphs
Fearing for the loss of more
Danish lands, Christian IV signed the
Treaty of Lubeck, effectively ending
the Danish phase of the 30 Years
War.
The Swedish intervention began.
Fearing for the loss of more
Danish lands, Christian IV signed the
Treaty of Lubeck, effectively ending
the Danish phase of the 30 Years
War.
Shortly after Danish forces
withdrew, the Swedish intervention
began.
Amy Tan became a famous author
after her novel, The Joy Luck Club,
skyrocketed up the bestseller list.
There are other things to note
about Tan as well. Amy Tan also
participates in the satirical garage
band the Rock Bottom Remainders .
Amy Tan became a famous author
after her novel, The Joy Luck Club,
skyrocketed up the bestseller list.
Although her fiction is well
known, her work with the satirical
garage band the Rock Bottom
Remainders receives far less
publicity.
50. Coherence Within a Paragraph
The entire paragraph should focus on a single element
The same idea of a topic is carried from sentence to sentence
Look at the following paragraph - find the sentence that is off-topic:
S1 Each of the Russian manned space exploration projects had specific major
goals. S2 For example, the Vostok project was designed to test whether or not
human beings could survive and function in outer space. S3 In another example,
the Voshkhod project intended to find out whether people could work in the
weightless environment of space. S4 One Voshkhod cosmonaut experimented with
weightlessness by taking a "spacewalk." S5 That is, he floated in a spacesuit outside
his Voshkhod spacecraft, connected to it by a tether. S6 The cosmonaut to do this
was Alexei Leonov. S7 Several weeks later, Leonov's spacewalk was followed by that
of U.S. astronaut Ed White. S8 Finally, the Soyuz project, with three cosmonauts,
had goals of testing spacecraft and spaceflight skills so that people could fly long
missions in Earth orbit.
S 7 Several weeks later, Leonov's spacewalk was followed by that of U.S.
astronaut Ed White - does not have anything to do with the m ajor goals of the
various Russian space projects.
51. Find the one sentence that has been inserted that does not belong in
the paragraph because it breaks the unity.
Task 8
1
There are those who argue that the Internet has had an extremely positive
influence on communication. Students are a group of people who can benefit
from Internet use as they can easily look for information. The Internet allows
the use of programs such as Skype to enable people to talk at a much reduced
cost. People can also send emails for free.
2
Countries and nations need to preserve old buildings in order to preserve
their heritage. In addition to this cultural argument, there are also positive
economic benefits. An illustration here is Egypt, a country which depends on
tourism for much of its national income simply because visitors pay to come
from other countries to visit its ancient sites. Old buildings if not well
preserved, can be an eye-sore.
3
There are several reasons why it can be argued that television has a
negative effect on cultural development. People who watch TV programmes do
not learn anything, they are simply entertained. Watching too much TV can
also cause health problems as people do not make time to exercise. People also
tend to watch so much television, they no longer take part in more traditional
forms of cultural entertainment. For instance, traditional dancing and music is
becoming much less popular because people are staying at home to watch the
television.
52. Coherence Between Paragraphs
Task 9
Divide the following text into paragraphs. Remember that each paragraph
should develop or focus on a particular theme.
How to stop yourself snoring
Snoring is caused when the airway at the back of the nose and throat becomes partially obstructed. This is
usually due to the loosening of the surrounding oropharyngeal muscles, but the reasons why this should occur
are varied. The most common are smoking, obesity and the consumption of relaxants such as alcohol and
sleeping pills. As with any common ailment, there are a host of "miracle" cures advertised - but you should
first try a few simple steps to see if you can halt the snoring before adopting more drastic measures. Lifestyle
changes can be the most effective. If you are overweight, a loss of weight will help to reduce the pressure on
your neck. You should also stop smoking and try not to drink alcohol at least four hours before you go to bed.
Beyond this, try to change your regular sleeping position. Raise the head of your bed with a brick, or tie
something uncomfortable into the back of your pyjamas to encourage you to sleep on your side. Both of these
will help to alter the angle of your throat as you sleep, and may thus make breathing easier for you. It is also
important to keep your nasal passage clear and unblocked. Allergies, colds and hay fever can temporarily
cause you to snore; nasal decongestants may help, but you are not advised to use such remedies for long
periods. Nasal strips, as worn by sportspeople, have been proven to reduce nasal airway resistance by up to
30 per cent, so consider these as a long-term alternative. If this fails, then you may wish to look at the varied
snoring aids that are on the market. They range from neck collars that stop your neck tilting, through to
mandibular-advancement devices (such as gumshields) which reduce upper airway resistance, and tongueretaining devices. You can also buy essential-oil products that are added to warm water and infused or
consumed before bedtime. They claim to tone up your palate and unblock your nasal passage. Finally, if your
symptoms persist, visit your GP or contact the British Snoring and Sleep Apnoea Association (01737 557 997)
for advice. If you do not, your partner might.
53. Paragraph
1
Snoring is caused when the airway at the back of the nose and
throat …
2
As with any common ailment, there are a host of "miracle" cures
advertised …
3
Beyond this, try to change your regular sleeping position.
4
It is also important to keep your nasal passage clear and unblocked.
5
If this fails, then you may wish to look at the varied snoring aids
that are on the market.
6
Finally, if your symptoms persist, visit your GP …
54. Task 10
Look at the text on „Characteristics of Problem-based
Learning‟. The paragraphs are not in the correct order.
Arrange the paragraphs in the correct order.
Paragraph
1-C
The most distinct characteristic that makes PBL different ..
2-B
Furthermore, PBL utilizes authentic problems.
3- A
The reasoning process is another important element in PBL.
4-D
Helping the learner become self-directed is also one of the ultimate
goals of PBL.
56. CRITICAL READING
CRITICAL THINKING
REACTION PAPER:
REACTING CRITICALLY
IN WRITING
•
•
•
•
Determine central claims or purpose of text
Distinguish the kinds of reasoning
Examine evidence
Evaluate evidence
Analyze and evaluate text & ideas
Identify BOTH strengths + weaknesses
•
•
Extract information actively from text
Ask what can be learnt from the text
Identify strength/weakness of text/research
Identify research gap
56
57. Read and react critically to the following excerpt:
Identify the research’s strength(s) + weakness(es)
Studies by Brown (2000) and Green (2003) generally suggest that women are
superior to men at understanding body language. For instance, Brown‟s (2000)
study found women to have better ability in interpreting body language by
looking at facial expression photographs. Likewise, in asking both men and
women to interpret body language by looking at video recordings, Green
(2003) too found women to provide better interpretations.
STRENGTH:
Both studies focused on women
= better understanding of how
women interpret body language
WEAKNESS:
Used photographs/video recordings
= did not use actual real life
observation
= might not reflect actual situation
57
58. WRITTEN CRITICAL EVALUATION
Discourse Marker
showing CONTRAST
STRENGTH
[ The studies conducted by Brown (2000) and Green (2003)
have provided us with better understanding of how women
interpret body language. ] [ Nevertheless, the
methodologies employed by both researchers were
somewhat simplistic in nature and might not reflect real
world situation.
]
WEAKNESS
58
59. Task 11
React to the following excerpts critically. Then, formulate your argument in
writing. The first one has been done for you.
1 Findings based on a 32 item likert scale questionnaire reveal that
property developers are primarily concerned with land use issues.
Bard, C. (2005)
2 Fifty students participated in the study, and the fact that 80% were
satisfied with e-learning is significant.
Richards, M. (2009)
3 Clients who were interviewed immediately after completing the
treatment cycle showed improvements in self esteem.
Kramer, C. (2007)
4
Married people live longer than unmarried people.
Longley, B. (2004)
59
60. 1 Findings based on a 32 item likert scale questionnaire reveal that property
developers are primarily concerned with land use issues.
Bard, C. (2005)
Critical
reaction
Strength: Study show land value to be the most important element in
property development
Weakness: Questionnaire was the only instrument – questions asked
may be biased
Written
argument
Bard‟s (2005) study indicated that land value was the most significant
element in property development. However, this finding would need to
be further verified as it was based solely on respondents perceptions
obtained via questionnaire.
2. Fifty students participated in the study, and the fact that 80% were satisfied with
e-learning is significant.
