Final presentation for the class of Toxicology of Natural Sourced Medicine (EMK Lui) March 31 st. If you are going to use this presentation, please, give credit to our work ¬¬U.

1. University of Western OntarioDeparment of Physiology and PharmacologyToxicology of Natural Sourced Medicine Jacob Matusinec Isboset Nuñez Luna Monica Rosas Calderón Kristine Smit (March 31th,2011)

2. Homeopathy

5. Associated with healthier lifestyles

6. Patients often do report improved symptoms

9. Diseases result from disharmonized Vital Force

10. Based on a belief system rather than science

13. Most debated aspect of homeopathy.

14. Many studies done with differential results

16. C scale: denotes the number of 1:100 dilutions performed.

17. D60=C30: Dilution advocated by Hahnemann for most purposes

19. History of the Memory of Water Jacques Benveniste (March 1935–October 2004) Benveniste J. Platelet-activating factor, a new mediator of anaphylaxis and immune complex deposition from rabbit and human basophiles. Nature1974; 249: 581-582. “Homeopathy is still not understood, however his efforts started a new era of rigorous scientific investigation of the field” - Alex Tournier (founding director of the Homeopathy Research Institute)

20. History of the Memory of Water Davenas E, Beauvais F, Amara J et al. HumanbasophildegranulationtriggeredbyverydiluteantiserumagainstIgE. Nature1988; 334: 287-290. “Specific information must have been transmitted during the dilution /shaking process via some molecular organization occurring in the water”

21. History of the Memory of Water “There were no methodological flaws apparent at the time.” –James Maddox, Nature Editor "There are good and particular reasons why prudent people should, for the time being, suspend judgment“ –JM Committee: James Randi: magician-cum-paranormal researcher Walter Stewart: physicist and freelance debunker at the US NIH

22. History of the Memory of Water No memory effect was observed in the blinded experiments. Although no fraudwasfound, thelack of reproducibilityledNaturetoconcludethattherewas no substantialbasisforBenveniste’sclaim.

23. History of the Memory of Water Benveniste and several collaborators worked to find the underlying mechanisms to the results on his original paper. Jacques started working with homeopath E. Attias “Digital Biology: biological interactions could be digitized”

24. History of the Memory of Water J. Benveniste; P. Jurgens, W. Hsueh and J. Aissa (February 21–26, 1997). "Transatlantic Transfer of Digitized Antigen Signal by Telephone Link". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. J. Benveniste; Aissa, J., Guillonnet. "The molecular signal is not functional in the absence of "informed water"". Medical Hypotheses54 J. Benveniste; Thomas Y, Schiff M, Belkadi L, Jurgens P, Kahhak L (2000). "Activation of human neutrophils by electronically transmitted phorbol-myristate acetate". FASEB Journal13 (1): 33–39

25. Homeopathy Research

26. Homeopathy Research Experimental research – study efficacy of homeopathic remedies Basic research – elucidate nature of homeopathic remedies Clinical trials – studies clinical efficacy Theoretical models

27. Experimental Researchin vitro, cell systems, or in vivo Many models (both plant and animal) exist but only a few have been replicated independently (and quality often poor) Examples: Jacques Benveniste (1988) – IgEdegranulation Independent replication of more recent studies

29. Results Successive peaks of degranulation from 40- 60% of the basophils over dilutions of anti-IgE that range from 102 to 10120 Less than one molecule of Ab is present when anti-IgE antiserum is diluted to 1014

30. “Strengths” HOWEVER… Observer bias Some participating laboratories withdrew because effect not consistent with results (not reported) Variability of the positive results was smaller than the statistically expected error or microscopical cell count and found no effect of higher dilutions Control: cells incubated in conditions identical to those with anti-IgE antiserum gave no significant degranulation (antihuman IgG antiserum) Blind double-coded procedures 6 different laboratories (in 4 countries)

32. Experimenters used flow-cytometryto measure basophildegranulation

33. Determines % CD63-expressing basophils (those activated)

34. CD63 expression directly correlates with histamine release

35. All experiments performed with a blinded and randomised arrangement of dilutions and controls

37. Basic Researchelucidating the nature of homeopathic remedies… To understand mechanism, need to find a plausible theory and experimental backing to clarify how a highly diluted substance can affect a biological system Must explain how a biological effect can be brought about without a sufficient number of molecules of the active agent (found in homeopathetic remedies)

38. Clinical Research Many scientists  Homeopathy violates natural laws and thus any effect must be a placebo effect Public & some physicians  use of and belief in effectiveness of homeopathy is widespread Is the effect seen with homeopathic remedies equivalent to that seen with placebo?

39. If the hypothesis that all clinical effects of homeopathy are due to placebo is true: All properly conducted place-controlled trials on homeopathy would be comparing one placebo to another Thus, overall results should vary randomly around a zero difference between groups

41. Results not compatible with placebo hypothesis However, insufficient evidence that any single type of homeopathic treatment is clearly effective in any one clinical condition

42. Systemic Reviews of Clinical Trials on Homeopathy for Specific Conditions

43. Efficacy/effectiveness paradox: Disputed evidence that homeopathy is different from placebo yet there is documented usefulness in general practice ~70% of all patients using homeopathy report they are considerably improved after treatment (effects remain stable during follow-up periods of 2-5 years) Before clinical homeopathy research can proceed with success, needs a viable theory…

44. Theoretical Models Local Conventional scientific positivism Non-local: quantum theoretical concepts Complementarity Entanglement

45. Local Mechanisms Homeopathic remedies behave in a way similar to any other medicine The production process produces some kind of template, image, or imprint of the original substance, and this “information” is the active ingredient

46. Local Mechanisms Hydrogen bonds and van der Waal’s interactions Electric fields can be modified and modulated by their surrounding Laws of thermodynamics?

47. Examples of local mechanisms Remaining material on surfaces Nanobubbles Remaining particle clusters Ethanol solution complexity Natural water clusters redox molecules produced from water

48. Non-local Hypotheses “Correlations are somehow established between patient, practitioner and remedy, ultimately leading to an observed change in the patient’s state of health”. Even more controversial than local mechanisms: quantum theory applicable in our macroscopic domain??

49. Non-local Hypotheses “Quantum entanglement: property of the quantum mechanical state of a system containing two or more objects, where the objects that make up the system are linked in such a way that the quantum state of any of them cannot be adequately described without full mention of the others, even if the individual objects are spatially separated.”

51. Water Memory

52. Empirical Approaches Dr. Masaru Emoto. He claims about the «resonance» present in words and how these vibrations change in health and disease.

53. Emoto’s experimentsRice experiment Three separate treatments to beakers containing rice and water: Thank the flask or say something nice Tell nasty and rude phrases. Ignore it.

54. Emotto’sWaterCrystals (2003) 2000 people (Tokyo) prayedtowatersamplesstoredon a electromagneticshieldedroom. (CA,USA). Control sampleswere in other place. Pictures of bothsampleswereblindlytaken. Afterthat, thepictureswereshownto 100 judges. (Theydidnotknowwhichcrystalwasfrowhichsample) Statistically, judgesprefertheprayedcrystal.

56. Emoto’s experimentsWater crystals Shape dependant on the kind of vibration given to the water sample.

57. Water memory explanation? In 2003, the physics journal: Physica published an experiment on water memory Louis Rey. Thermoluminescence: The technique involves bathing a chilled sample with radiation. When the sample is warmed up, the stored energy is released as light in a pattern that reflects the atomic structure of the sample

59. Control – Double distilled water

60. Deuterium – Different arrengement of the bonds.

61. 10x 10-5 M of Sodium Chloride and Lithium Chloride.Water memory explanation?

62. Water memory explanation?

63. What did they measure?

64. Zinc aggregates – Non Noble metals

65. Gold aggregates – Noble metals

66. SAED (SelectedAreaElectronDiffraction)

67. What info we could get from this paper…? #1

72. How are these clusters formed?Theodore Grotthus (1806)

74. The shaking of homeopathic dilutions generate dissipative structures. “The physicochemical parameters electrical conductivity and heat of mixing are in fact functions of the number, size and shape of the dissipative structures”

75. Expert Opinions Against Homeopathy Steven Novella, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Thelaw of similars & law of Infintesimals: nobiologicalplausability. Homeopathyisstill a philosophy-based medicine Hahnemann had his theory of illness, largely based on the notion of miasms. Theorists invoking quantum mechanics?

76. Expert Opinions Against Homeopathy Donald Marcus. Baylor University, Waco, TX. Professor Ernst, Exeter University in England: based on over 20 reviews since 1997 believes there is no evidence homeopathic remedies differ from placebos ENHS conclusion: insufficient evidence to support the use of homeopathy. The Lancet: “there’s no point in making further investments in research in clinical trials in homeopathy.”

77. Expert Opinions Against Homeopathy No FDA regulations Safety concern: some homeopathic practioners recommend against vaccination. Some people who practice homeopathy are unqualified to perform general medical evaluations and may miss serious and treatable conditions. The Heisenberg principle concerns atomic and subatomic particles and it does not invalidate Newtonian physics: no justification for taking this concept from physics and applying it to health care.

79. Many documented effects of homeopathy attributed to placebo and the fact that Homeopathic professionals do not acknowledge this is against ethical guidelines defined by the Society of Homeopaths

81. Conclusion Jury is still out on whether or not “water memory” truly exists. More research needed, but as of today Potentiation and the other pillars of homeopathy are not supported by the scientific community.

82. Conclusion Some empirical evidence shows structural cahnge in water but biological plausibility still uncertain. Both Homeopathic practitioners and scientific community remain steadfast in their beliefs. Possible that the truth lies somewhere between these two extremes

83. Davenas E, Beauvais F, Amara J, Oberbaum M, Robinzon B, Miadonna A, Tedeschi A, Pomeranz B, Fortner P and Belon P (1988) Human basophil degranulation triggered by very dilute antiserum against IgE. Nature 333:816-818. Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, Appel S, Wilkey S, Van Rompay M and Kessler RC (1998) Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA 280:1569-1575. EliaV, Baiano S, Duro I, Napoli E, Niccoli M and Nonatelli L (2004) Permanent physico-chemical properties of extremely diluted aqueous solutions of homeopathic medicines. Homeopathy 93:144-150. EliaV, Baiano S, Duro I, Napoli E, Niccoli M and Nonatelli L (2004) Permanent physico-chemical properties of extremely diluted aqueous solutions of homeopathic medicines. Homeopathy 93:144-150. References

84. References Elia V, Napoli E and Germano R (2007) The 'Memory of Water': an almost deciphered enigma. Dissipative structures in extremely dilute aqueous solutions. Homeopathy 96:163-169. Guggisberg AG, Baumgartner SM, Tschopp CM and Heusser P (2005) Replication study concerning the effects of homeopathic dilutions of histamine on human basophil degranulation in vitro. Complement Ther Med 13:91-100. KleijnenJ, Knipschild P and ter Riet G (1991) Clinical trials of homoeopathy. BMJ 302:316-323. Maddox J, Randi J and Stewart WW (1988) "High-dilution" experiments a delusion. Nature 334:287-291. Milgrom LR (2009) The eternal closure of the biased mind? The clinical and scientific relevance of biophysics, infinitesimal dilutions, and the memory of water. J Altern Complement Med 15:1255-1257.

85. References Milgrom LR (2006) Is homeopathy possible? J R SocPromot Health 126:211-218. Milgrom LR (2006) Towards a new model of the homeopathic process based on quantum field theory. ForschKomplementmed13:174-183. Radin D, Hayssen G, Emoto M and Kizu T (2006) Double-blind test of the effects of distant intention on water crystal formation. Explore (NY) 2:408-411. Shaw D (2010) Unethical aspects of homeopathic dentistry. Br Dent J 209:493-496. Walach H, Jonas WB, Ives J, van Wijk R and Weingartner O (2005) Research on homeopathy: state of the art. J Altern Complement Med 11:813-829.