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Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.11, 2013
214
Statistics Education in Nigeria: A Recent Survey
Olusegun Ayodele Adelodun1*
Olushina Olawale Awe2
1. Institute of Education, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
2. Department Of Mathematics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
*E-mail of the corresponding author: adelodun@oauife.edu.ng; segunadelodun@yahoo.com
Abstract.
Statistics Education is a new discipline whose popularity has not been widely appreciated in Nigeria and some
developing countries of Africa. There is still a large gap with the advanced levels of statistics education in more
developed countries. In this paper, we enumerate the importance of statistics, identify some existing problems in
statistics education in Nigeria and make some proposals as to how they may be overcome. Result of our
empirical survey on the current awareness of the discipline in Nigeria using one of Nigeria’s foremost
Universities as a case study shows that majority of the respondents agreed that Statistics Education should exist
as a separate discipline in Nigerian Universities. We elicit that this research will enhance the development of
statistics education in Nigeria, and encourage statistics educators and researchers to help address some important
issues raised in this study.
Key Words: Statistics Education, Awareness, Survey, Nigeria, Empirical Research.
1. Introduction
Statistics education is a relatively new discipline which is currently establishing itself as a unique field of study
(Garfield and Ben-Zvi, 2007). It emerged from two main disciplines namely: Statistics and Mathematics
Education. Despite its usefulness and popularity in some developed countries of the world, the current low state
of statistics education in Nigeria is highly worrisome and unimpressive. Nigeria is a developing country and
statistics education in Nigeria is also in its developing stage. The adaptation of statistics education to national
needs is inadequate and poor, which consequently leads to employment problems for statistics graduates. One of
the main causes of such a vicious circle lies in the lack of understanding of statistics education as a separate
discipline among educational stakeholders in Nigeria.
There are still many who regard statistics as part of mathematics or mathematics education. However, it is
necessary to point out that statistics should not be taught merely as a subject within mathematics. The
differences, if not properly understood in early education, can hinder the teaching of statistics. Teaching statistics
utilizes the knowledge of mathematics, but its basic objective lies closely in applications and practical data
analysis. Although statistics shares some characteristics with mathematics, there are several features unique to
statistics. It is hard for many students to grasp the essentials of statistics and explore the differences between
mathematics and statistics. By understanding the differences between mathematics and statistics, we can better
help students overcome some obstacles to statistics learning.
In 2002, Garfield and her colleagues in the University of Minnesota, USA began to offer a new area of
concentration in Statistics Education that includes course work on teaching statistics as well as on current
research on teaching and learning statistics. As a matter of fact, statistical learning should start at earlier stages
especially at the secondary school level. In other words, an excellent statistics educator must not only teach
students what statistics does, but also what it means and how it can be applied. Major Universities in Nigeria
now offer Master degrees in statistics, but statistics is taught at a theoretical level, rarely connected to real world
applications unlike in the developed countries. The most important challenge in statistics education is to connect
statistical thinking with real-world applications at every level.
It is an indubitable fact that quantitative and numerical information abounds everywhere in Nigeria; hence there
is an increasing demand for statisticians who can use statistics to solve real- world problems. Application of
statistical knowledge has become imperative in virtually all areas of human endeavors. This is because decisions
in many areas of modern societies are based on the collection and analysis of empirical data. Statistics education
involves a variety of powerful methods and tools to teach students on how to collect; analyze and interpret such
data. Without the proper application of statistical methods, the risk increases that data collection suffers from
additional costs and efforts; the analysis of research efforts gives suboptimal results and eventually wrong
decisions can be taken (Awe, 2012). The development of various computer software and advances in statistical
methodologies and teaching/learning aids has brought significant improvement to the field of statistics
education.
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.11, 2013
215
Many researchers have written extensively and expressed significant concern about the future of Statistics and
Statistics Education, for instance; Garfield and Ahlgren,1988; Garfield,1993; Garfield,1995; Moore, 1997; Cox,
1997; Li, 2004; Smith and Staetsky, 2007; Allen et al, 2012; Awe and Oguntuase, 2013; among others. The
importance of teaching statistics at all levels of tertiary education cannot be overemphasized. In recent years,
statistics educators in advance countries like China, USA, Canada, United Kingdom and Germany have focused
attention on rethinking the process of statistics education. Attempts are already being made at the elementary and
secondary levels to integrate and include statistics education in their mathematics and science curricula (Gal and
Ginsburg, 1994). Statistics is unarguably one of the most important and basic subjects student have to learn in
higher institutions, unfortunately statistics educators are few in Nigeria. It is also one of those subjects with
which students can have a hard time. A list of the reasons why statistics has been identified to be a hard subject
to learn and teach is presented in the article of Ben-Zvi and Gartfield (2004). In some developed countries such
as the United States and Canada, statistics education is a highly respected discipline. It has already been
classified as one of the basic courses in some schools. If we use the United States of America as an example to
follow, it is expected that very soon in Nigeria also, as the demand for statistics applications rises, the demand
for statisticians will rise to exceed supply.