Richards, M. (2009)
Critical
reaction
Strength: study found students liked e-learning
Weakness: 50 Ss = too few participants
Written
argument
Although Richards (2009) found most students to be positively
inclined towards e-learning, this finding cannot be generalized as the
fifty respondents involved in the study were too limited in number.
60
61. 3. Clients who were interviewed immediately after completing the treatment cycle
showed improvements in self esteem.
Kramer, C. (2007)
Critical
reaction
Strength: Study show treatment improves self esteem
Weakness: Clients interviewed immediately after treatment – what
about long term effect
Written
argument
Kramer‟s (2009) study found that clients‟ self esteem showed an
improvement following the treatment. However, this finding might
only apply to the short term effect of the treatment as clients were
interviewed immediately after the treatment.
4. Married people live longer than unmarried people.
Longley, B. (2004)
Critical
reaction
Strength: Marriage = give health benefits
Weakness: Argument not fully justified. Could be due to the fact that
unhealthy people are less likely to get married
Written
argument
Langley (2004) observed that marriage may be positively correlated
with longer life and vice versa. Nevertheless, this view is flawed simply
due to the fact that unhealthy people are less likely to get married.
61
62. Critical Reading ,Thinking & Writing - LONGER
VERSION
Short
Summary
Evaluation
What is the main question or issue in the text
What is the author’s assumption/conclusion in
relation to the issue
What evidence is provided by the writer to support
this conclusion
Based on the evidence, is the author’s conclusion
valid?
Consider the logic of the argument:
What does the writer want you to believe?
Is the evidence provided credible/sufficienlty
supported?
Consider the ideology that informs the text:
What is the system of beliefs, values, and ideas that
underlies the text?
What are possible counterarguments to the text’s
claim?
Critically React +
Put forward
Argument
62
63. Task 12
Study the reaction paper on Bodenhausen, Kramer
and Susser’s (1994) article.
1 Group the sentences into the following respective
moves:
Summarizing/emphasizing important findings
Stating own opinion
Supporting opinion
Identifying strength/weakness of research
Identifying research gap
2 Identify and underline the following:
verbs
discourse markers – what are their functions?
useful phrases
63
64. Moves
Summarizing main ideas
S1, S2, S4, S5
Stating and supporting own opinion
Identifying strength/weakness
S3, S6
S7
Identifying research gap
S8, S9, S10, S11, 12
64
65. VERBS
S1
article is… it combines
S2
Findings of the study suggest… happy individuals make
S3
Feeling of happiness suppresses
S4
…finding of the study is…
S5
It was found… who were held accountable…
those who were not held accountable…
S6
This implies that motivational impetus may result
S7
This paper has presented…
S8
did not fully address…
S9
were to be made aware of the fact that their recall experience had
influenced their mood, there might be no difference
S10
might not use
S11
Another shortcoming is
S12
This oversight raises.... would influence
65
were found…
67. Useful Phrases
S1
…article is particularly interesting because…
S2
Findings of the study suggests…
S3
Perhaps…
S4
Another noteworthy finding…
S6
This implies that…
S7
This paper has presented some valuable important information
S8
…did not fully address…
S11
Another shortcoming…
S12
This oversight raises the question…
67
68. LANGUAGE FOCUS IN WRITING A CRITIQUE
Beginning the
critique
[Author‟s name] presents a plausible case that…
[Author‟s name] offers an important discussion on…
[Author‟s name] has written an important and timely article on…
The article by [author‟s name] encompasses diverse theories of…
Emphasizing
important
findings
Particularly important is/was the finding that…
Especially interesting is/was…
Rather significant is the finding/discussion involving…
Especially noteworthy is/was…
The author has presented some valuable important information…
The paper has clearly provided several insightful information on…
Highlighting gaps
in the
text/discussion
Despite its many strengths, there are some issues not fully addressed.
[Author‟s name] provides a less than adequate discussion on…
[Author‟s name] efforts to…was not fully successful
There are several weaknesses in this concept.
This paper confirms the…but it does not shed much new light on the
issue.
The authors were successful in… However, they could have…
68
69. Task 13
Write a short reaction paper on the
abstract of the article ‘Types of
Bullying Among Italian School
Children’, by Anna C. Baldry and David
P. Farrington (2003)
69