1. Malnutrition
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Malnutrition
Classification and external resources
The orange ribbon—an awareness ribbon for malnutrition.
eMedicine ped/1360
MeSH [2]
Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or
inadequate diet and nutrition.[1][2] A number of different nutrition disorders may arise,
depending on which nutrients are under or overabundant in the diet.
The World Health Organization cites hunger as the gravest single threat to the world's
public health.[3] Malnutrition is, by far, the biggest contributor to child mortality, present
in half of all cases.[3] Malnutrition, in the form of iodine deficiency, is the most common
cause of mental impairment, reducing the world's IQ by an estimated billion points.[4][5]
Improving nutrition is widely regarded as the most effective form of aid.[3][6]
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Causes

2. o 1.1 Undernutrition
 1.1.1 Agricultural productivity
 1.1.2 Poverty and food prices
 1.1.3 Dietary practices
• 2 Effects
• 3 Response to malnutrition
o 3.1 Emergency measures
o 3.2 Long term measures
o 3.3 Restricting population size
• 4 Malnutrition demographics
o 4.1 Statistics
o 4.2 Middle East
o 4.3 South Asia
o 4.4 United States
• 5 See also
o 5.1 Organizations
• 6 References
• 7 External links
[edit] Causes
[edit] Undernutrition
[edit] Agricultural productivity
Food shortages are caused by the lack of technology needed for the higher yields found in
modern agriculture, such as nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation. Reasons for the
unavailability include moves to stop supplying fertilizer on environmental grounds, cited
as the chief obstacle to feeding Africa by the Green revolution pioneer Norman Borlaug.
[7]
As a result of widespread poverty, farmers cannot afford or governments cannot
provide the technology. The World Bank and some wealthy donor countries also press
nations that depend on aid to cut or eliminate subsidized agricultural inputs such as
fertilizer, in the name of free market policies even as the United States and Europe
extensively subsidized their own farmers.[8][9] Many, if not most, farmers cannot afford
fertilizer at market prices, leading to low agricultural production and wages and high,
unaffordable food prices.[8]
With 95% of all malnourished peoples living in the relatively stable climate region of the
sub-tropics and tropics, climate change is of great importance to food security in these
regions. According to the latest IPCC reports, temperature increases in these regions are
"very likely."[10] Even small changes in temperatures can lead to increased frequency of
extreme weather conditions.[11] Many of these have great impact on agricultural
production and hence nutrition. For example, the 1998-2001 central Asian drought
brought about an 80% livestock loss and 50% reduction in wheat and barley crops in Iran.

3. [12]
Similar figures were present in other nations. An increase in extreme weather such as
drought in regions such as Sub-Saharan would have even greater consequences in terms
of malnutrition. Even without an increase of extreme weather events, a simple increase in
temperature reduces the productiveness of many crop species, also decreasing food
security in these regions.[13]
Thomas Malthus noted overpopulation will outgrow food production as increases in food
production occur along a slow arithmetic progression while population growth follows
much faster geometric progressions causing food shortages. This argument has long since
been refuted on several grounds but has nonetheless served as a backdrop for
understanding of the causes of malnutrition. Food supplies can also be disrupted by
impacts of natural disasters, from the results of conflict and war, as an impact of the HIV/
AIDS pandemic[14] as a consequence of other health issues such as diarrheal disease or
chronic illness [3] from lack of education regarding proper nutrition, or from countless
other potential factors.
The use of biofuels as a replacement for traditional fuels may leave less supply of food
for nutrition and raises the price of food.[15] The UN special rapporteur on the right to
food, Jean Ziegler proposes that agricultural waste, such as corn cobs and banana leaves,
rather than crops themselves be used as fuel.[16]
Colony collapse disorder is a phenomenon where bees are dying in large numbers. [17]
Since many agricultural crops worldwide are pollinated by bees, this represents a serious
threat to the supply of food.[18] An epidemic of stem rust on wheat caused by race Ug99 is
currently spreading across Africa and into Asia and, it is feared, could wipe out could
wipe out more than 80% of the world’s wheat crops.[19][20]
[edit] Poverty and food prices
The economist Amartya Sen observed that, in recent decades, famine has always a
problem of food distribution and/or poverty, as there has been sufficient food to feed the
whole population of the world. His states that malnutrition and famine were more related
to problems of food distribution and purchasing power.[21]
It is argued that commodity speculator are increasing the cost of food. As the real estate
bubble in the United States was collapsing, it is said that trillions of dollars moved to
invest in food and primary commodities, causing the 2007-2008 food price crisis.[22]
[edit] Dietary practices
The lack of breastfeeding leads to malnutrition in infants and children. Possible reasons
for the lack in the developing world may be that the average family thinks bottle feeding
is better.[23] The WHO says mothers abandon it because they do not know how to get their
baby to latch on properly or suffer pain and discomfort.[24]
[edit] Effects

