1. External dynamics of the Earth CONTENTS RESOURCES

2. CONTENTS EXTERNAL DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH Weathering Weathering agents Types of weathering Factors Shaping the landscape Agents Wind Glaciers Rivers Rainwater Groundwater Oceans Sedimentary rocks Formation Examples Processes Erosion Transportation Sedimentation

3. RESOURCES Weathering agents Types of weathering Factors which affect weathering Erosion Deposition Transportation Wind shapes the landscape Glaciers shape the landscape Rainwater shapes the landscape Rivers shape the landscape Groundwater shapes the landscape Oceans shape the landscaope Formation of sedimentary rocks Examples of sedimentary rocks Links The rock cycle

4. Weathering agents Accumulation of rock fragments produced by weathering Agents: water, wind, ice and ocean movements

5. Types of weathering Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Biological weathering plant roots clay minerals CLICK TO SEE PROCESS: FREEZE-THAW WEATHERING

6. Water flows into cracks. The freeze-thaw cycle is repeated, and eventually the rock cracks. When the water freezes, it expands. The ice acts like a wedge. Types of weathering FREEZE-THAW WEATHERING Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Biological weathering clay minerals plant roots GO BACK

8. energy of the agent water Erosion Waterfall resistance of the rock Erosion shapes the landscape. Erosion moves weathered pieces of rocks to a different place.

9. Transportation Rounded fragments have been transported long distances. Small particles can be transported in suspension. Transportation moves eroded rock material along surfaces or in suspension.

10. Deposition The wind deposits rock materials (sand). Glaciers deposit rock material. Deposition deposits moving rock materials. Large fragments are deposited before small ones.

11. Wind shapes the landscape A B D C sand columns erg barchan reg mushroom shaped rocks CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE .

12. CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE . A B D C sand columns erg barchan reg mushroom shaped rocks Wind shapes the landscape SAND COLUMN A X [close]

13. CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE . A B D C sand columns erg barchan reg mushroom shaped rocks Wind shapes the landscape barchan dunes ERG B X [close]

14. CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE . A B D C sand columns erg barchan reg mushroom shaped rocks Wind shapes the landscape REG C X [close]

15. CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE . A B D C sand columns erg barchan reg mushroom shaped rocks Wind shapes the landscape MUSHROOM SHAPED ROCKS D X [close]

16. Glaciers shape the landscape A B D C steep relief U-shaped valley glacial tongue cirque CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE.

17. A B D C steep relief U-shaped valley glacial tongue cirque Glaciers shape the landscape CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE. STEEP RELIEF A X [close]

18. A B D C steep relief U-shaped valley glacial tongue cirque Glaciers shape the landscape CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE. CIRQUE B X [close]

19. A B D C steep relief U-shaped valley glacial tongue cirque Glaciers shape the landscape CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE. GLACIAL TONGUE C X [close]

20. A B D C steep relief U-shaped valley glacial tongue cirque Glaciers shape the landscape CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE. U-SHAPED VALLEY D X [close]

21. Rivers shape the landscape A B D C middle course upper course meanders lower course CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE

22. A B D C middle course upper course meanders lower course Rivers shape the landscape CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE UPPER COURSE A X [close]

23. A B D C middle course upper course meanders lower course Rivers shape the landscape CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES CLOSE BACK MIDDLE COURSE B X [close]

24. A B D C middle course upper course meanders lower course Rivers shape the landscape CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE MEANDERS C X [close]

25. A B D C middle course upper course meanders lower course Rivers shape the landscape CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE LOWER COURSE D X [close]

26. Rainwater shapes the landscape A B C alluvial fan drainage canal alluvial cone gullies fairy chimneys CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE

27. CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE alluvial fan drainage canal alluvial cone gullies fairy chimneys Rainwater shapes the landscape A B C ALLUVIAL CONE WITH GULLIES A X [close]

28. alluvial fan drainage canal alluvial cone gullies fairy chimneys Rainwater shapes the landscape A B C CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE FAIRY CHIMNEYS B X [close]

29. CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE alluvial fan drainage canal alluvial cone gullies fairy chimneys Rainwater shapes the landscape A B C ALLUVIAL FAN C X [close]

30. Groundwater shapes the landscape A B sinkhole (doline) caves CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE

31. A B sinkhole (doline) caves Groundwater shapes the landscape CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE SINKHOLE (DOLINE) A X [close]

32. A B sinkhole (doline) caves Groundwater shapes the landscape CLICK ON THE LETTERS TO SEE MORE CAVE STALACTITES AND STALAGMITES B X [close] X [close]

33. Oceans shape the landscape abrasion platform cliff beach sand bar spit arch

34. compaction and cementation (lithification) Formation of sedimentary rocks temperature circulating water pressure sedimentary rock sedimentary basin

35. Examples of sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks limestone clay minerals sandstone conglomerate gypsum

36. Links Observe an animation of cave formation. http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1405/es1405page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization How rocks change http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/change3.html Landforms of glaciation http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10af.html Weathering and climate http://www.uky.edu/AS/Geology/howell/goodies/elearning/module07swf.swf The rock cycle http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/chemistry/rock_cycle_intro.shtml Rivers http:// www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/riverswater / Breaking rocks apart, sediments, etc. http:// www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/earth/geology/ sed_weathering.html&edu =mid Examine a landscape formed by erosion http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1205/es1205page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization