The document provides information on nasal and pulmonary drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy of the nose and lungs, as well as various delivery methods. The nasal cavity has a lining that is highly vascular and rich in mucus glands, providing a large surface area for drug absorption. Pulmonary delivery uses aerosols to deposit drugs in the lungs. Some key advantages of these routes include rapid onset of action, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, and improved bioavailability over oral delivery. Delivery methods include liquid formulations, metered-dose pumps, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers. Overall, the document outlines the anatomical features and absorption pathways in the nose and lungs, and reviews different systems for delivering drugs via these

1. NASAL & PULMONARY
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
-: Presented By :-
Amruta S. Sambarekar
1st Year M.Pharm
Dept. of Pharmaceutics
M M C P, BELGAUM
1

2. CONTENTS
Anatomy of nose
Advantages and disadvantages
Factors affecting nasal absorption
Pathway
Enhancement In Absorption
Applications
2

3. The problem !!!
NEEDLE STICKS
Nasal drug delivery is attractive not
because it is BETTER than injectable
therapy……
BUT
…Because it is SAFER!
...No needle
…NO needle stick risk!
3

4. NASAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
 Anatomy of nose:-
The nasal cavity
consists of passage of a
depth of approximately
12-14cm.
The nasal passage runs
from nasal vestibule to
nasopharynx.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 4

5. The lining is ciliated, highly vascular and rich in
mucus gland.
Nasal secretions are secreted by goblet cells, nasal
glands and transudate from plasma.
It contains sodium, potassium, calcium, albumin,
enzymes like leucine,CYP450,Transaminase,etc.
The pH of nasal secretion is 5.5-6.5 in adults and
5.0-6.7 in infants. 5

6. Advantages
Large nasal mucosal surface area for dose
absorption
Rapid drug absorption via highly-vascularized
mucosa
Rapid onset of action
Ease of administration, non-invasive
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 6
Contd..

7. Contd..
Avoidance of the gastrointestinal tract and first-
pass metabolism
Improved bioavailability
Lower dose/reduced side effects
Improved convenience and compliance
Self-administration.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 7

8. Disadvantages
Nasal cavity provides smaller absorption surface
when compared to GIT.
Relatively inconvenient to patients when
compared to oral delivery since there is possibility
of nasal irritation.
The histological toxicity of absorption enhancers
used in the nasal drug delivery system is not yet
clearly established.
February 11, 2013 8

9. Factors affecting nasal absorption
1. Molecular weight :-
 The nasal absorption of drugs decreases as
the molecular weight increases.
 Martin reported a sharp decline in drug
absorption having molecular weight greater
than 1000 daltons.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 9

10. 2. Lipophilicity :-
 Absorption of drug through nasal route is
dependent on the lipophilicity of drugs.
 E.g. Alprenolol and Propranolol which are
lipophilic, has greater absorption than that
of hydrophilic Metoprolol.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 10

11. 3. pH of solution :-
 pH should be optimum for maximum absorption.
 Nonionised lipophilic form crosses the nasal
epithelial barriers via transcellular route and
hydrophilic ionized form passes through the
aqueous paracellular route.
 E.g. Decanoic acid shows maximum absorption
at pH 4.5. Beyond this it decreases as solution
becomes more acidic or basic.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 11

12. 4. Drug concentration :-
 The absorption of drug through nasal route is
increased as concentration is increased.
 E.g. 1-tyrosine shows increased absorption at
high concentration in rate.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 12

13. Pathway
In systemic absorption the drugs generally
get diffused from epithelial cell into
systemic circulation.
It is reported that nasal cavity have
alternative pathways of drugs absorption
through olfactory epithelium to CNS and
peripheral circulation.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 13

14. Enhancement in absorption
Following approaches used for absorption
enhancement :-
 Use of absorption enhancers
 Increase in residence time.
 Administration of drug in the form of microspheres.
 Use of physiological modifying agents
14