4. See also: child mortality and iodine deficiency
According to Jean Ziegler (the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food
for 2000 to March 2008), mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total
mortality in 2006: "In the world, approximately 62 millions people, all causes of death
combined, die each year. One in twelve people worldwide are malnourished.[25] In 2006,
more than 36 millions died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients"[26].
The World Health Organization estimates that one-third of the world is well-fed, one-
third is under-fed and one-third is starving. [25]
According to the World Health Organization, malnutrition is by far the biggest
contributor to child mortality. Underweight births and inter-uterine growth restrictions
cause 2.2 million child deaths a year. Poor or non-existent breastfeeding causes another
1.4 million. Other deficiencies, such as lack of vitamin A or zinc, for example, account
for 1 million. According to The Lancet, malnutrition in the first two years is irreversible.
Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower educational achievements.
Their own children also tend to be smaller. Hunger was previously seen as something that
exacerbates the problems of diseases such as measles, pneumonia and diarrhea. But
malnutrition actually causes diseases as well, and can be fatal in its own right.[3]
Malnutrition increases the risk of infection and infectious disease; for example, it is a
major risk factor in the onset of active tuberculosis.[27] In communities or areas that lack
access to safe drinking water, these additional health risks present a critical problem.
Lower energy and impaired function of the brain also represent the downward spiral of
malnutrition as victims are less able to perform the tasks they need to in order to acquire
food, earn an income, or gain an education.
The Lancet, a British medical journal, reported that “Iodine deficiency is the most
common cause of preventable mental impairment worldwide.”[4] Even moderate iodine
deficiency, especially in pregnant women and infants, lowers intelligence by 10 to 15 I.Q.
points, shaving incalculable potential off a nation’s development.[4] The most visible and
severe effects — disabling goiters, cretinism and dwarfism — affect a tiny minority,
usually in mountain villages. But 16 percent of the world’s people have at least mild
goiter, a swollen thyroid gland in the neck.[4]
Lifelong malnutrition can begin in utero and this can be associated with the mother's
stature (associated with her childhood nutritional status), her nutritional status prior to
conception, and diarrheal disease, intestinal parasites, and/or respiratory infection status.
Multiple studies have shown that nutritional status of adults is substantially influenced by
their nutritional experience from conception through early childhood. Even if individuals
have had adequate nutrition from childhood on, their health outcomes are still impacted.
[28]
Children are not only affected by the consequences of malnourishment, but the
societies they live in suffer as well. Both severe and moderate cases of malnutrition have
a significant impact on the outcomes children face for the remainder of their lives and are
also a cause of severe illnesses leading to growth retardation both physical and mental,
and possibly death. Considering the elevated risks of mortality among children that are

5. associated with moderate forms of malnutrition, combined with a high prevalence
worldwide, it would seem more appropriate to distinguish that the deaths of children as a
result of malnourishment is attributable to moderate, rather than severe conditions of
malnutrition.
Malnutrition appears to increase activity and movement in many animals - for example
an experiment on spiders showed increased activity and predation in starved spiders,
resulting in larger weight gain.[29] This pattern is seen in many animals, including humans
while sleeping.[30] It even occurs in rats with their cerebral cortex or stomachs completely
removed.[31] Increased activity on hamster wheels occurred when rats were deprived not
only of food, but also water or B vitamins such as thiamine[32] This response may increase
the animal's chance of finding food, though it has also been speculated the emigration
response relieves pressure on the home population.[30]
Obesity is associated with many diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes,
breathing difficulties during sleep, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. Many
indigenous people across the Pacific and the Americas are at increased risk of ‘a major
wipe-out’ from Type 2 diabetes.[33]
[edit] Response to malnutrition
Main articles: Ready-to-Use Therapeutic food and famine relief
Fighting malnutrition, mostly through fortifying foods with micronutrients (vitamins and
minerals), improves lives at a lower cost and shorter time than other forms of aid,
according to the World Bank.[5] The Copenhagen Consensus, which look at a variety of
development proposals, ranked micronutrient supplements as number one. [6] [34]
However, roughly $300m of aid goes to basic nutrition each year, less than $2 for each
child below two in the 20 worst affected countries.[3] In contrast, HIV/AIDS, which
causes fewer deaths than child malnutrition, received $2.2 billion—$67 per person with
HIV in all countries.[3]
[edit] Emergency measures
Micronutrients can be obtained through fortifying foods.[6] Fortifying foods such as
peanut butter sachets (see Plumpy'Nut) and Spirulina have revolutionized emergency
feeding in humanitarian emergencies because they can be eaten directly from the packet,
do not require refrigeration or mixing with scarce clean water, can be stored for years and
vitally can be absorbed by extremely ill children.[35] The United Nations World Food
Conference of 1974 declared Spirulina as 'the best food for the future' and its ready
harvest every 24 hours make it a potent tool to eradicate malnutrition. Additionally
supplements, such as Vitamin A capsules or Zinc tablets to cure diarrhea in children, can
be used are used.[36] There is a growing realization among aid groups that giving cash or
cash vouchers instead of food is a cheaper, faster, and more efficient way to deliver help
to the hungry, particularly in areas where food is available but unaffordable.[37] The UN's
World Food Program, the biggest non-governmental distributor of food, announced that it

6. will begin distributing cash and vouchers instead of food in some areas, which Josette
Sheeran, the WFP's executive director, described as a "revolution" in food aid.[37][38] The
aid agency Concern Worldwide is piloting an method through a mobile phone operator,
Safaricom, which runs a money transfer program that allows cash to be sent from one
part of the country to another.[37]
However, for people in a drought living a long way from and with limited access to
markets, delivering food may be the most appropriate way to help.[37] Fred Cuny stated
that "the chances of saving lives at the outset of a relief operation are greatly reduced
when food is imported. By the time it arrives in the country and gets to people, many will
have died."[39] US Law, which requires buying food at home rather than where the hungry
live, is inefficient because approximately half of what is spent goes for transport.[40] Fred
Cuny further pointed out "studies of every recent famine have shown that food was
available in-country — though not always in the immediate food deficit area" and "even
though by local standards the prices are too high for the poor to purchase it, it would
usually be cheaper for a donor to buy the hoarded food at the inflated price than to import
it from abroad."[41] Ethiopia has been pioneering a program that has now become part of
the World Bank's prescribed recipe for coping with a food crisis and had been seen by aid
organizations as a model of how to best help hungry nations. Through the country's main
food assistance program, the Productive Safety Net Program, Ethiopia has been giving
rural residents who are chronically short of food, a chance to work for food or cash.
Foreign aid organizations like the World Food Program were then able to buy food
locally from surplus areas to distribute in areas with a shortage of food.[42]
[edit] Long term measures
Main article: food security
The effort to bring modern agricultural techniques found in the West, such as nitrogen
fertilizers and pesticides, to Asia, called the Green revolution, resulted in decreases in
malnutrition similar to those seen earlier in Western nations. This was possible because
of existing infrastructure and institutions that are in short supply in Africa, such as a
system of roads or public seed companies that made seeds available.[43] Investments in
agriculture, such as subsidized fertilizers and seeds, increases food harvest and reduces
food prices.[8][44] For example, in the case of Malawi, almost five million of its 13 million
people used to need emergency food aid. However, after the government changed policy
and subsidies for fertilizer and seed were introduced against World Bank strictures,
farmers produced record-breaking corn harvests as production leaped to 3.4 million in
2007 from 1.2 million in 2005, making Malawi a major food exporter.[8] This lowered
food prices and increased wages for farm workers.[8] Proponents for investing in
agriculture include Jeffrey Sachs, who has championed the idea that wealthy countries
should invest in fertilizer and seed for Africa’s farmers.[8]
Breast-feeding education helps. Breastfeeding in the first two years and exclusive
breastfeeding in the first six months could save 1.3 million children’s lives. [45] In the
longer term, firms are trying to fortify everyday foods with micronutrients that can be