Graduates in statistics education are in high demand and well paid. They can be employed in industries, banks
and insurance companies, and high tech companies as well as in the academia. They also play an important role
in many areas of government planning, such as population census, educational and psychological measurement,
economics policies, and environmental policies. Nigerian schools and educators at all levels therefore must
ensure that we are well-positioned for a bright future of statistics education. Our experience gained during this
research shows that it is very useful for students to understand and pick up statistics education as a separate
discipline. Accordingly, we make some proposals for improving the discipline of statistics education in Nigeria.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section two discusses the materials and methods, section three is
on the empirical analyses carried out in the study, section four discusses the results, while section five is on
conclusion and recommendation.
2.0 Material and Research Methodology
Two Hundred and Sixteen (216) questionnaires were administered in this research through a simple random
sampling (SRS) approach. Students from seven departments in Faculty of Education, Obafemi Awolowo
University participated in this survey. We compute simple percentages, Correlation Analysis, Regression and
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on the variables affecting statistics education in Nigeria. Participants’ opinion in
the survey were rated on a five-point likert scale as follows: Strongly Agree (5), Agree (4), Don’t Know (3),
Disagree (2) and Strongly Disagree (1).
3.0 Empirical Analyses and Results
In this section, we present the results of the various analyses carried out in this survey.
Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to department (n = 216)
Department Frequency Percent
EFC
IED
SEC
EAP
DET
DCE
PHE
37
39
35
21
28
30
26
17.1
18.1
16.2
9.7
13.0
13.9
12.0
Out of 216 respondents considered for this study, 37 (17.1%) of them were from the department of Educational
Foundations and Counseling (EFC), 39 (18.1%) were from the Institute of Education (IED) 35 (16.2%) were
from Special Education and Curriculum (SEC), 21 (9.7%) were from Educational Administration and Planning
(EAP) 28 (13%) were from Department of Educational Technology (DET), 30 (13.9%) were from Department of
Continuing Education (DCE) while 26 (12%) were from Physical and Health Education (PHE) department
(Table 1).
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.11, 2013
216
Table 2: Distribution of respondents according to the Level of Study (n = 216)
Level of Study Frequency Percent
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
50
55
55
56
23.1
25.5
25.5
25.9
Data collected on the level of study of respondents (Table 2) showed that 56 (25.9%) were in their final year, 50
(23.1%) were fresh in-takes of the University, while 55 (25.5%) were in Parts 2 and 3 respectively.
Table 3: Respondents’ Awareness of Statistics Education (n = 216)
Response Frequency Percent
Yes
No
66
150
30.6
69.4
Results of the data analysis indicated that 66 (30.6%) respondents have heard of Statistics Education as a
Discipline, but surprisingly 150 (69.4%) respondents have never heard of Statistics Education as a Discipline
(see Table 3).
Table 4: Respondents’ willingness to study Statistics Education (n = 216)
Response Frequency Percent
Yes
No
100
116
46.3
53.7
In Table 4, majority of the respondents 116 (53.7%) said that they would not like to study Statistics Education as
a course if given a chance now or in future, while 100 (46.3%) respondents reported that they would.
Table 5: Respondents who offered Statistics related courses (n = 216)
Statistics Related Courses Frequency Percent
None
One
Two
Three
Above three
96
58
35
20
7
44.4
26.9
16.2
9.3
3.2
As Table 5 displays, majority of the respondents 96 (44.4%) considered in this research had never offered any
Statistics related courses. This is followed by those 38 (26.9%) that had taken one Statistical related course. 35
(16.2%) respondents had taken two Statistics related courses and 20 (9.3%) respondents had offered three
Statistics related courses, while 7 (3.2%) respondents had offered more than three Statistics related courses.
Table 6: Distribution of Respondents’ desire for a separate Department of Statistics Education (n = 216)
Response Frequency Percent
Strongly Agree
Agree
Don’t know
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
89
76
31
18
2
41.2
35.2
14.4
8.3
0.9
It is interesting to see in Table 6 above that 89 respondents with a large percentage of 41.2 strongly agreed that
there should be a separate department of Statistics Education in the University. 76 (35.2%) respondents admitted
also that the need for the department of Statistics is imperative. 18 (9.3%) students did not agree to have the
department of Statistics Education while only 2 (0.9%) students strongly disagreed. The number of students that
neither agreed nor disagreed was 31 with a percentage of 14.4.
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.11, 2013
217
Table 7: Distribution of Respondents’ Desire for Statistical literacy (n = 216)
Response Frequency Percent
Strongly Agree
Agree
Don’t know
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
76
91
22
25
2
35.2
42.1
10.2
11.6
0.9
On their opinion on the necessity of statistical literacy for all the undergraduate students, Table 7 revealed that
76 (35.2%) students agreed strongly. 91 (42.1%) students agreed that the statistical literacy is necessary for all
undergraduate students. Only 2 (0.9%) students strongly disagreed that Statistical literacy is no necessary, but 25
(11.6%) of the students disagreed as well, while 22 (11.6%) of them neither agreed nor disagreed.
