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Chemical and Process Engineering Research
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.14, 2013

www.iiste.org

Effect of Solvent on of 4- Phenyl-7-Hydroxy Coumarin - P –
Chloro Anilide
DARSHAN SINGH (corresponding Author)
Department of Physics, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology
Murthal (Sonipat) Haryana, INDIA
E-mail: darshansaini82@gmail.com
VINOD KUMAR
Department of Physics, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology
Murthal (Sonipat) Haryana, INDIA
E-mail: vinodkumarrohj@gmail.com
YATEENDERA TIWARI
Department of Physics, Gurgaon college of Engineering,VPO – Pathreri, Bilaspur – Tauru Road,
Gurgaon – 122413, Haryana, INDIA
E-mail: yateendratiwari@rediffmail.com
S.K.SINGH
Department of Physics, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology
Murthal (Sonipat) Haryana, INDIA
E-mail: sksingh2k6@gmail.com
Abstract
The absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of 4- phenyl-7-hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide have been
reported in various polar and non polar solvents. The increase in solvent polarity shows the increase in
absorption and emission wave length i.e π→π* transition. This indicates the value of excited state dipole
moments can’t be calculated using the solvatochromic data. The results are explained in terms of
bathochromomic-shift, and possibility of hydrogen bonding.
1.
Introduction
A large number of coumarin derivatives, with different substituent, occur as natural products and most of them
are synthesize in laboratory1. The photo- physical property of coumarin depends on the nature and position of
substituent in the parent molecule and also change, due to change in surrounding media. The
solvatochromicanalysis using the Stoke’s shift data is useful in calculating the excited state dipole moment (µ e)
of the molecule2. The knowledge of excited state dipole moment and excited state charge distribution3 is
important in understanding the photo – physical processes. A prior knowledge of the excited state is found
helpful to assess the efficacies of quantum chemical derivation of wave function as well as electron correlation
treatment. There has been a renewed interest in understanding excited state dipole moments, in connection with
the design of organic molecules having large hyper – polarizabilities, to fabricate efficient nonlinear optical
molecules4. A systematic study of solvent effect, in general, gives information about the first excited singlet sates
behavior of a molecule. Structural stability of the molecule can be inferred from the study of their polarization
values in different organic solvents and also from the temperature dependent studies of fluorescence emission5-6.
In the present work, the authors have studied the Stoke’s shift data for 4- phenyl-7-hydroxy Coumarin - pchloroanilide & and calculated values of function F1(D,n) & F2 (D, n ) for different solvents.
2.
Experimental Details
The flavanone and its derivatives were synthesized and investigated, by adopting standard method published
elseware7. The absorption spectra were obtained with a Shimadzu-260, UV-VIS recording spectro-photometer
and the fluorescence spectra using an Aminco-Bowman spectrophoto-fluorometer. The recorded fluorescence
emission wavelengths are accurate with in ±2 nm and the absorption wavelengths within ±1 nm.
3.
Results and discussion
The structure of the various flavanones studied (I) are given in Fig. 1. The observed values of ν a (longest
absorption wavelength maxima) and ν f (fluorescence band maxima) in various polar and non polar organic
solvents along with the calculated values of the solvents parameters F1(D,n) F2(D,n) are parented in Table 1.
Solvent effect excited state dipole moment
Solvatochromic analysis is generally used for estimating the excited state dipole moment of the fluorescence

28
Chemical and Process Engineering Research
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.14, 2013

www.iiste.org

molecules5-6,9. The following relations obtained from the theoretical consideration for the solvents effect, are
useful on obtaining the excited state dipole moments2.