7. sold to consumers such as wheat flour for Beladi bread in Egypt or fish sauce in Vietnam
and the iodization of salt.[35]
[edit] Restricting population size
Restricting population size is a proposed solution. Thomas Malthus argued that
population growth could be done by natural disasters and voluntary limits through “moral
restraint.”[46] Robert Chapman suggests that an intervention through government policies
is a necessary ingredient of curtailing global population growth.[47] Garret Hardin takes an
anti-immigration, isolationist approach arguing that “…all sovereign states must accept
the responsibility of solving their population problems in their own territories" and that
immigration acts as a sort of pressure release valve which allows countries to continue to
ignore solving their population problems.[48]
For Amaryta Sen, “no matter how a famine is caused, methods of breaking it call for a
large supply of food in the public distribution system. This applies not only to organizing
rationing and control, but also to undertaking work programmes and other methods of
increasing purchasing power for those hit by shifts in exchange entitlements in a general
inflationary situation.”[49]
One suggested policy framework to resolve access issues is termed food sovereignty, the
right of peoples to define their own food, agriculture, livestock, and fisheries systems in
contrast to having food largely subjected to international market forces. Food First is one
of the primary think tanks working to build support for food sovereignty. Neoliberals
advocate for an increasing role of the free market. The World Bank itself claims to be
part of the solution to malnutrition, asserting that the best way for countries to succeed in
breaking the cycle of poverty and malnutrition is to build export-led economies that will
give them the financial means to buy foodstuffs on the world market.
[edit] Malnutrition demographics
[edit] Statistics
See also: Global Hunger Index
There were 923 million hungry people in the world in 2007, an increase of 80 million
since 1990,[50] despite the fact that the world already produces enough food to feed
everyone - 6 billion people - and could feed the double - 12 billion people.[51]
Year 1990 1995 2005 2007
[52]
Hungry people in the world (millions) 842 832 848 923

8. Year 1970 1980 1990 2005 2007
Share of hungry people in the developing world[53][54] 37 % 28 % 20 % 16 % 17 %
• On the average, a person dies every second as a result of hunger - 4000 every
hour - 100 000 each day - 36 million each year - 58 % of all deaths (2001-2004
estimates).[55][56][57]
• On the average, a child dies every 5 seconds as a result of hunger - 700 every hour
- 16 000 each day - 6 million each year - 60% of all child deaths (2002-2008
estimates).[58][59][60][61][62]
Percentage of population affected by undernutrition by country, according to United
Nations statistics.
Number of undernourished people (million) in 2001-2003, according to the FAO, the
following countries had 5 million or more undernourished people [4]:
Country Number of Undernourished (million)
India 217.05
China 154.0
Bangladesh 43.45
Democratic Republic of Congo 37.0
Pakistan 35.2
Ethiopia 31.5
Tanzania 16.1
Philippines 15.2
Brazil 14.4
Indonesia 13.8
Vietnam 13.8
Thailand 13.4
Nigeria 11.5
Kenya 9.7
Sudan 8.8
Mozambique 8.3
North Korea 7.9

9. Yemen 7.1
Madagascar 7.1
Colombia 5.9
Zimbabwe 5.7
Mexico 5.1
Zambia 5.1
Angola 5.0
Note: This table measures "undernourishment", as defined by FAO, and represents the
number of people consuming (on average for years 2001 to 2003) less than the minimum
amount of food energy (measured in kilocalories per capita per day) necessary for the
average person to stay in good health while performing light physical activity. It is a
conservative indicator that does not take into account the extra needs of people
performing extraneous physical activity, nor seasonal variations in food consumption or
other sources of variability such as inter-individual differences in energy requirements.
Malnutrition and undernourishment are cumulative or average situations, and not the
work of a single day's food intake (or lack thereof). This table does not represent the
number of people who "went to bed hungry today."
Various scales of analysis also have to be considered in order to determine the
sociopolitical causes of malnutrition. For example, the population of a community may
be at risk if it lacks health-related services, but on a smaller scale certain households or
individuals may be at even higher risk due to differences in income levels, access to land,
or levels of education [63]. Also within the household, there may be differences in levels of
malnutrition between men and women, and these differences have been shown to vary
significantly from one region to another with problem areas showing relative deprivation
of women [64]. Children and the elderly tend to be especially susceptible. Approximately
27 percent of children under 5 in developing world are malnourished, and in these
developing countries, malnutrition claims about half of the 10 million deaths each year of
children under 5.
[edit] Middle East
Malnutrition rates in Iraq had risen from 19% before the US-led invasion to a national
average of 28% four years later.[65]
[edit] South Asia
According to the Global Hunger Index, South Asia has the highest child malnutrition rate
of world's regions.[66] India contributes to about 5.6 million child deaths every year, more
than half the world's total.[67] The 2006 report mentioned that "the low status of women in
South Asian countries and their lack of nutritional knowledge are important determinants
of high prevalence of underweight children in the region" and was concerned that South
Asia has "inadequate feeding and caring practices for young children".[67]

10. Half of children in India are underweight,[68] one of the highest rates in the world and
nearly double the rate of Sub-Saharan Africa.[69]
Research on overcoming persistent under-nutrition published by the Institute of
Development Studies, argues that the co-existence of India as an 'economic powerhouse'
and home to one-third of the world's under-nourished children reflects a failure of the
governance of nutrition: "A poor capacity to deliver the right services at the right time to
the right populations, an inability to respond to citizens' needs and weak accountability
are all features of weak nutrition governance."[70] The research suggests that to make
under-nutrition history in India the governance of nutrition needs to be strengthened and
new research needs to focus on the politics and governance of nutrition. At the current
rate of progress the MDG1 target for nutrition will only be reached in 2043 with severe
consequences for human wellbeing and economic growth.[71]
[edit] United States
Childhood malnutrition is generally thought of as being limited to developing countries,
but although most malnutrition occurs there, it is also an ongoing presence in developed
nations. For example, in the United States of America, one out of every six children is at
risk of hunger.[72] A study, based on 2005-2007 data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the
Agriculture Department, shows that an estimated 3.5 million children under the age of
five are at risk of hunger in the United States.[73] In developed countries, this persistent
hunger problem is not due to lack of food or food programs, but is largely due to an
underutilization of existing programs designed to address the issue, such as food stamps
or school meals. Many citizens of rich countries such as the United States of America
attach stigmas to food programs or otherwise discourage their use. In the USA, only 60%
of those eligible for the food stamp program actually receive benefits.[74] The U.S.
Department of Agriculture reported that in 2003, only 1 out of 200 U.S. households with
children became so severely food insecure that any of the children went hungry even
once during the year. A substantially larger proportion of these same households (3.8
percent) had adult members who were hungry at least one day during the year because of
their households' inability to afford enough food.[5]
[edit] See also
• List of countries by percentage of population suffering from undernourishment
• Anorexia nervosa
• Dehydration
• Essential nutrient
• Famine
• Food
• Food price crisis
• Global Hunger Index
• Hunger
• Illnesses related to poor nutrition
• Micronutrient

11. • Nutrition
• NutritionDay (in Europe)
• Obesity
• Plumpy'nut
• specific appetite
• Spirulina
• Starvation
• Underweight
[edit] Organizations
• World Food Programme
• Share Our Strength
• Food and Agriculture Organization
• Intergovernmental Institution for the use of Micro-algae Spirulina Against
Malnutrition (IIMSAM)
• Hungrykids.org
• GAIN Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition
[edit] References
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14. percent (from 37 percent to 28 percent) between 1969–71 and 1979–81 and by a
further 8 percentage points (to 20 percent) between 1979–81 and 1990–92.”.
54. ^ Food and Agriculture Organization Economic and Social Development
Department. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008 : High food prices
and food security - threats and opportunities”. Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations, 2008, p. 6. “Good progress in reducing the share of hungry
people in the developing world had been achieved – down from almost 20 percent
in 1990–92 to less than 18 percent in 1995–97 and just above 16 percent in 2003–
05. The estimates show that rising food prices have thrown that progress into
reverse, with the proportion of undernourished people worldwide moving back
towards 17 percent.”.
55. ^ Jean Ziegler. “The Right to Food: Report by the Special Rapporteur on the
Right to Food, Mr. Jean Ziegler, Submitted in Accordance with Commission on
Human Rights Resolution 2000/10”. United Nations, February 7, 2001, p. 5. “On
average, 62 million people die each year, of whom probably 36 million (58 per
cent) directly or indirectly as a result of nutritional deficiencies, infections,
epidemics or diseases which attack the body when its resistance and immunity
have been weakened by undernourishment and hunger.”.
56. ^ Commission on Human Rights. “The right to food : Commission on Human
Rights resolution 2002/25”. Office Of The High Commissioner For Human
Rights, United Nations, April 22, 2002, p. 2. “every year 36 million people die,
directly or indirectly, as a result of hunger and nutritional deficiencies, most of
them women and children, particularly in developing countries, in a world that
already produces enough food to feed the whole global population”.
57. ^ United Nations Information Service. “Independent Expert On Effects Of
Structural Adjustment, Special Rapporteur On Right To Food Present Reports:
Commission Continues General Debate On Economic, Social And Cultural
Rights”. United Nations, March 29, 2004, p. 6. “Around 36 million people died
from hunger directly or indirectly every year.”.
58. ^ Food and Agriculture Organization Staff. “The State of Food Insecurity in the
World, 2002: Food Insecurity : when People Live with Hunger and Fear
Starvation”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2002, p. 6.
“6 million children under the age of five, die each year as a result of hunger.”
59. ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Economic and Social
Dept. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2004: Monitoring Progress
Towards the World Food Summit and Millennium Development Goals”. Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2004, p. 8.
“Undernourishment and deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals cost more
than 5 million children their lives every year”.
60. ^ Jacques Diouf. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2004: Monitoring
Progress Towards the World Food Summit and Millennium Development Goals”.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2004, p. 4. “one child
dies every five seconds as a result of hunger and malnutrition”.
61. ^ Food and Agriculture Organization, Economic and Social Dept. “The State of
Food Insecurity in the World 2005: Eradicating World Hunger - Key to Achieving
the Millennium Development Goals”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the

15. United Nations, 2005, p. 18. “Hunger and malnutrition are the underlying cause of
more than half of all child deaths, killing nearly 6 million children each year – a
figure that is roughly equivalent to the entire preschool population of Japan.
Relatively few of these children die of starvation. The vast majority are killed by
neonatal disorders and a handful of treatable infectious diseases, including
diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria and measles. Most would not die if their bodies
and immune systems had not been weakened by hunger and malnutrition
moderately to severely underweight, the risk of death is five to eight times
higher.”.
62. ^ Human Rights Council. “Resolution 7/14. The right to food”. United Nations,
March 27, 2008, p. 3. “6 million children still die every year from hunger-related
illness before their fifth birthday”.
63. ^ Fotso, Jean-Christophe and Barthelemy Kuate-Defo. "Measuring Socio-
economic Status in Health Research in Developing Countries: Should We Be
Focusing on Households, Communities, or Both?" Social Indicators Research.
(2005) 72:189-237.
64. ^ Nube, M. and G.J.M. van dem Boom. "Gender and Adult Undernutrition in
Developing Countries." Annals of Human Biology (2003) 30:5:520-537.
65. ^ Third of Iraqi children now malnourished four years after US invasion Reuters.
16 March, 2007
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media/200610GHI/GHIFindings.asp.
67. ^ a b "'Hunger critical' in South Asia". BBC. 2006.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6046718.stm.
68. ^ Survey Says Nearly Half of India's Children Are Malnourished, CBS News,
February 10, 2007
69. ^ "India: Undernourished Children: A Call for Reform and Action". World Bank.
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0.html.
70. ^ Lifting the Curse: Overcoming Persistent Undernutrition in India IDS Bulletin
40(4): 2, July 2009
71. ^ Lifting the Curse: Overcoming Persistent Undernutrition in India IDS Bulletin
Vol 40, Number 4, July 2009
72. ^ "Childhood Hunger in America". Share Our Strength. 2009.
http://strength.org/childhood_hunger.
73. ^ "3.5M Kids Under 5 On Verge Of Going Hungry
Study: 11 Percent Of U.S. Households Lack Food For Healthy Lifestyle"
("SHTML). Health. CBS NEWS. 2009-05-07.
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[edit] External links

16. Look up malnutrition or undernutrition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
This article's external links may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or
guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate
external links. (March 2009)
• Share Our Strength: An organization primarily concerned with hunger problems
in developed countries such as the United States.
• The environmental food crisis A study done by the UN on feeding the world
population (2009)
• Action Against Hunger - Giving the most basic of Human Rights - The right to
Food
• Dan Jakopovich, A Few Basic Facts: On Hunger and Capital, Against the Current,
March/April, No.133, 2008.
• The CE-DAT Complex Emergency Database - A source of data on malnutrition
and mortality in conflict-affected populations
• A Life Saver Called "Plumpynut", CBS 60 Minutes, October 21, 2007
• MSF Warns More Food Will Not Save Malnourished Children Group Calls for
Increased and Expanded Use of New, Innovative Nutritional Products
• Micro-algae Algosophette
• Intergovernmental Institution for the use of Micro-algae Spirulina Against
Malnutrition (IIMSAM)
• Reports on World Nutrition Situation The annual reports prepared by UN
Standing Committee on Nutrition contain detailed information on common
challenges, extent of malnutrition, efforts being taken to address them, and a
wealth of other useful information.
• Physical Growth & Nutritional status
• World Hunger Map (from United Nations World Food Programme)
• FAO country statistics
• HungryKids Info on malnutrition from HungryKids
• Fighting Hunger and poverty in Ethiopia (Peter Middlebrook)
• Meds & Food for Kids - Fighting malnutrition in Haiti one child at a time.
• Malnutrition
• And why not Spirulina as solution?
• GAIN - Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition
• School Feeding Programs for Children Interviews with World Food Programme
officials about the status of school feeding programs for children in developing
countries
• Mother, Infant and Young Child Nutrition & Malnutrition Optimal maternal,
infant and young child feeding and caring practices reduce underweight and
stunting and set the foundations for appropriate growth.
• Food for Peace: Eisenhower's Unsung Initiative Can Be Obama's Most Powerful
Tool for Peace Global hunger article on the History News Network
• "Human Rescue Plan". World Food Programme, 2009 (video).

17. [hide]
v•d•e
Nutrition disorders (E40-68, 260-269)
Protein-
energy Kwashiorkor · Marasmus · Catabolysis
malnutrition
B1: Beriberi/Wernicke's
encephalopathy(Thiamine deficiency) · B2:
B Ariboflavinosis · B3: Pellagra(Niacin
vitaminsdeficiency) · B6: Pyridoxine deficiency · B7:
Biotin deficiency · B9: Folate deficiency ·
Hypoalimentation/
Avitaminosis B12: Vitamin B12 deficiency
malnutrition
A: Vitamin A deficiency/Bitot's spots ·
Other C: Scurvy · D: Rickets/Osteomalacia ·
vitaminsE: Vitamin E deficiency · K: Vitamin K
deficiency
Zinc · Iron · Magnesium · Chromium · Selenium
Mineral
(Keshan disease) · Manganese · Molybdenum · Copper ·
deficiency
Calcium · Potassium
Overweight Childhood obesity · Obesity hypoventilation syndrome ·
· Obesity Abdominal obesity
Vitamin Hypervitaminosis A · Hypervitaminosis D ·
Hyperalimentation
poisoning Hypervitaminosis E
Mineral
see inborn errors of metal metabolism, toxicity
overload
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition"
Categories: Malnutrition | Public health | Humanitarian aid | Nutrition | Poverty | Health
problems in India