15.  Use of absorption enhancers:-
Absorption enhancers work by increasing the
rate at which the drug pass through the nasal
mucosa.
Various enhancers used are surfactants, bile
salts, chelaters, fatty acid salts, phospholipids,
cyclodextrins, glycols etc.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 15

16. Various mechanisms involved in absorption
enhancements are:-
Increased drug solubility
Decreased mucosal viscosity
Decrease enzymatic degradation
Increased paracellular transport
Increased transcellular transport
16

17.  Increase in residence time:-
 By increasing the residence time the
increase in the higher local drug concentration
in the mucous lining of the nasal mucosa is
obtained.
 Various mucoadhesive polymers like
methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose or
polyacrylic acid are used for increasing the
residence time.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 17

18.  Administration of drug in the form of microspheres:-
 Microspheres have good bioadhesive property and
they swell when in contact with mucosa.
 Microspheres provide two advantages-
a. Control the rate of clearance.
b. Protect drug from enzymatic degradation.
The microspheres of various materials showed
increased half-life of clearance. E.g. starch,
albumin, gelatin and dextran.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 18

19.  Use of physiological modifying agents:-
 These agents are vasoactive agents and exert
their action by increasing the nasal blood flow.
 The example of such agents are histamine,
leukotrienene D4, prostaglandin E1 and β-
adrenergic agents like isoprenaline and
terbutaline.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 19

20. Nasal Delivery Systems
They contain the drug in a liquid or powder
formulation delivered by a pressurized or pump
system.
Various drug delivery systems are used for
nasal drug delivery.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 20

21.  Liquid formulation :-
These are usually aqueous solutions of the
drug. The simplest way to give a liquid is by
nose drops.
They are simple to develop and manufacture
compared to solid dosage forms but have a
lower microbiological and chemical stability,
requiring the use of various preservatives.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 21

22.  Squeezed bottles :-
These are used for nasal decongestant and work
by spraying a partially atomized jet of liquid into
the nasal cavity.
They give a better absorption of drug by directing
the formulation into the anterior part of the cavity
and covering a large part of nasal mucosa.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 22

23.  Metered-dose pump system :-
They can deliver solutions, suspensions or
emulsions with a predetermined volume between
25 and 200 μL, thus offering deposition over a
large area.
Particle size and dose volume are two important
factors for controlling delivery from metered-dose
systems.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 23

24. The optimum particle size for deposition in the
nasal cavity is 10μm.
The volume of formulation that can be delivered is
limited by the size of the nasal cavity.
Better absorption is achieved by administering two
doses, one in each nostril, rather than a single
large dose.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 24

25. Applications of nasal drug delivery
A. Nasal delivery of organic based
pharmaceuticals :-
 Various organic based pharmaceuticals have
been investigated for nasal delivery which
includes drug with extensive presystemic
metabolism.
 E.g. Progesterone, Estradiol, Nitroglycerin,
Propranolol, etc.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 25

26. B. Nasal delivery of peptide based drugs :-
 Nasal delivery of peptides and proteins is
depend on –
 The structure and size of the molecule.
 Nasal residence time
 Formulation variables (pH, viscosity)
 E.g. calcitonin, secretin, albumins, insulin,
glucagon, etc.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 26

27. Pulmonary Drug Delivery
System

28. CONTENTS
oAnatomy of pulmonary system
oDelivery systems
oAdvantages of pulmonary drug delivery systems
28

29. Anatomy of pulmonary
system
29

30. The lung is the organ of external respiration, in
which oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged between blood and inhaled air.
The structure of the airways prevent the entry of
and promotes the removal of airborne foreign
particles including microorganisms.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 30
Contd..

31. Contd..
The respiratory tract consists of conducting
regions ( trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal
and respiratory bronchioles) and respiratory
regions (respiratory bronchioles and alveolar
regions).
The upper respiratory tract comprises the nose,
throat, pharynx and larynx; the lower tract
comprises the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and
the alveolar regions.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 31
Contd..