(ν

a

− ν f ) = S1 F1 ( D, n) + K1 ......................................................................(1)

And

1
(ν a −ν& f ) = S 2 F2 (D, n) + K 2 ..................................................................(2)
2

Here, ν a and ν f are absorption and fluorescence maxima, n is the refractive index and D the dielectric constant
of the solvent. The expression for S1 and S2 are :

2(µ e − µ g )

2

S1 =
and

S2 =
Where

hCa 3

(

2
− 2 µ e2 − µ g

hCa 3

µe and µ g

.....................................................................................(3)

)

2

..................................................................................(4)

arec the excited and ground state dipole moment of the solute molecule, ‘a’ is the Onsagar

cavity radius, h is the Planck’s constant and C is the velocity of light. Further F1 (D,n) and F2(D,n) are given by
the relation:

 D − 1 n 2 − 1   2n 2 + 1 
F1 ( D, n) = 
− 2  2
......................................................(5)
 D + 2 n + 1  n + 2 
And

F2 (D, n ) =

(

)
)

1
3  n4 −1 
F1 (D, n ) + 
........................................................(6)
2
2  n2 + 2 2 



(

If the included shifts are neglected in

ν a and ν f

due to complex formation, charge transfer and hydrogen

bonding etc. and further assumed that, the angle between

µe and µ g is small and the cavity radius ‘a’ is same in

both the ground and excited states, than from Eqs (1) and (2) the ratio of the dipole moments in the excited state
and the ground state is given by:

µ e S1 − S 2
=
........................................................................................(7)
µ g S1 + S 2
Further the value of excited state dipole moment can be obtained if the Onsager cavity radius ‘a’ is known, using
(3) and (4)

a (hCaS1 )
µe =
2

12

 S1 
1 − .......................................................................(8)
 S2 

Also knowing the value of

µe the value of µ g can be obtained. The value of Onsager cavity radius has been

calculated using the method of Vander Waal increments13 (Table2).
The plots of

(ν

a

− ν f ) versus F1(D,n) and

1
(ν a + ν f ) versus F2(D,n) for compound (I) is drawn, Figs 1.12

1.2, using least square fit method. These plots are found not be linear, so excited state dipole moment can’t be
calculated.

29
Chemical and Process Engineering Research
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.14, 2013

www.iiste.org

4.
Conclusions
The present investigation thus shows that:
1. The increase in solvent polarity causes abathochromic shift for the longest absorption band maxima as
well as for the fluorescence peak for 4- phenyl-7-hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide. This shows
π→π* transition.
2. The value of excited state dipole moment µe of 4- phenyl-7-hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide

( )

3.

can’t calculate, due to possibility of hydrogen bonding.
Structure of 4- phenyl-7-hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide also shows the possibility of formation of
hydrogen bonding or molecular complexes.

References
1.
Murray, R. D. H., Mendez, J. & Brown, S. A. (1982). The Natural Coumarins. Chichester :Wiely
Interscience, (Chapter 5).
2.
Lakowicz, J. R. (2006). Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy. (3rd ed.). New York: Plenum Press.
3.
Rohatgi, K.K. & Mukherjee (1986). Fundamentals of photochemistry. New Delhi: New Age (Chapter
4).
4.
Chemla, D. S. & Zyss, J. (1987). Non-linear optical property of organic molecules and crystals. New
Delhi Acadmic Press.
5.
Gaplovsky, A., Donoyalova J., Magdolen, P., Toma, S. & Zahradnik, P. (2002). Spectroscopic study
of 2-[2-(4-cyclaminophenyl)ethen-1-yl] benzothiazoles and their N-allylbenzothiazolium bromides. Solvent and
substituent effects on their ultraviolet–visible and fluorescence spectra. Spectrochim Acta-A, 58(2),363- 371.
6.
Kumar, S., Giri,R., Mishra, S. C. & Machwe, M. K. (1995). Photophysical characteristics of the laser
dye 7-dimethylamino cyclopenta [c] coumarin. Spectrochim Acta-A, 51(9), 1459-1467.
7.
Vogel, A. I. (2011). Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry: Small Scale Preparations Part 1. ( 2nd ed),
India: Pearson Education, (Chapter 5).
8.
Melhuish, W. H. (1962). Calibration of Spectrofluorimeters for Measuring Corrected Emission Spectra.
J Opt Soc Am, 52(11,)1256-1258.
9.
Nikolai, V., Savintsev, I., Kovaler, A. & Wadkin, R. M. (2001). Solvatochromism of the Excitation and
Emission Spectra of 7-Aminoactinomycin D:  Implications for Drug Recognition of DNA Secondary Structures.
J Phys Chem-B, 105(35), 8461-8467.
10.
Edward, T. J. (1970). Molecular volumes and the Stokes-Einstein equation. J Chem Education B, 47(4),
261-269.
Table 1
Sr.No

