2. Our Sponsors

3. North American Carsharing: 2012-2013 Outlook
Susan Shaheen, Ph.D.
Adjunct Professor, Civil and Envt’l Engineering
Co-Director, Transportation Sustainability Research Center
University of California, Berkeley
2013 CarSharing Association Conference
September 16-17, 2013

4. Overview
• Evolution
• Worldwide and North American data/understanding
• Trends & developments
• One-way carsharing
• Personal vehicle sharing
• Autonomous vehicles
• New TSRC carsharing research
• Key questions & upcoming summit

5. 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Carsharing Phases in North America
1990
1994 to mid-2002
mid-2002 to
late-2007 late-2007 to present

6. 2006 2008 2010 2012
South America 110 1,500
Australia 1,130 5,210 12,750 25,500
Asia 15,700 12,546 81,817 160,500
Europe 212,124 334,168 552,868 691,943
North America 117,656 318,838 516,100 908,584
Worldwide 346,610 670,762 1,163,645 1,788,027
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
2,000,000
CarsharingMembers
Worldwide & Regional Membership (2006-2012)

7. Worldwide Carsharing Then and Now

8. Worldwide Carsharing Then and Now

9. 13 6065 255 440 1,080608 810
4,315
6,155
7,491
10,833
16,779
20,464
3,337
7,505
10,420
15,795
11,501
19,403
31,967
43,554
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
2006 2008 2010 2012
Vehicles
Worldwide & Regional Fleets (2006-2012)
South America Australia Asia Europe North America Worldwide

10. 2012 Worldwide Census
Members Vehicles Ratio
Asia 160,500 6,155 26.1
Australia 25,500 1,080 23.6
Europe 691,943 20,464 33.8
North America 908,584 15,795 57.5
South America 1,500 60 25.0
Worldwide 1,788,027 43,554 41.1

11. 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2013
(JAN)
Mexico 620
Canada 3,909 7,007 10,001 11,932 15,663 26,878 39,664 53,916 67,526 78,856 101,502 141,351
United States 12,098 25,640 52,347 61,658 102,993 184,292 279,234 323,681 448,574 560,572 806,332 891,593
North America 16,007 32,647 62,348 73,590 118,656 211,170 318,898 377,597 516,100 639,428 907,834 1,033,5
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
MEMBERS
North American Member Growth
Mexico Canada United States North America

12. 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2013
(Jan)
Mexico 40
Canada 231 397 521 599 779 1,388 1,667 2,046 2,285 2,605 3,143 3,432
United States 455 696 907 1,192 2,561 5,104 5,840 7,722 8,120 10,019 12,634 12,131
North America 686 1,093 1,428 1,791 3,340 6,492 7,507 9,768 10,405 12,624 15,777 15,603
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
VEHICLES North American Vehicle Growth
Mexico Canada United States North America

13. North American Carsharing Statistics
• 46 North American operators
as of January 2013
U.S.
25
Canada
20
Mexico
1

14. North American Carsharing Statistics
• Over 1 million members (excludes PVS/p2p members)
– Almost 900,000 in the U.S. (up 24% from Jan 2012)
– Over 140,000 in Canada (up 53% from Jan 2012)
– 620 in Mexico
as of January 2013
U.S.
891,593
Canada
141,351
Mexico
620

15. North American Carsharing Statistics
• Over 15,000 vehicles (excludes PVS/p2p vehicles)
– Over 12,000 in the U.S. (up 24% from Jan 2012)
– Almost 3,500 in Canada (up 36% from Jan 2012)
– 40 in Mexico
as of January 2013
U.S.
12,131
Canada
3,432
Mexico
40

16. North American Carsharing Statistics
• Member-vehicle ratio
– 73:1 in the U.S. (up 0.4% from Jan 2012)
– 41:1 in Canada (up 13% from Jan 2012)
– 16:1 in Mexico
– 66:1 overall (up 0.8% from Jan 2012)
• Non-profit vs. for-profit operations
– Majority of operators are non-profit
– U.S.: 48% of operators for-profit, 96% of membership, 93% of vehicles
– Canada: 40% of operators for-profit, 92% of membership, 89% of
vehicles
as of January 2013

17. Trends & Developments
• Continued membership growth in carsharing
• Mergers and acquisitions
• Ongoing growth/expansion of multi-national
operators, traditional car rental providers, automaker
sponsored programs into carsharing
• Notable developments in shared-use mobility space
(e.g., “classic” innovations, P2P, one-way, dynamic
ridesharing & transportation networking companies)
• Confusion about definitions, as well as data attributions

18. 2008 N. American Carsharing Survey
• Survey implemented from Sept. to
Nov. 2008
• ~9,500 completed surveys; analysis
based on 6,281 hhds
• Completion rate ~80%
• Online survey challenging
• Took between 10 to 15 minutes for
most respondents to complete
Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010

19. Participating Organizations
American
- City Carshare
- CityWheels
- Community Car
- Community Carshare of Bellingham
- Igo
- PhillyCarShare
- Zipcar
Canadian
- Autoshare
- Communauto
- Co-operative Auto Network
- VrtuCar
- Zipcar

20. N.A. Vehicle Holdings: Key Findings
• Between 9 to 13 vehicles
removed, including postponed
purchase
• 4 to 6 vehicles/carsharing vehicle sold
due to carsharing
• Most shift due to 1 car households
becoming carless
• Second largest shift, 2 car households
become 1 car households
• 25% sell a vehicle
• 25% postpone vehicle purchase
Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010

21. CO2 & Carsharing: Key Findings
Net effect: observed reduction in CO2 emissions
• .75 mt/respondent U.S.
• .22 mt/respondent CA
• Average .58 mt/respondent (27%
observed and 43% full impact)
Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010

22. GHG Emission Impacts of Carsharing in
North America
transweb.sjsu.edu/project/0911.html

23. Acquisitions in 2013
• Jan 2013: Avis Budget Group acquired Zipcar
• Avis-Europe first large-scale rental company to launch
carsharing: CARvenience, UK, 2001
• Later eclipsed by other rental companies until Zipcar
acquisition
• May 2013: Enterprise Holdings acquired IGO CarSharing
• Enterprise previously acquired PhillyCarShare in 2011, Mint
Cars On-Demand in 2012
• May 2013: PVS operator RelayRides acquired Wheelz
• Rental car companies now comprise majority of
carsharing membership and vehicle fleet
• 79% of membership; 63% of vehicle fleet
• 2012: only 17% of membership and 13% of fleet
• Due to acquisition of Zipcar by Avis in 2013

24. Mergers & Acquisitions
2001:
Flexcar
acquires
CarSharing
Portland
2007:
Zipcar and
Flexcar
merge
2011:
Enterprise
acquires
Philly
CarShare
2012:
Enterprise
acquires
Mint Cars
On-
Demand
Jan 2013:
Avis
acquires
Zipcar
May 2013:
Enterprise
acquires
IGO
CarSharing

25. Comparison with
Rental Car Companies
Company
U.S. Cars in Service
(2012)
2012 Revenue Est. (in
millions of USD)
Enterprise Holdings 941,064 $11,500
Hertz 366,000 $4,600
Avis Budget Group 300,000 $4,510
Dollar Thrifty AG 122,000 $1,563
Zipcar 8,800 $205
Source: Auto Rental News
• Zipcar vs. 4 largest rental car companies:
– 0.5% of top 4 rental car fleets
– less than 3% of Avis’s 2012 fleet size

26. Impacts of Carsharing on Rental
Car Industry
• Continued blurring between clear definitions and
business models of “carsharing” and “car rental”
• Implementation of pre-qualified car rental users and
virtual storefronts for unattended and increased access
• Enhances customer experience and flexibility, increases
profit margin
• Uniform age for insurance of carsharing and rental cars
• Possible reduction of minimum age, with add’l insurance
costs through monthly fee or higher rate
• Experimentation in insurance models
• Pay-as-you-drive (usage-based) insurance

27. Impact of Carsharing on Rental
Car Industry (cont’d)
• New cars factory-equipped with carsharing
telematics
• BMW/DriveNow, Daimler/car2go, GM OnStar/
RelayRides
• Telematics across rental car/carsharing fleets
• Flexibility to move vehicles with changing demand
• Connected and autonomous vehicle technology
• Improved vehicle
operations, ecodriving, ecorouting
• Self-parking, self-recharging

28. Industry Innovations
• Apr 2013: Communauto offers members GHG
emission offsets
– Partnered with Planetair and CO2 Environnement
• Jan 2013: City CarShare expands wheelchair
accessible carsharing
• Nov 2011: IGO CarSharing installs 18 solar-
powered charging stations

29. • Point-to-point carsharing, free-floating carsharing
• Allows member to return vehicle to a different
location from where they started (within operating
area)
• Advanced technology used to facilitate one-way trips
and fleet balancing
One-Way Carsharing

30. • June 2012: BMW launched
DriveNow in San Francisco
• Sept 2012: Communauto
began one-way operations in
Paris
• 2012-2013: Daimler AG
expands across Western
Europe and North America
Recent Developments in One-Way

31. One-Way Key Statistics
• Operations in 9 countries
– Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the
Netherlands, UK, U.S.
• 5 companies in 11 U.S. cities, 4 Canadian cities, 1 Mexican
city
– Austin, Denver, Hoboken, Miami, Minneapolis, New
York, Portland, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, Washington D.C.
– Calgary, Montréal (pilot), Toronto, Vancouver
– Mexico City
• Bolloré Group (Autolib’) to launch in Indianapolis in 2014
• One-way represents 12% of North American carsharing
membership and 18% of fleet (as of Jan 2013)

32. One-Way EV Carsharing Study
• Document economic, travel, and environmental impacts of
electric vehicle (EV) carsharing fleet; pricing impacts on
operational efficiency in San Diego (2-year study)
• Interview and survey car2go users on travel
patterns, modal shifts, vehicle ownership, perceptions of
one-way EV carsharing, demographics
• Partners (FHWA funding):
– Daimler car2go
– San Diego Association of Governments
– City of San Diego
– Caltrans
– UC Berkeley TSRC
• Possible addition of other partners/cities

33. • Personal vehicle sharing (PVS)
models first seen in North America in
2001, eGOCarShare, RentMyCar
• May 2013: RelayRides acquired
Wheelz
• North American PVS Operators (as of
Sept. 2013):
• 10 operating (9 fully-active, 1 in pilot phase)
• 3 planned
• 7 defunct
• 38 worldwide
• 33 fully-active
• 5 in pilot phase
Short-term access to privately-owned vehicles
Personal Vehicle Sharing

34. • Individuals sub-lease or subscribe to vehicle owned by a third
party
Fractional Ownership
• Individuals access vehicles by joining an organization that
maintains its own fleet of vehicles, but also includes private
autos, throughout a network of locations
Hybrid P2P-Traditional Carsharing Model
• Employs privately-owned vehicles made temporarily available for
shared use by individual or members of P2P company
P2P Carsharing
• Enables direct exchanges between individuals via Internet
P2P Marketplace
4 Types of Personal Vehicle Sharing

35. • Gain early understanding of the emerging industry
• Evaluate impacts to user travel patterns
• Highlight opportunities for policy adjustments
• Interviews with 5 North American P2P
operators, government agencies, insurance experts, and other
stakeholders
• Online survey of PVS members
• University of California Transportation Center funding source
• Study wrap-up and report: January 2014
PVS Study

36. Autonomous Vehicles
• Autonomous vehicles represent a transformative
technology in the transportation industry
• Carsharing/Autonomous Vehicle Synergies
• Platform for introducing autonomous vehicle technologies, building
consumer demand/appeal/confidence (e.g., BMW’s DriveNow
electric vehicles)
• Autonomous vehicle sharing potentially new model for some
carsharing companies (e.g., taxi-like services)
• P2P autonomous vehicle sharing potentially lowers ownership
costs of expensive, technologically-advanced vehicles

37. GoGet - Australia
• Testing a base Yaris with sensors (3 radar, camera)
• Collecting data to model “real” human behavior and usage
scenarios (trip data)
• Research partner: University of New South Wales
• Understand possible usage patterns and demand in the
longer term and how to best optimize the vehicle in
carsharing
• Start with partially autonomous vehicle (human in control)
• Goal: First fleet buyer in Australia of fully autonomous
vehicles (5 years)

38. • 3-year electric vehicle (EV)
carsharing pilot program
launched 9/11/13
• Open to employees and
residents of Hacienda Business
Park, Pleasanton, CA
• 30 Scion iQ EVs, range of 40
miles
• 15 locations with charging
stations, 2 EVs at each location
• Partners: City
CarShare, Toyota, UC Berkeley
TSRC

39. Electric Bikesharing & Carsharing
• 4-year pilot to launch in Berkeley and
San Francisco, CA in Spring 2014
• Growing to 90 e-bikes at 25+ locations
• 22 e-bikes with bike trailer or cargo
bike
• Evaluate e-bike sharing cost
effectiveness and impacts on travel
patterns and emission reductions
• FHWA grant funding
• Partners: City CarShare, UC Berkeley
TSRC, SFMTA, Caltrans

40. Risk & Insurance Analysis
• Classic carsharing reduces overall driving
• Study examines implications of multiple users of a single
vehicle on insurance, risk, and actuarial analysis
• Understanding risk key to facilitating fair and reasonable
policies, as well as growing shared-use mobility services
• Establish and host a database of vehicle use and accidents of
shared-use systems
• Data on vehicle activity, vehicle accidents, and accident costs
experienced by shared-use systems (e.g., crashes/mile &
vehicle)
• Goal: new insurance products and lower premiums

41. Key Questions to Consider
• As carsharing matures, how will it scale into less dense
areas?
• What role will entrants and business models play in its
expansion (e.g., non-profit vs. profit)?
• How will carsharing be branded to be successful? In which
markets will it be successful?
• What social and environmental impacts can be expected?
• How should public policy play a role in its expansion?
• What innovative insurance models could be developed to
support shared use?
• What type of service integration would best support
shared vehicles the sharing economy?

43. • October 10-11, 2013 in San Francisco
• Panel discussions and presentations by the world’s experts
on carsharing, one-way carsharing, p2p carsharing, and
other aspects of the sharing economy
• Dialogue among mobility
providers, policymakers, governmental agencies, non-
profits, affiliated
industries, technologists, academics, media, and
stakeholders
• More information at www.sharedusesummit.org
• Please join us!
• Contact me for a registration discount

44. Acknowledgements
• North American carsharing
organizations
• Adam Cohen, Dr. Elliot
Martin, Nelson Chan, TSRC, UC
Berkeley
• Dave Brook, Consultant
• Ryan Johnson, Enterprise
CarShare

45. www.tsrc.berkeley.edu