32. Contd..
Trachea branches into two main bronchi- the
right bronchus is wider and leaves the trachea at
the smaller angle than the left.
The conducting airways are lined with ciliated
epithelial cells.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 32

33. Delivery systems
Aerosols are used for the delivery of the drug by
this route of administration.
The aerosols are defined as pressurized dosage
from containing one or more active ingredients
which upon actuation emit a fine dispersion of
liquid or solid materials in gaseous medium.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 33

34.  There are three main types of aerosols
generating devices:-
i. Pressurized metered dose inhalers.
ii. Dry powder inhalers.
iii. Nebulizers.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 34

35. i. Pressurized metered
dose inhalers:-
 In pMDI’s, drug is either
dissolved or suspended in
liquid propellants together with other
excipients and presented in pressurized
cantainer fitted with metering valve.
 The predetermined dose is released as a
spray on actuation of the metering valve.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 35

36.  Containers:- Aerosol container must withstand
pressure as high as 140-180 psig at 130°F.
 Pharmaceutical aerosols are packaged in tin-
plated steel, plastic coated glass or aluminium
containers.
 Aluminium is relatively inert and used uncoated
where there is no chemical instability between
containers and contents.
 Alternatively aluminium containers with an internal
coating of chemically resistant organic material
such as epoxy-resin or polytetrafluorine can be
used 36

37. Propellants:-
These are liquified gases like chlorofluorocarbons
and hydrofluoroalkanes.
These develop proper pressure within the container
& it expels the product when valve is opened.
At room temperature and pressure, these are gases
but they are readily liquified by decreasing the
temperature or increasing pressure.
The vapour pressure of the mixture of propellants is
given by Raoult’s law,
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 37
Contd…

38. Contd…
i.e. vapour pressure of the mixed system is equal
to the sum of the mole fraction of each
component multiplied by it’s vapour pressure.
p = p a + pb
where p = total vapour pressure of the system, p a
& pb = partial vapour pressures of the
components a & b.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 38

39. Metering valves:-
It permits the reproducible delivery of small
volumes of product.
Depression of the valve stem allows the contents
of the metering chamber to be discharged through
the orifice in the valve stem and made available to
the patient.
After actuation the metering chamber refills with
liquid from the bulk and is ready to dispense the
next dose.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 39

40. ii. Dry powder inhalers:-
In this system drug is inhaled as a cloud of fine
particles.
DPI formulations are propellant free and do not
contain any excipients.
They are breath activated avoiding the
problems of inhalation/actuation coordination
encountered with pMDI’s.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 40

41. iii. Nebulizers:-
It delivers relatively large volume of drug
solutions and suspensions.
They are used for drugs that cannot be
formulated into pMDI’s or DPI’s.
There are three categories :-
a. Jet nebulizers
b. Ultrasonic nebulizers
c. Vibrating-mesh nebulizers
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 41

42. a. Jet nebulizers:-
They are also called as air-jet or air-blast
nebulizers using compressed gas.
The jet of high velocity gas is passed
tangentially or coaxially through a narrow
venturi nozzle typically 0.3 to 0.7 mm in
diameter.
e.g. Pari LC nebulizer.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 42

43. b. Ultrasonic nebulizers:-
In this the energy necessary to atomize liquids
come from the piezoelectric crystal vibrating at
high frequency.
c. Vibrating-mesh nebulizers:-
In this device aerosols are generated by
passing liquids through a vibrating mesh or
plate with multiple apertures.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 43

44. Advantages
Smaller doses can be administered locally.
Reduce the potential incidence of adverse
systemic effect.
It used when a drug is poorly absorbed orally,
e.g. Na cromoglicate.
It is used when drug is rapidly metabolized
orally, e.g. isoprenaline
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 44

45. References
Y.W.Chein; Nasal Systemic Drug Delivery,Vol.39,
page no. 39-67.
Michael E. Aulton; Aulton’s Pharmaceutics- ‘The
Design and Manufacture of Medicines’, 3 rd Edition,
page no. 540-563.
Michael J. Rathbone; Oral Mucosal Drug
Delivery,Vol.74,page no.65-79.
www.google.com
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 45

46. THANK YOU
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 46