Table 8: Distribution of sample to have Statistical Educated Graduates (n = 216)
Response Frequency Percent
Strongly Agree
Agree
Don’t know
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
82
109
15
9
1
38.0
50.5
6.9
4.2
0.5
It is very amazing to reveal that majority of the respondents i.e 191 (88.5%) agreed that there is a critical need
for statistically educated graduates in this age of information explosion. Out of this, 82 (38.0%) agreed strongly
while 109 (50.5%) of them agreed. Only 1 (0.5%) respondent did not agree strongly while 9 (4.2%) respondents
disagreed. 15 (6.9%) respondents neither agreed nor disagreed.
Table 9: Statistics Education as a reform-oriented pedagogy(n = 216)
Response Frequency Percent
Strongly Agree
Agree
Don’t know
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
60
111
39
6
0
27.8
51.4
18.1
2.8
0.0
Table 9 reveals that 60 (27.8%) respondents agreed strongly that Statistics Education can be a reform-oriented
pedagogy in Higher Institutions in Nigeria while 111 (51.4%) respondents also agreed. 6 (2.8%) respondents
agreed that Statistics Education cannot be a reform-oriented pedagogy in Higher Institutions while 39 (18.1%)
respondents neither agreed nor disagreed.
Table 10: Distribution of sample on the existence of Statistics Education Department (n = 216)
Response Frequency Percent
Strongly Agree
Agree
Don’t know
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
85
96
16
15
4
39.4
44.4
7.4
6.9
1.9
From Table 10, we can see that 85 (39.4%) students agreed strongly that since we have Mathematics Education,
there should also be Statistics Education floated as a Discipline in Nigerian Universities while 96 (44.4%) of the
students also agreed. Only 4 (1.9%) students were strongly against the establishment and 15 (6.9%) students also
disagreed. 16 (7.4%) students neither agreed nor disagreed to the floating of Statistics Education as a discipline.
3.1 Further Analyses
To measure the amount of relationships among 4 variables: (Awareness of Statistics Education) ;
(Department); (the level of study); as the number of statistics related courses offered. We employed
Pearson correlation and the results of the correlational analysis are summarized in Table 11.
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.11, 2013
218
Table 11: Results of correlation among 4 variables (n = 216)
Variables
Pearson
Correlation
1.000
.145*
-.020
.039
1.000
.069
-.054
1.000 -
.357*
1.000
Sig. (1-tailed)
.017
.383
.286
.157
.214 .000
*
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (1-tailed)
The findings indicate that awareness of Statistics Education is associated with the department of the respondents
( = .145, < .05) and the level of study is negatively associated with the number of statistics related courses
offered = −.357, < .05). No significant correlations were found between the awareness of Statistics
Education and the level of study, awareness of Statistics Education and the number of statistics related courses
offered, the department of the respondents and the level of study, and the department of the respondents and the
number of statistics related courses offered.
To further analyze the data, we utilized ANOVA, Table 12 illustrates a non-significant difference among the 4
variables.
Table 12: Results of one-way Analysis of Variance
Source DF SS MS F P
Regression
Residual
Total
3
212
215
1.072
44.761
45.833
.357
.211
1.693 .170
The test statistic and P-value are 1.693 and .170, respectively = 1.693, > .05). Since the P-value is greater
than the level of significance 0.05, we do not reject the null hypothesis. There is not enough evidence in the
sample to conclude that awareness is related to department, level of study and number of statistics related
courses offered. This implies that the independent variables (department, level of study and number of statistics
related courses offered) did not contribute to the awareness of Statistics Education.
The regression equation is = 1.551 + .034 − .007 + .011
Table 13: Table of Multiple Regression Analysis
Predictors Coeff SE Coeff T P
Constant 1.551
.034
-.007
.011
.131
.015
.030
.019
11.810
2.178
-.219
.565
.000
.031
.827
.573
Std error = .4595 R-sq = 2.3% R-sq (adj) = 1.0%
4.0 Discussion of Results
As important as Statistics Education is, it is noteworthy that more than half of the respondents reported that they
have never heard about Statistics Education as a Discipline, whereas it is already existing in the developed
countries of the world like USA, United Kingdom, China and Germany, to mention a few.
One of the major discoveries of this study is the low level of awareness among the respondents. This
may be due to the fact that Statistics Education is unpopular in Nigeria. Majority of the respondents have never
offered any statistics related courses which should not be so for students in the Faculty of Education (Mother of
all Faculties) and in Nigerian’s foremost University (Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife).
The results of the study on the necessity of statistical literacy for all undergraduate students show that
most students did agree that all the undergraduate students should be literate in Statistics. This is true because all
fields of study in the university requires being literate in Statistics. Research studies span on a broad range of
topics/fields like business, sports, health, architecture, education, entertainment, political science, psychology,
history, criminal justice, environmental studies, transportation, physical sciences, demography etc. It is very
amazing to reveal that majority of the respondents concluded that there is a critical need for statistically educated
graduates in this age of information explosion. Statistics is used in almost all fields of human endeavor. Majority
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.11, 2013
219
of the respondents agreed that Statistics Education can be a reform-oriented pedagogy in Higher Institutions in
Nigeria, if the stakeholders can implement it. This trend has been reported in many previous studies of Statistical
Education in many countries of the world. For instance, Tishkovskaya and Lancaster (2012) reported that there is
a recognized need in China for continuing review of the teaching and learning process in this complex domain of
teaching. As it is in the developed countries, the case of Nigeria should not be an exception; the students agreed
strongly that since we have Mathematics Education, there should also be Statistics Education floated as a
separate discipline in Nigerian Universities.