Solvents

λa

λf

νa

νf

(nm) (nm ) (cm ) (cm −1 )

F1 (D, n )

F2 (D, n ) ν a − ν f

(cm )

−1

1
2
3
4

Benzene
Dioxane
Methenol
Isobutanol

279
288
290
393

5
6
7

Ethanol
n -butanol
Aceton

292
292
300

305
328
330
342

343
342
*360
to 365
8
Water
304
*360
to 370
9
Formamide
310
*360
to 370
*Broad band, mean value taken.

−1

ν a +ν f
2
cm −1

(

)

35842
34722
34482
34129

32786
30487
30303
29239

0.005
0.04
0.85
0.75

0.34
0.31
0.65
0.65

3052
4235
4179
4890

34314
32604
32392
31684

34246
34246
33333

29154
29239
27586

0.81
0.77
0.79

0.65
0.65
0.64

5092
5007
5747

31700
31742
30459

32894

27397

0.91

0.68

5497

30145

32258

27397

0.89

0.75

4861

29827

Stoke’s shift data for 4- phenyl-7-hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide & and calculated values of function
F1(D,n) & F2 (D, n ) for different solvents.

30
Chemical and Process Engineering Research
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.14, 2013

www.iiste.org

Graph

Figure 1.1

: Plot of F1(D,n) versus Stoke’s shifts according to Bakshiev’s relation for 4- phenyl-7hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide.

Figure 1.2

: Plot of F2(D,n) versus Stoke’s shifts according to Chamma and Viallet’s relation
for 4- phenyl-7- hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide.

31
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Effect of solvent on of 4 phenyl-7-hydroxy coumarin - p –chloro anilide

  • 1. Chemical and Process Engineering Research ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.14, 2013 www.iiste.org Effect of Solvent on of 4- Phenyl-7-Hydroxy Coumarin - P – Chloro Anilide DARSHAN SINGH (corresponding Author) Department of Physics, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology Murthal (Sonipat) Haryana, INDIA E-mail: darshansaini82@gmail.com VINOD KUMAR Department of Physics, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology Murthal (Sonipat) Haryana, INDIA E-mail: vinodkumarrohj@gmail.com YATEENDERA TIWARI Department of Physics, Gurgaon college of Engineering,VPO – Pathreri, Bilaspur – Tauru Road, Gurgaon – 122413, Haryana, INDIA E-mail: yateendratiwari@rediffmail.com S.K.SINGH Department of Physics, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology Murthal (Sonipat) Haryana, INDIA E-mail: sksingh2k6@gmail.com Abstract The absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of 4- phenyl-7-hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide have been reported in various polar and non polar solvents. The increase in solvent polarity shows the increase in absorption and emission wave length i.e π→π* transition. This indicates the value of excited state dipole moments can’t be calculated using the solvatochromic data. The results are explained in terms of bathochromomic-shift, and possibility of hydrogen bonding. 1. Introduction A large number of coumarin derivatives, with different substituent, occur as natural products and most of them are synthesize in laboratory1. The photo- physical property of coumarin depends on the nature and position of substituent in the parent molecule and also change, due to change in surrounding media. The solvatochromicanalysis using the Stoke’s shift data is useful in calculating the excited state dipole moment (µ e) of the molecule2. The knowledge of excited state dipole moment and excited state charge distribution3 is important in understanding the photo – physical processes. A prior knowledge of the excited state is found helpful to assess the efficacies of quantum chemical derivation of wave function as well as electron correlation treatment. There has been a renewed interest in understanding excited state dipole moments, in connection with the design of organic molecules having large hyper – polarizabilities, to fabricate efficient nonlinear optical molecules4. A systematic study of solvent effect, in general, gives information about the first excited singlet sates behavior of a molecule. Structural stability of the molecule can be inferred from the study of their polarization values in different organic solvents and also from the temperature dependent studies of fluorescence emission5-6. In the present work, the authors have studied the Stoke’s shift data for 4- phenyl-7-hydroxy Coumarin - pchloroanilide & and calculated values of function F1(D,n) & F2 (D, n ) for different solvents. 2. Experimental Details The flavanone and its derivatives were synthesized and investigated, by adopting standard method published elseware7. The absorption spectra were obtained with a Shimadzu-260, UV-VIS recording spectro-photometer and the fluorescence spectra using an Aminco-Bowman spectrophoto-fluorometer. The recorded fluorescence emission wavelengths are accurate with in ±2 nm and the absorption wavelengths within ±1 nm. 3. Results and discussion The structure of the various flavanones studied (I) are given in Fig. 1. The observed values of ν a (longest absorption wavelength maxima) and ν f (fluorescence band maxima) in various polar and non polar organic solvents along with the calculated values of the solvents parameters F1(D,n) F2(D,n) are parented in Table 1. Solvent effect excited state dipole moment Solvatochromic analysis is generally used for estimating the excited state dipole moment of the fluorescence 28
  • 2. Chemical and Process Engineering Research ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.14, 2013 www.iiste.org molecules5-6,9. The following relations obtained from the theoretical consideration for the solvents effect, are useful on obtaining the excited state dipole moments2. (ν a − ν f ) = S1 F1 ( D, n) + K1 ......................................................................(1) And 1 (ν a −ν& f ) = S 2 F2 (D, n) + K 2 ..................................................................(2) 2 Here, ν a and ν f are absorption and fluorescence maxima, n is the refractive index and D the dielectric constant of the solvent. The expression for S1 and S2 are : 2(µ e − µ g ) 2 S1 = and S2 = Where hCa 3 ( 2 − 2 µ e2 − µ g hCa 3 µe and µ g .....................................................................................(3) ) 2 ..................................................................................(4) arec the excited and ground state dipole moment of the solute molecule, ‘a’ is the Onsagar cavity radius, h is the Planck’s constant and C is the velocity of light. Further F1 (D,n) and F2(D,n) are given by the relation:  D − 1 n 2 − 1   2n 2 + 1  F1 ( D, n) =  − 2  2 ......................................................(5)  D + 2 n + 1  n + 2  And F2 (D, n ) = ( ) ) 1 3  n4 −1  F1 (D, n ) +  ........................................................