Presentation delivered at the Vienna Forum on European Energy Law, April 2014

1. EU Energy Law as Barrier to Trade and Investment: A view from the Court
This presentation does not contain any official position of the Court of Justice of the EU
Dr Adrien de Hauteclocque
Court of Justice of the EU, Luxemburg
Loyola de Palacio Chair & Florence School of Regulation, EUI, Florence

2. EU Energy law & the
single market project?
• Ever expanding legislation… and legal complexity
• Internal market: regulating for competition really?
ex. network unbundling
• Climate and Security of Supply objectives:
– Member States back in the game
– Dash for renewables and capacity mechanisms: free market
as marginal patch?
• Is any of this necessary, proportional or even adequate?
→ Controlling EU energy law?

3. EU Energy law vs.
Primary EU law
• Neutrality of property ownership (Art 345 TFEU)
• Fundamental freedoms: free movement of goods,
capital and establishment (Art 28-37, 49-55, 63-66
TFEU)
• EU State aid control (Art 107/108 TFEU)
• No discriminatory internal taxation (Art 110 TFEU)
• General principles of EU law: mainly legal certainty
and legitimate expectations

4. C-105-107/12, Essent NV
• Questions:
– prohibition of privatisation vs. Art 345 TFEU
– Full ownership unbundling vs. free movement of capital
(Art 63 TFEU)
• Ruling:
– Member states may legitimately pursue an objective of
establishing or maintaining a body of rules relating to the
public ownership of certain undertakings
– prohibition of privatisation & unbundling rules constitute
restrictions on the free movement of capital
– Can it be justified?

5. C-105-107/12, Essent NV
• Justified if dictated by reasons of an economic nature in the
pursuit of an objective in the public interest
• Aim of competition in energy is to protect consumers, which
is an overriding reason in the public interest
• Prohibition of privatization and full ownership unbundling
not mandatory but pursue objectives sought by liberalization
directives (= protection of consumers)
• Prohibition of privatization and full ownership unbundling
can be justified as pursuing overriding reasons in the public
interest
• The referring court must make sure it is adequate, necessary
and proportional

6. AG opinion in C-573/12
Alands Vindkraft AB
• Finish wind producers connected to the swedish grid
could not get green certificate
• Key question: compatibility of a national support scheme
limited to national producers with Renewable directive
(2009/28/EC)
• The Renewable Directive does not oppose territorial
restrictions as:
– Cooperation mechanisms are optional
– Guarantees of origin do not confer right of access to
the support scheme
– Validity of Renewable Directive with the free
movement rules?

7. AG opinion in C-573/12
Alands Vindkraft AB
• Obviously a restriction → is it justified?
• Environmental protection allows discrimination as long as it
is strictly proportional
• Risk for stability (e.g. drop in certificate prices) of national-
only support schemes not demonstrated and, in any way,
limited (limited interco and embedded regulatory
mechanisms)
• Disincentive to use cooperation mechanisms
• Not an undue interference in MS competence regarding
energy mix
• Financing green energy in another MS instead of domestic
fossil fuel energy is a good thing

8. Conclusion
• Commission’s State Intervention Package (11/2013):
“The level, timing and nature of public intervention and how
to reconcile such intervention with the internal electricity
market and the EU acquis are questions which are becoming
urgent, particularly in view of the completion of the internal
electricity market in 2014.”
• Primary EU law vs. Energy law & policy: from a
supportive to a controlling role?
• Primary EU law as a robust quality check?
– Importance of the proportionality test
• The role of the EU Court in this context

9. Contact:
Dr Adrien de Hauteclocque
Référendaire, Chamber of Judge M. van der Woude
Court of Justice of the European Union (General Court), Luxembourg
Advisor, Loyola de Placio Chair & Florence School of Regulation
European University Institute, Florence
tel: +352 43 03 4692
email: adrien.de-hauteclocque@curia.europa.eu

10. Contact:
Dr Adrien de Hauteclocque
Référendaire, Chamber of Judge M. van der Woude
Court of Justice of the European Union (General Court), Luxembourg
Advisor, Loyola de Placio Chair & Florence School of Regulation
European University Institute, Florence
tel: +352 43 03 4692
email: adrien.de-hauteclocque@curia.europa.eu