5.0 Concluding Remarks and Recommendations.
From our Analysis it is unequivocally indisputable that there is still a long way to go for statistics education in
Nigeria to catch up with what obtains in some developed countries of the world like USA and UK. Its practice
and awareness is abysmally low. Through extensive international cooperation and exchanges, we can use the
successful experience of other countries as a stepping stone and guide.
We hereby make the following recommendations/proposals based on our findings in this research:
1. Statistics Education should be included as a program (course of study) in Nigeria Universities.
2. Since we have Mathematics Education in many schools, there should also be a separate field of
Statistics Education floated in Nigerian Universities.
3. In this age of information explosion, there is a critical need for Nigerian Universities to produce more
statistically educated graduates.
4. More statistics lecturers with area of specialization in statistics education should be recruited to train
students on the importance of statistics education.
5. Students (undergraduate and graduate students) should be encouraged by stakeholders concerned to
pick up statistics education as a field.
6. Funds should be made available by the government and educational stakeholders to establish statistics
education programs/institutes in Nigeria.
7. We must change our teaching mode from a lecture-and-listen format to one that engages students in
active learning. Appropriate computer-aided tools that can stimulate students’ interests and stimulate
their experimental ability must be adopted. Using software that allows students to visualize and interact
with data appears to improve students’ understanding of statistics education and appreciation of data
science.
Many Universities in Nigeria can afford more software and hardware purchases, so we are optimistic that they
will be utilized well. It is important to update statistical learning/teaching methods to meet the needs of the
society. We need to take a more balanced approach, and make sure that our educational practice reflects the
emerging trends in modern statistics education.
Finally, we hope that our proposals and recommendations in this study will stimulate the interest of educators
and students in Nigeria to embrace the emerging discipline of Statistics Education. With the glaring facts, figures
and results in this research, the stage is now set for the field of Statistics Education to begin to thrive in Nigeria.
References
Awe, O.O. (2012). Fostering the Practice and Teaching of Statistical Consulting among Young Statisticians in
Africa. Journal of Education and Practice (USA).Vol. 3(3).
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Gal, I., & Ginsburg, L. (1994). The role of beliefs and attitudes in learning statistics: towards and assessment
framework. Journal of Statistics Education. Vol.2(2).
Garfield, J. (1995). How students learn statistics. International Statistical Review, 63(1), 25-34.
Garfield, J., & Ahlgren, A. (1988). Difficulties in learning basic concepts in probability and statistics, Journal
for Research in Mathematics Education, 19, 44-63.
Garfield, J.B. & Ben-Zvi, D. (2007). Developing Students’ Statistical Reasoning: Connecting research and
teaching practice. Emeryville, CA: Key College Publishing.
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Li, J. (2004). Statistics education for junior high school in China. Curricular Development in Statistics
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deterministic thinking. In M. Bosch (Ed.), Proceedings of the CERME 4: Fourth Conference of the European
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Educational Research, 8, 10-14 (in Chinese).
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outlook, Statistics and its Interface, 1, 197-207.
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Journal of Statistics Education. Vol.17(3).
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About the Authors.
1. Olusegun Ayodele Adelodun is a Senior Lecturer in the Institute of Education, Obafemi Awolowo
University, Ile-Ife. He bagged his Ph.D. in Statistics and M.Ed. Curriculum Studies in Obafemi
Awolowo University. His areas of research interest are Statistics Education and Econometrics. He has
many published articles in Local and International Journals to his credit.
2. Olushina Olawale Awe is a Statistics Lecturer in the Department of Mathematics, Obafemi Awolowo
University, Ile-Ife. His areas of research interest are Bayesian Econometrics, and Statistical
Consulting/Education. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. He has
many published articles in reputable International Journals.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to acknowledge the efforts of Tishkovskaya and Lancaster, and Joan Garfield whose works
provided the instrument and inspiration for this research.
This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
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IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
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Statistics education in nigeria a recent survey

  • 1. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.11, 2013 214 Statistics Education in Nigeria: A Recent Survey Olusegun Ayodele Adelodun1* Olushina Olawale Awe2 1. Institute of Education, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 2. Department Of Mathematics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. *E-mail of the corresponding author: adelodun@oauife.edu.ng; segunadelodun@yahoo.com Abstract. Statistics Education is a new discipline whose popularity has not been widely appreciated in Nigeria and some developing countries of Africa. There is still a large gap with the advanced levels of statistics education in more developed countries. In this paper, we enumerate the importance of statistics, identify some existing problems in statistics education in Nigeria and make some proposals as to how they may be overcome. Result of our empirical survey on the current awareness of the discipline in Nigeria using one of Nigeria’s foremost Universities as a case study shows that majority of the respondents agreed that Statistics Education should exist as a separate discipline in Nigerian Universities. We elicit that this research will enhance the development of statistics education in Nigeria, and encourage statistics educators and researchers to help address some important issues raised in this study. Key Words: Statistics Education, Awareness, Survey, Nigeria, Empirical Research. 1. Introduction Statistics education is a relatively new discipline which is currently establishing itself as a unique field of study (Garfield and Ben-Zvi, 2007). It emerged from two main disciplines namely: Statistics and Mathematics Education. Despite its usefulness and popularity in some developed countries of the world, the current low state of statistics education in Nigeria is highly worrisome and unimpressive. Nigeria is a developing country and statistics education in Nigeria is also in its developing stage. The adaptation of statistics education to national needs is inadequate and poor, which consequently leads to employment problems for statistics graduates. One of the main causes of such a vicious circle lies in the lack of understanding of statistics education as a separate discipline among educational stakeholders in Nigeria. There are still many who regard statistics as part of mathematics or mathematics education. However, it is necessary to point out that statistics should not be taught merely as a subject within mathematics. The differences, if not properly understood in early education, can hinder the teaching of statistics. Teaching statistics utilizes the knowledge of mathematics, but its basic objective lies closely in applications and practical data analysis. Although statistics shares some characteristics with mathematics, there are several features unique to statistics. It is hard for many students to grasp the essentials of statistics and explore the differences between mathematics and statistics. By understanding the differences between mathematics and statistics, we can better help students overcome some obstacles to statistics learning. In 2002, Garfield and her colleagues in the University of Minnesota, USA began to offer a new area of concentration in Statistics Education that includes course work on teaching statistics as well as on current research on teaching and learning statistics. As a matter of fact, statistical learning should start at earlier stages especially at the secondary school level. In other words, an excellent statistics educator must not only teach students what statistics does, but also what it means and how it can be applied. Major Universities in Nigeria now offer Master degrees in statistics, but statistics is taught at a theoretical level, rarely connected to real world applications unlike in the developed countries. The most important challenge in statistics education is to connect statistical thinking with real-world applications at every level. It is an indubitable fact that quantitative and numerical information abounds everywhere in Nigeria; hence there is an increasing demand for statisticians who can use statistics to solve real- world problems. Application of statistical knowledge has become imperative in virtually all areas of human endeavors. This is because decisions in many areas of modern societies are based on the collection and analysis of empirical data. Statistics education involves a variety of powerful methods and tools to teach students on how to collect; analyze and interpret such data. Without the proper application of statistical methods, the risk increases that data collection suffers from additional costs and efforts; the analysis of research efforts gives suboptimal results and eventually wrong decisions can be taken (Awe, 2012). The development of various computer software and advances in statistical methodologies and teaching/learning aids has brought significant improvement to the field of statistics education.
  • 2. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.11, 2013 215 Many researchers have written extensively and expressed significant concern about the future of Statistics and Statistics Education, for instance; Garfield and Ahlgren,1988; Garfield,1993; Garfield,1995; Moore, 1997; Cox, 1997; Li, 2004; Smith and Staetsky, 2007; Allen et al, 2012; Awe and Oguntuase, 2013; among others. The importance of teaching statistics at all levels of tertiary education cannot be overemphasized. In recent years, statistics educators in advance countries like China, USA, Canada, United Kingdom and Germany have focused attention on rethinking the process of statistics education. Attempts are already being made at the elementary and secondary levels to integrate and include statistics education in their mathematics and science curricula (Gal and Ginsburg, 1994). Statistics is unarguably one of the most important and basic subjects student have to learn in higher institutions, unfortunately statistics educators are few in Nigeria. It is also one of those subjects with which students can have a hard time. A list of the reasons why statistics has been identified to be a hard subject to learn and teach is presented in the article of Ben-Zvi and Gartfield (2004). In some developed countries such as the United States and Canada, statistics education is a highly respected discipline. It has already been classified as one of the basic courses in some schools. If we use the United States of America as an example to follow, it is expected that very soon in Nigeria also, as the demand for statistics applications rises, the demand for statisticians will rise to exceed supply. Graduates in statistics education are in high demand and well paid. They can be employed in industries, banks and insurance companies, and high tech companies as well as in the academia. They also play an important role in many areas of government planning, such as population census, educational and psychological measurement, economics policies, and environmental policies. Nigerian schools and educators at all levels therefore must ensure that we are well-positioned for a bright future of statistics education. Our experience gained during this research shows that it is very useful for students to understand and pick up statistics education as a separate discipline. Accordingly, we make some proposals for improving the discipline of statistics education in Nigeria. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section two discusses the materials and methods, section three is on the empirical analyses carried out in the study, section four discusses the results, while section five is on conclusion and recommendation. 2.0 Material and Research Methodology Two Hundred and Sixteen (216) questionnaires were administered in this research through a simple random sampling (SRS) approach. Students from seven departments in Faculty of Education, Obafemi Awolowo University participated in this survey. We compute simple percentages, Correlation Analysis, Regression and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on the variables affecting statistics education in Nigeria. Participants’ opinion in the survey were rated on a five-point likert scale as follows: Strongly Agree (5), Agree (4), Don’t Know (3), Disagree (2) and Strongly Disagree (1). 3.0 Empirical Analyses and Results In this section, we present the results of the various analyses carried out in this survey. Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to department (n = 216) Department Frequency Percent EFC IED SEC EAP DET DCE PHE 37 39 35 21 28 30 26 17.1 18.1 16.2 9.7 13.0 13.9 12.0 Out of 216 respondents considered for this study, 37 (17.1%) of them were from the department of Educational Foundations and Counseling (EFC), 39 (18.1%) were from the Institute of Education (IED) 35 (16.2%) were from Special Education and Curriculum (SEC), 21 (9.7%) were from Educational Administration and Planning (EAP) 28 (13%) were from Department of Educational Technology (DET), 30 (13.9%) were from Department of Continuing Education (DCE) while 26 (12%) were from Physical and Health Education (PHE) department (Table 1).
  • 3. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.11, 2013 216 Table 2: Distribution of respondents according to the Level of Study (n = 216) Level of Study Frequency Percent Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 50 55 55 56 23.1 25.5 25.5 25.9 Data collected on the level of study of respondents (Table 2) showed that 56 (25.9%) were in their final year, 50 (23.1%) were fresh in-takes of the University, while 55 (25.5%) were in Parts 2 and 3 respectively. Table 3: Respondents’ Awareness of Statistics Education (n = 216) Response Frequency Percent Yes No 66 150 30.6 69.4 Results of the data analysis indicated that 66 (30.6%) respondents have heard of Statistics Education as a Discipline, but surprisingly 150 (69.4%) respondents have never heard of Statistics Education as a Discipline (see Table 3). Table 4: Respondents’ willingness to study Statistics Education (n = 216) Response Frequency Percent Yes No 100 116 46.3 53.7 In Table 4, majority of the respondents 116 (53.7%) said that they would not like to study Statistics Education as a course if given a chance now or in future, while 100 (46.3%) respondents reported that they would. Table 5: Respondents who offered Statistics related courses (n = 216) Statistics Related Courses Frequency Percent None One Two Three Above three 96 58 35 20 7 44.4 26.9 16.2 9.3 3.2 As Table 5 displays, majority of the respondents 96 (44.4%) considered in this research had never offered any Statistics related courses. This is followed by those 38 (26.9%) that had taken one Statistical related course. 35 (16.2%) respondents had taken two Statistics related courses and 20 (9.3%) respondents had offered three Statistics related courses, while 7 (3.2%) respondents had offered more than three Statistics related courses. Table 6: Distribution of Respondents’ desire for a separate Department of Statistics Education (n = 216) Response Frequency Percent Strongly Agree Agree Don’t know Disagree Strongly Disagree 89 76 31 18 2 41.2 35.2 14.4 8.3 0.9 It is interesting to see in Table 6 above that 89 respondents with a large percentage of 41.2 strongly agreed that there should be a separate department of Statistics Education in the University. 76 (35.2%) respondents admitted also that the need for the department of Statistics is imperative. 18 (9.3%) students did not agree to have the department of Statistics Education while only 2 (0.9%) students strongly disagreed. The number of students that neither agreed nor disagreed was 31 with a percentage of 14.4.
  • 4. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.11, 2013 217 Table 7: Distribution of Respondents’ Desire for Statistical literacy (n = 216) Response Frequency Percent Strongly Agree Agree Don’t know Disagree Strongly Disagree 76 91 22 25 2 35.2 42.1 10.2 11.6 0.9 On their opinion on the necessity of statistical literacy for all the undergraduate students, Table 7 revealed that 76 (35.2%) students agreed strongly. 91 (42.1%) students agreed that the statistical literacy is necessary for all undergraduate students. Only 2 (0.9%) students strongly disagreed that Statistical literacy is no necessary, but 25 (11.6%) of the students disagreed as well, while 22 (11.6%) of them neither agreed nor disagreed. Table 8: Distribution of sample to have Statistical Educated Graduates (n = 216) Response Frequency Percent Strongly Agree Agree Don’t know Disagree Strongly Disagree 82 109 15 9 1 38.0 50.5 6.9 4.2 0.5 It is very amazing to reveal that majority of the respondents i.e 191 (88.5%) agreed that there is a critical need for statistically educated graduates in this age of information explosion. Out of this, 82 (38.0%) agreed strongly while 109 (50.5%) of them agreed. Only 1 (0.5%) respondent did not agree strongly while 9 (4.2%) respondents disagreed. 15 (6.9%) respondents neither agreed nor disagreed. Table 9: Statistics Education as a reform-oriented pedagogy(n = 216) Response Frequency Percent Strongly Agree Agree Don’t know Disagree Strongly Disagree 60 111 39 6 0 27.8 51.4 18.1 2.8 0.0 Table 9 reveals that 60 (27.8%) respondents agreed strongly that Statistics Education can be a reform-oriented pedagogy in Higher Institutions in Nigeria while 111 (51.4%) respondents also agreed. 6 (2.8%) respondents agreed that Statistics Education cannot be a reform-oriented pedagogy in Higher Institutions while 39 (18.1%) respondents neither agreed nor disagreed. Table 10: Distribution of sample on the existence of Statistics Education Department (n = 216) Response Frequency Percent Strongly Agree Agree Don’t know Disagree Strongly Disagree 85 96 16 15 4 39.4 44.4 7.4 6.9 1.9 From Table 10, we can see that 85 (39.4%) students agreed strongly that since we have Mathematics Education, there should also be Statistics Education floated as a Discipline in Nigerian Universities while 96 (44.4%) of the students also agreed. Only 4 (1.9%) students were strongly against the establishment and 15 (6.9%) students also disagreed. 16 (7.4%) students neither agreed nor disagreed to the floating of Statistics Education as a discipline. 3.1 Further Analyses To measure the amount of relationships among 4 variables: (Awareness of Statistics Education) ; (Department); (the level of study); as the number of statistics related courses offered. We employed Pearson correlation and the results of the correlational analysis are summarized in Table 11.
  • 5. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.11, 2013 218 Table 11: Results of correlation among 4 variables (n = 216) Variables Pearson Correlation 1.000 .145* -.020 .039 1.000 .069 -.054 1.000 - .357* 1.000 Sig. (1-tailed) .017 .383 .286 .157 .214 .000 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (1-tailed) The findings indicate that awareness of Statistics Education is associated with the department of the respondents ( = .145, < .05) and the level of study is negatively associated with the number of statistics related courses offered = −.357, < .05). No significant correlations were found between the awareness of Statistics Education and the level of study, awareness of Statistics Education and the number of statistics related courses offered, the department of the respondents and the level of study, and the department of the respondents and the number of statistics related courses offered. To further analyze the data, we utilized ANOVA, Table 12 illustrates a non-significant difference among the 4 variables. Table 12: Results of one-way Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Regression Residual Total 3 212 215 1.072 44.761 45.833 .357 .211 1.693 .170 The test statistic and P-value are 1.693 and .170, respectively = 1.693, > .05). Since the P-value is greater than the level of significance 0.05, we do not reject the null hypothesis. There is not enough evidence in the sample to conclude that awareness is related to department, level of study and number of statistics related courses offered. This implies that the independent variables (department, level of study and number of statistics related courses offered) did not contribute to the awareness of Statistics Education. The regression equation is = 1.551 + .034 − .007 + .011 Table 13: Table of Multiple Regression Analysis Predictors Coeff SE Coeff T P Constant 1.551 .034 -.007 .011 .131 .015 .030 .019 11.810 2.178 -.219 .565 .000 .031 .827 .573 Std error = .4595 R-sq = 2.3% R-sq (adj) = 1.0% 4.0 Discussion of Results As important as Statistics Education is, it is noteworthy that more than half of the respondents reported that they have never heard about Statistics Education as a Discipline, whereas it is already existing in the developed countries of the world like USA, United Kingdom, China and Germany, to mention a few. One of the major discoveries of this study is the low level of awareness among the respondents. This may be due to the fact that Statistics Education is unpopular in Nigeria. Majority of the respondents have never offered any statistics related courses which should not be so for students in the Faculty of Education (Mother of all Faculties) and in Nigerian’s foremost University (Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife). The results of the study on the necessity of statistical literacy for all undergraduate students show that most students did agree that all the undergraduate students should be literate in Statistics. This is true because all fields of study in the university requires being literate in Statistics. Research studies span on a broad range of topics/fields like business, sports, health, architecture, education, entertainment, political science, psychology, history, criminal justice, environmental studies, transportation, physical sciences, demography etc. It is very amazing to reveal that majority of the respondents concluded that there is a critical need for statistically educated graduates in this age of information explosion. Statistics is used in almost all fields of human endeavor. Majority
  • 6. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.11, 2013 219 of the respondents agreed that Statistics Education can be a reform-oriented pedagogy in Higher Institutions in Nigeria, if the stakeholders can implement it. This trend has been reported in many previous studies of Statistical Education in many countries of the world. For instance, Tishkovskaya and Lancaster (2012) reported that there is a recognized need in China for continuing review of the teaching and learning process in this complex domain of teaching. As it is in the developed countries, the case of Nigeria should not be an exception; the students agreed strongly that since we have Mathematics Education, there should also be Statistics Education floated as a separate discipline in Nigerian Universities. 5.0 Concluding Remarks and Recommendations. From our Analysis it is unequivocally indisputable that there is still a long way to go for statistics education in Nigeria to catch up with what obtains in some developed countries of the world like USA and UK. Its practice and awareness is abysmally low. Through extensive international cooperation and exchanges, we can use the successful experience of other countries as a stepping stone and guide. We hereby make the following recommendations/proposals based on our findings in this research: 1. Statistics Education should be included as a program (course of study) in Nigeria Universities. 2. Since we have Mathematics Education in many schools, there should also be a separate field of Statistics Education floated in Nigerian Universities. 3. In this age of information explosion, there is a critical need for Nigerian Universities to produce more statistically educated graduates. 4. More statistics lecturers with area of specialization in statistics education should be recruited to train students on the importance of statistics education. 