(6) 2 2  n2 + 2 2    ( If the included shifts are neglected in ν a and ν f due to complex formation, charge transfer and hydrogen bonding etc. and further assumed that, the angle between µe and µ g is small and the cavity radius ‘a’ is same in both the ground and excited states, than from Eqs (1) and (2) the ratio of the dipole moments in the excited state and the ground state is given by: µ e S1 − S 2 = ........................................................................................(7) µ g S1 + S 2 Further the value of excited state dipole moment can be obtained if the Onsager cavity radius ‘a’ is known, using (3) and (4) a (hCaS1 ) µe = 2 12  S1  1 − .......................................................................(8)  S2  Also knowing the value of µe the value of µ g can be obtained. The value of Onsager cavity radius has been calculated using the method of Vander Waal increments13 (Table2). The plots of (ν a − ν f ) versus F1(D,n) and 1 (ν a + ν f ) versus F2(D,n) for compound (I) is drawn, Figs 1.12 1.2, using least square fit method. These plots are found not be linear, so excited state dipole moment can’t be calculated. 29
  • 3. Chemical and Process Engineering Research ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.14, 2013 www.iiste.org 4. Conclusions The present investigation thus shows that: 1. The increase in solvent polarity causes abathochromic shift for the longest absorption band maxima as well as for the fluorescence peak for 4- phenyl-7-hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide. This shows π→π* transition. 2. The value of excited state dipole moment µe of 4- phenyl-7-hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide ( ) 3. can’t calculate, due to possibility of hydrogen bonding. Structure of 4- phenyl-7-hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide also shows the possibility of formation of hydrogen bonding or molecular complexes. References 1. Murray, R. D. H., Mendez, J. & Brown, S. A. (1982). The Natural Coumarins. Chichester :Wiely Interscience, (Chapter 5). 2. Lakowicz, J. R. (2006). Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy. (3rd ed.). New York: Plenum Press. 3. Rohatgi, K.K. & Mukherjee (1986). Fundamentals of photochemistry. New Delhi: New Age (Chapter 4). 4. Chemla, D. S. & Zyss, J. (1987). Non-linear optical property of organic molecules and crystals. New Delhi Acadmic Press. 5. Gaplovsky, A., Donoyalova J., Magdolen, P., Toma, S. & Zahradnik, P. (2002). Spectroscopic study of 2-[2-(4-cyclaminophenyl)ethen-1-yl] benzothiazoles and their N-allylbenzothiazolium bromides. Solvent and substituent effects on their ultraviolet–visible and fluorescence spectra. Spectrochim Acta-A, 58(2),363- 371. 6. Kumar, S., Giri,R., Mishra, S. C. & Machwe, M. K. (1995). Photophysical characteristics of the laser dye 7-dimethylamino cyclopenta [c] coumarin. Spectrochim Acta-A, 51(9), 1459-1467. 7. Vogel, A. I. (2011). Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry: Small Scale Preparations Part 1. ( 2nd ed), India: Pearson Education, (Chapter 5). 8. Melhuish, W. H. (1962). Calibration of Spectrofluorimeters for Measuring Corrected Emission Spectra. J Opt Soc Am, 52(11,)1256-1258. 9. Nikolai, V., Savintsev, I., Kovaler, A. & Wadkin, R. M. (2001). Solvatochromism of the Excitation and Emission Spectra of 7-Aminoactinomycin D:  Implications for Drug Recognition of DNA Secondary Structures. J Phys Chem-B, 105(35), 8461-8467. 10. Edward, T. J. (1970). Molecular volumes and the Stokes-Einstein equation. J Chem Education B, 47(4), 261-269. Table 1 Sr.No Solvents λa λf νa νf (nm) (nm ) (cm ) (cm −1 ) F1 (D, n ) F2 (D, n ) ν a − ν f (cm ) −1 1 2 3 4 Benzene Dioxane Methenol Isobutanol 279 288 290 393 5 6 7 Ethanol n -butanol Aceton 292 292 300 305 328 330 342 343 342 *360 to 365 8 Water 304 *360 to 370 9 Formamide 310 *360 to 370 *Broad band, mean value taken. −1 ν a +ν f 2 cm −1 ( ) 35842 34722 34482 34129 32786 30487 30303 29239 0.005 0.04 0.85 0.75 0.34 0.31 0.65 0.65 3052 4235 4179 4890 34314 32604 32392 31684 34246 34246 33333 29154 29239 27586 0.81 0.77 0.79 0.65 0.65 0.64 5092 5007 5747 31700 31742 30459 32894 27397 0.91 0.68 5497 30145 32258 27397 0.89 0.75 4861 29827 Stoke’s shift data for 4- phenyl-7-hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide & and calculated values of function F1(D,n) & F2 (D, n ) for different solvents. 30
  • 4. Chemical and Process Engineering Research ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.14, 2013 www.iiste.org Graph Figure 1.1 : Plot of F1(D,n) versus Stoke’s shifts according to Bakshiev’s relation for 4- phenyl-7hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide. Figure 1.2 : Plot of F2(D,n) versus Stoke’s shifts according to Chamma and Viallet’s relation for 4- phenyl-7- hydroxy Coumarin - p-chloroanilide. 31
  • 5. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing. More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage: http://www.iiste.org CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors. MORE RESOURCES Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/ Recent conferences: http://www.iiste.org/conference/ IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar