2. What is Operating System An Operating System (OS) is a set of programs that manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for application software. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers
5. What is Linux? Common Definition A Unix Operating System and Applications that run on multiple machines from PDAs to Mainframes
6. What is Linux? Technical Definition Collection of programs distributed with the "Linux Kernel", and most often with several additional applications. Often programs and tools included are from GNU, BSD and many other contributors
7. Linux Kernel It's the core of Linux OS . It acts as intermediary , between the computer hardware and various programs. It contains the driver support for the PC hardware. It contains advanced memory management features support for many different types of file systems. Features : Linux kernel is monolithic Multilevel application support. LINUX is a non-pre emptive kernel. Multiprocessor support.
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9. The Kernel code, which can be more accurately defined as the architecture-independent kernel code. This code is common to all of the processor architectures supported by Linux.
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11. What is GNU? The GNU Project was launched in 1984 to develop the GNU operating system, a complete Unix-like operating system which is free software—software which respects your freedom. Unix-like operating systems are built from a software collection of applications, libraries, and developer tools—plus a program to allocate resources and talk to the hardware, known as a kernel. GNU is often used with a kernel called Linux. The Hurd, GNU's kernel, is actively developed, but is still some way from being ready for daily use.
12. GNU = Gnu’s Not Unix Ensures 4 freedoms 0 Use for any purpose 1 Study and adapt(modify) 2 Distribute either free or gratis 3 Distribute the modified source
13. GNU GPL The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is the most widely used free software license, originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU Project. The GNU General Public License, was the first copyleft license to see extensive use, and continues to dominate the licensing of copylefted software.
14. Open Source Software (OSS) Open Source Software (OSS) generally refers to software for which the source code is available and which the licensing scheme permits the user to modify it and redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. GNU copyleft1 Nobody should be restricted by the software they use. There are four freedoms that every user should have: the freedom to use the software for any purpose, the freedom to change the software to suit your needs, the freedom to share the software with your friends and neighbors, and the freedom to share the changes you make. When a program offers users all of these freedoms, we call it free software. FOSS can and has been commercialized by companies such as Red Hat, IBM, Novell, Oracle, Mozilla Foundation, VMware and others.
36. Gnome by default (this can also be changed) favors dark grey and purple, has two toolbars (one at the top, one at the bottom), and splits its menu into three submenus—Applications, Places, and System.
37. Menu Navigation - KDE In KDE, there is a KMenu through which you access all programs. By default in Kubuntu (Ubuntu's implementation of KDE), there is a quick-navigation button that looks like a folder. If you want to go to your Documents folder, you would go to the quick navigation button and then select Documents. Then you would click Open to open it.
38. Menu Navigation- Gnome In Gnome in Ubuntu's default layout (though you can change it to a one-button format if you'd like), you have separate buttons for applications, for folder navigation, and for system preferences. To go to your Home Folder or Documents folder, you click on Places and then select the location you want to go to.
39. Renaming Files In newer versions of KDE, the renaming process focuses on only the main filename and leaves out the extension. The renaming happens in a pop-up window, which you can confirm or cancel when you're done.
40. In Gnome, renaming a file also focuses on the main file name, but it does so inline and not with a pop-up window.
41. Exiting In KDE, if you want to exit, you click on the KMenu and select Leave and then the next option. I can't tell whether it's Kubuntu (Ubuntu's implementation of KDE) or all implementations of KDE 4, but after you decide to shutdown, you'll be asked if you want to close all the virtual terminals, too.
42. In Gnome, the exit option recently moved from being in the System menu to being its own applet. You click it and the options come down.
43. GNOME and KDE differences in terms of appearance and performance: KDE is more dominant and prioritize so that the view from the KDE look more beautiful and flexible compared to GNOME. Plus KDE, we can freely edit the display according to what we want. Although, GNOME is also interesting in terms of appearance. GNOME is more dominant and prioritize the performance of memory (RAM) than KDE. So, the performance of relatively faster than KDE. If you do not believe you can install GUI GNOME (Ubuntu) and KDE (Kubuntu, Mandriva), and then you feel the difference.
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45. USER FRIENDLY. Every moment, GNOME always endeavored to keep it easy to use, even by beginners. GNOME
47. CUTTING EDGE. GNOME always use the latest technologies. Call it CORBA for network transparency, the use of XML, and everything is implemented using C language for speed and portability.
48. DEVELOPER FRIENDLY. Not just enough to ease of use, GNOME also comes with an intuitive programming environment.
49. INTERNATIONAL. The GNOME developers are spread widely throughout the world. You can also contribute. With the new GNOME I18N features, you can work with any type of popular language, complete with documentation.
52. Pros: Fixed release cycle and support period; novice-friendly; wealth of documentation, both official and user-contributed Cons: Lacks compatibility with Debian; frequent major changes tend to drive some users away Software package management: Advanced Package Tool (APT) using DEB packages Available editions: Ubuntu, Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Lubuntu (desktop with LXDE), Edubuntu, Ubuntu Studio and Mythbuntu for 32-bit (i386) and 64-bit (x86_64) processors;
57. Pros: Very stable; remarkable quality control; includes over 20,000 software packages; supports more processor architectures than any other Linux distribution Cons: Conservative - due to its support for many processor architectures, newest technologies are not always included; slow release cycle ; discussions on developer mailing lists and blogs can be uncultured at times Software package management: Advanced Package Tool (APT) using DEB packages Available editions: Installation CD/DVD and live CD images for 11 processor architectures, including all 32-bit and 64-bit processors from Intel, AMD, Power and others
58. Pros: Comprehensive and intuitive configuration tool; large repository of software packages, excellent web site infrastructure and printed documentation Cons: Novell's patent deal with Microsoft in November 2006 seemingly legitimised Microsoft's intellectual property claims over Linux; its resource-heavy desktop setup and graphical utilities are sometimes seen as "bloated and slow" Software package management: YaST graphical and command-line utility using RPM packages Available editions: openSUSE for 32-bit (i386), 64-bit (x86_64) processors (also installable live CD edition); SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop/Server for i586, IA64, PowerPC, s390, s390x and x86_64 architectures
59. Pros: Excellent software management infrastructure; unparalleled customisation and tweaking options; superb online documentation Cons: Occasional instability and risk of breakdown, infrequent install media releases Software package management: "Pacman" using TAR.XZ packages Available editions: Minimal installation CD and network installation CD images for 32-bit (i686) and 64-bit (x86_64) processors
60. Pros: Out-of-the-box support for graphics drivers, browser plugins and media codecs; rolling-release update mechanism; up-to-date software Cons: no out-of-the-box support for non-English languages; lacks release planning and security advisories, still no stable 64-bit edition in late 2011 Software package management: Advanced Package Tool (APT) using RPM packages Available editions: KDE, KDE Full Monty, KDE Minime, LXDE, LXDE Mini, Openbox, Openbox Bonsai, Phinx, Phoenix for 32-bit (i586) processor architectures
61. Pros: Extremely well-tested, stable and reliable; free to download and use; comes with 5-years of free security updates; Cons: Lacks latest Linux technologies; occasionally the project fails to live up its promise to deliver timely security updates and new stable releases Software package management: YUM graphical and command line utility using RPM packages Available editions: Installation DVDs and installable live CDs (with GNOME) for i386 and x86_64 processors; older versions (3.x and 4.x) also available for Alpha, IA64 and IBM z-series (s390, s390x) processors.
62. Pros: Beginner-friendly; excellent central configuration utility; very good out-of-the-box support for dozens of languages; installable live media Cons: Lacks reputation and mindshare following its fork from Mandriva, some concern over the developers ability to maintain the distribution long-term on a volunteer basis Software package management: URPMI with Rpmdrake (a graphical front-end for URPMI) using RPM packages Available editions: installation DVDs for 32-bit (i586) and 64-bit (x86_64) processors; installable live CDs for 32-bit (i586) processors
63. Pros: Considered highly stable, clean and largely bug-free, strong adherence to UNIX principles Cons: Limited number of officially supported applications; conservative in terms of base package selection; complex upgrade procedure Software package management: "pkgtool" using TXZ packages Available editions: Installation CDs and DVD for 32-bit (i486) and 64-bit (x86_64) processors
64. Pros: Fast and stable; availability of over 21,000 software applications (or "ports") for installation; very good documentation Cons: Tends to lag behind Linux in terms of support for new and exotic hardware, limited availability of commercial applications; lacks graphical configuration tools Software package management: A complete command-line package management infrastructure using either binary packages or source-based "ports" (TBZ) Available editions: Installation CDs for AMD64, ARM/ARMEL, i386, IA64, MIPS/MIPSEL, PC98 PowerPC, SPARC64 and Xbox processors
65. Other Distributions The following distributions are available for free (without cost): aLinux, Alpine Linux, ALT Linux, Annvix, Arch Linux, Ark Linux, Asianux, BLAG Linux and GNU, Bodhi Linux, Caixa Mágica, CentOS,CRUX, Damn Small Linux, Debian, DeLi Linux, Devil-Linux, dyne:bolic, EasyPeasy, Edubuntu, Elive, EnGarde Secure Linux, Fedora, Finnix, Foresight Linux, Freespire, Frugalware, Gentoo,gNewSense, gnuLinEx, GoboLinux, Gobuntu, Impi Linux, Kanotix, Knoppix, KnoppMyth, Kubuntu, Kurumin, Linux Mint, Lunar Linux, Micro Core Linux, MintPPC, Musix GNU/Linux, Network Security Toolkit, NimbleX, NUbuntu, openSUSE, Pardus, Parsix, PCLinuxOS, Puppy Linux, Sabayon Linux, Scientific Linux, sidux, Slackware, Slax, SliTaz GNU/Linux, Source Mage GNU/Linux, Symphony OS, SYS, Tiny Core Linux, Tor-ramdisk, Trustix, Ubuntu, Ututo, Super OS, Xubuntu, XBMC Live, Yoper, Zenwalk and OpenWrt. The following distributions have several editions, some of which are without cost and some of which do cost money: ClearOS, Mandriva Linux, MEPIS and Red Flag Linux. The following distributions cost money: Novell Open Enterprise Server,[2] Red Hat Enterprise Linux,[3][4] Rxart,[5] SUSE Linux Enterprise,[6] The following distribution had at least one version that used to cost money: Caixa Mágica (now freely-available), Elive (now freely-available), Xandros (discontinued), Linspire[7] (discontinued)
66. Thank You Agreeta Sharma M.Sc Networking Management’12 Amity University