5. Students (undergraduate and graduate students) should be encouraged by stakeholders concerned to pick up statistics education as a field. 6. Funds should be made available by the government and educational stakeholders to establish statistics education programs/institutes in Nigeria. 7. We must change our teaching mode from a lecture-and-listen format to one that engages students in active learning. Appropriate computer-aided tools that can stimulate students’ interests and stimulate their experimental ability must be adopted. Using software that allows students to visualize and interact with data appears to improve students’ understanding of statistics education and appreciation of data science. Many Universities in Nigeria can afford more software and hardware purchases, so we are optimistic that they will be utilized well. It is important to update statistical learning/teaching methods to meet the needs of the society. We need to take a more balanced approach, and make sure that our educational practice reflects the emerging trends in modern statistics education. Finally, we hope that our proposals and recommendations in this study will stimulate the interest of educators and students in Nigeria to embrace the emerging discipline of Statistics Education. With the glaring facts, figures and results in this research, the stage is now set for the field of Statistics Education to begin to thrive in Nigeria. References Awe, O.O. (2012). Fostering the Practice and Teaching of Statistical Consulting among Young Statisticians in Africa. Journal of Education and Practice (USA).Vol. 3(3). Awe, O.O. & Oguntuase, D.M. (2013). Acquisition and Utilization of Statistical Consulting/Collaboration Skills among University Students in Nigeria: A Recent Survey. International Journal of Computer and Electronics Research Vol.2 (2). Gal, I., & Ginsburg, L. (1994). The role of beliefs and attitudes in learning statistics: towards and assessment framework. Journal of Statistics Education. Vol.2(2). Garfield, J. (1995). How students learn statistics. International Statistical Review, 63(1), 25-34. Garfield, J., & Ahlgren, A. (1988). Difficulties in learning basic concepts in probability and statistics, Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 19, 44-63. Garfield, J.B. & Ben-Zvi, D. (2007). Developing Students’ Statistical Reasoning: Connecting research and teaching practice. Emeryville, CA: Key College Publishing. Gnanadesikan, M., Scheaffer, R. L., Watkins, A. E., and Witmer, J. A. (1997), An activity-based statistics course, Journal of Statistics Education.Vol.5(2).
  • 7. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.11, 2013 220 Li, J. (2004). Statistics education for junior high school in China. Curricular Development in Statistics Education, 219-228. Liang, Z.-S. (1990). Statistics in China, ICOTS-3, 416-422. Perney, J., & Ravid, R. (1991). The relationship between attitudes towards statistics, math self-concept, test anxiety and graduate students' achievement in an introductory statistics course. Unpublished manuscript, National College of Education, Evanston, IL. Schoenfeld, A. H. (1992). Learning to think mathematically: Problem solving, metacognition, and sense making in mathematics, in Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning, ed. D. A. Grouws, NY: Macmillan, pp. 334-370. Serradó, Ana, Azcárate, Pilar & Cardeñoso, José M. (2005). Randomness in textbooks: the influence of deterministic thinking. In M. Bosch (Ed.), Proceedings of the CERME 4: Fourth Conference of the European Society for Research in Mathematics Education, Sant Feliu de Guixols, España. Shi N.-Z., & Liu H.-M (2007). Quality oriented education: fundamental objective and implementary approach, Educational Research, 8, 10-14 (in Chinese). Shi N.-Z., Geng Z., Guo J., & Tao, J. (2008). A project of applied statistical methods in China: review and outlook, Statistics and its Interface, 1, 197-207. Shi, N, He,X. & Tao,J. (2009). Understanding Statistics and Statistics Education: A Chinese Perspective. Journal of Statistics Education. Vol.17(3). Tishkovskaya, S & Lancaster, G.A.(2012). Statistical Education in the 21st Century: a Review of Challenges, Teaching Innovations and Strategies for Reform. Journal of Statistical Education.Vol.20(2). Wang, J. L., & Zhang, Y. (2002). Development of the higher statistics education in China, ICOTS-6, 1-4 About the Authors. 1. Olusegun Ayodele Adelodun is a Senior Lecturer in the Institute of Education, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. He bagged his Ph.D. in Statistics and M.Ed. Curriculum Studies in Obafemi Awolowo University. His areas of research interest are Statistics Education and Econometrics. He has many published articles in Local and International Journals to his credit. 2. Olushina Olawale Awe is a Statistics Lecturer in the Department of Mathematics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. His areas of research interest are Bayesian Econometrics, and Statistical Consulting/Education. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. He has many published articles in reputable International Journals. Acknowledgement The authors wish to acknowledge the efforts of Tishkovskaya and Lancaster, and Joan Garfield whose works provided the instrument and inspiration for this research.
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