Chapter 012 digestive

Chapter 12
The digestive system

Copyright © Elsevier Ltd 2005. All rights reserved.

Figure 12.1 The organs of the digestive system.

Figure 12.2 General structure of the alimentary canal.

Figure 12.3 A. The peritoneal cavity (gold), the abdominal organs of the digestive system and the pelvic organs. B. The greater omentum.

Figure 12.4 Movement of a bolus by peristalsis.

Figure 12.5 Columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

Figure 12.6 Autonomic nerve supply to the digestive system. Parasympathetic – blue; sympathetic – red.

Figure 12.7 Branches of the coeliac artery and the organs they supply. The pancreas is shown behind the stomach.

Figure 12.8 Blood supply to the small and large intestines.

Figure 12.9 Venous drainage from the abdominal organs of the digestive system.

Figure 12.10 Structures seen in the widely open mouth.

Figure 12.11 The inferior surface of the tongue.

Figure 12.12 Locations of the papillae of the tongue and related structures.

Figure 12.13 The permanent teeth and the jaw bones.

Figure 12.14 The roof of the mouth and the deciduous teeth – viewed from below.

Figure 12.15 The roof of the mouth and the permanent teeth – viewed from below.

Figure 12.16 The shapes of the permanent teeth.

Figure 12.17 A section of a tooth.

Figure 12.18 A. The position of the salivary glands. B. Enlargement of part of a gland.

Figure 12.19 The oesophagus and some related structures.

Figure 12.20 The muscles used in chewing.

Figure 12.21 Section of the face and neck showing the positions of structures during swallowing.

Figure 12.22 The stomach and its associated structures.

Figure 12.23 Longitudinal section of the stomach.

Figure 12.24 The muscle fibres of the stomach wall. Sections have been removed to show the three layers.

Figure 12.25 Structure of gastric glands.

Figure 12.26 The three phases of secretion of gastric juice.

Figure 12.27 The duodenum and its associated structures.

Figure 12.28 The jejunum and ileum and their related structures.

Figure 12.29 Section of a small piece of small intestine (opened out), showing the permanent circular folds.

Figure 12.30 A highly magnified view of one complete villus in the small intestine.

Figure 12.31 The absorption of nutrients.

Figure 12.32 Average volumes of fluid ingested, secreted, absorbed and eliminated from the gastrointestinal tract daily.

Figure 12.33 The parts of the large intestine (colon) and their positions.

Figure 12.34 Interior of the caecum.

Figure 12.35 Arrangement of muscle fibres in the colon, rectum and anus. Sections have been removed to show the layers.

Figure 12.36 The pancreas in relation to the duodenum and biliary tract; part of the anterior wall of the duodenum has been removed.

Figure 12.37 The liver: anterior view.

Figure 12.38 The liver, turned up to show the posterior surface.

Figure 12.39 A. A magnified transverse section of a liver lobule. B. Direction of the flow of blood and bile in a liver lobule.

Figure 12.40 Scheme of blood flow through the liver.

Figure 12.41 Fate of bilirubin from breakdown of worn-out erythrocytes.

Figure 12.42 Direction of the flow of bile from the liver to the duodenum.

Figure 12.43 Summary of the source, distribution and use of glucose.

Figure 12.44 Oxidation of glucose.

Figure 12.45 Sources and use of amino acids in the body.

Figure 12.46 The fate of amino acids in the body.

Figure 12.47 Sources, distribution and use of fats in the body.

Figure 12.48 Summary of the fates of the three main energy sources in the central metabolic pathways.

Figure 12.49 Cleft lip and cleft palate: A. Normal hard palate. B. Cleft lip. C. Cleft palate.

Figure 12.50 Oesophageal varices.

Figure 12.51 Abscess formation; complication of appendicitis.

Figure 12.52 The routes of excretion of microbes in enteric fever.

Figure 12.53 Diverticular disease; cross-section of bowel showing one diverticulum.

Figure 12.54 Hernias: A. Strangulated hernia formation. B. Common sites of herniation. C. Hiatus hernia.

Figure 12.55 Intussusception.

Chapter 012 digestive

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