SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 11
Download to read offline
Community energy niches in sustainable energy transitions,[object Object],Sabine Hielschera, Tom Hargreavesb, Adrian Smitha, Gill Seyfangb, Jin Parka,[object Object],2nd International Conference on Sustainability Transitions,[object Object],Lund, 13-15 June 2011,[object Object],a: SPRU (Science & Technology Policy Research), University of Sussex, UK,[object Object],b: CSERGE (Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment), University of East Anglia, UK,[object Object]
Community innovation in sustainable energy,[object Object],Applying niche theory to the analysis of innovation in community energy in the UK,[object Object],Networks of activists and organisations generating novel bottom–up solutions for renewable energy generation, energy demand reduction, and awareness raising on sustainable energy issues; solutions that respond to the local situation and the interests and values of the communities involved. ,[object Object],Mixed methods:,[object Object],review of research, grey and policy literatures on community energy,[object Object], content analysis of ‘good practice’ cases and toolkits,[object Object],participant observation (conferences, practitioner workshop),[object Object],semi-structured interviews with ‘intermediary’ organisations,[object Object],on-line survey of community energy groups,[object Object], nine in-depth case studies of community energy initiatives,[object Object],(social network analysis),[object Object], scenario development,[object Object]
The community settings for sustainable innovation,[object Object],Community energy,[object Object],Source: Walker and Devine-Wright (2008),[object Object],Community development is ‘a movement to promote better living for the whole community [i.e. outcome], with active participation and if possible on the initiative of the community [i.e. process]’,[object Object],(UN, 1953; italics added) ,[object Object],Source: Pearce (2003),[object Object]
The community sustainable energy field in the UK,[object Object],Rapid growth in last six years (~3500 groups on the Green Communities database). Wide variety :,[object Object],- energy generation, efficiency, behaviours		 - technologies,[object Object],- organisation				 - resource models,[object Object],- geography and social groups			- established, planned, aspiring,[object Object],Policy narratives - government favourably disposed, but linked to different agendas over time,[object Object],(‘local awareness’ to ‘role in transition’ to ‘Big Society’),[object Object],Policy support - advice services, grant programmes, competitions, market frameworks,[object Object],(CRI, LCBP/CCF, LCCCP, FIT/Green Deal),[object Object],Intermediaries are shifting & developing roles in response to policy and groundswell from communities:,[object Object],initiate community work and/or maintain networks (e.g. CORE, EST),[object Object], share experience, good practice, expertise and advice (e.g. CSE) ,[object Object],lobby and advocate community energy in the policy context (e.g. LCCN) ,[object Object],provide specific products to community initiatives (e.g. revolving funds) ,[object Object],create an interface between initiatives and policy-makers/ business actors (e.g. CCAA) ,[object Object],create partnerships with community energy initiatives (e.g. LAs),[object Object]
Towards a niche analysis?,[object Object],Policy (and energy regime) opportunities  and threats ,[object Object],(shaping the niche space),[object Object],Strategic responses,[object Object],(shaping the niche space),[object Object],(focus for remainder of presentation),[object Object],From local projects to global niche?Possibly ...,[object Object],	- evidence of networking ,[object Object],	- but great diversity cf. standardising approaches ,[object Object],	- not every initiative wants to be ‘strategic’,[object Object],Evidence of learning and experience sharing? Yes ...,[object Object],	- conferences, cases, toolkits, evaluations,[object Object],But ...,[object Object],	- ‘good practice’ issues are selective, some things are hidden, tense expectations ,[object Object],(something we are researching, but not discussed further here),[object Object],Source: Geels and Raven (2006),[object Object]
Niche policy and politics: an illustration ...,[object Object],Organised by several networks and funded by DECC, EST and Groundwork,[object Object],Aim was to explore how this emerging sector could become more effective, more responsive, more visible, and more co-ordinated in its dialogues with other agencies.,[object Object],130 people on day one, 220 on day two, 30 speakers plus workshops,[object Object],A new Communities and Climate Action Alliance was debated (in response to request from DECC), and a ‘network of networks’ was approved, but some enduring dilemmas were raised,[object Object]
Niche empowerment? Issues surfacing in the CCA debate,[object Object],Collaboration and representation – but over what, and for whom?,[object Object],Niche co-operation for internal development (experience, support, visions),[object Object],Niche campaigning and engaging  with regime (peak association?!),[object Object],Strength in diversity or unity?,[object Object],Local knowledge, deeply rooted practices – inefficient for spreading and scaling-up?,[object Object],Coherent voice to engage with the regime – or to discipline projects (imposing metrics, expectations and evaluations)?,[object Object]
More issues surfacing in the CCA debate,[object Object],Shaping the wider context, or being shaped by it?,[object Object],New pay-back opportunities (FIT and Green Deal) – “Realisation that grants can be stifling for communities rather than liberating” – turn towards creating community enterprises (competing with utilities?),[object Object],Hang on, perhaps we need to challenge the policy opportunities and demand space for more co-operative community energy?,[object Object],Does engagement really matter?,[object Object],Activists and supporters should just focus on local projects, therein lies community energy’s strength,[object Object],No, community energy must become more strategic, which means becoming credible on regime terms,[object Object]
Enduring dilemmas?,[object Object],At risk of dichotomising the plurality of political experimentation, are these the horns of the current community energy dilemma?,[object Object]
Conclusions: implications for niche analysis,[object Object],Niche spaces involve experimentation with political strategies too ...,[object Object],with implications for innovation dynamics?,[object Object],Source: Geels and Raven (2006),[object Object]
Conclusion: enduring dilemmas?,[object Object],Stretching and transforming strategy,[object Object], (limited influence in absence of empowerment),[object Object],Fitting and conforming strategy,[object Object],(sustainability diminished),[object Object],Craig et al (2011) (reflecting on 60 years of ‘community development’ in UK):,[object Object],“Government – perhaps learning on its own terms from the experience of Community Development Projects – does not therefore respond to agendas set from below, or allow the political space for alternative explanations ... but shapes policy programmes from above, for (rather than with) communities. This has enormous implications for the practice of community development since it effectively places government-sponsored community development in collision with the value base of community development”,[object Object],Project website,[object Object],www.grassrootsinnovations.org,[object Object]

More Related Content

What's hot

Are people the problem or the solution: reflections on the role of people in ...
Are people the problem or the solution: reflections on the role of people in ...Are people the problem or the solution: reflections on the role of people in ...
Are people the problem or the solution: reflections on the role of people in ...Nottingham Trent University
 
Iain Soutar
Iain SoutarIain Soutar
Iain SoutarFTF2013
 
Gail Krantzberg, McMaster University - Great Lakes Opportunity for Regeneration
Gail Krantzberg, McMaster University - Great Lakes Opportunity for RegenerationGail Krantzberg, McMaster University - Great Lakes Opportunity for Regeneration
Gail Krantzberg, McMaster University - Great Lakes Opportunity for RegenerationCWS_2010
 
Integrating mini grids with india's evolving electricity system may 2017
Integrating mini grids with india's evolving electricity system may 2017Integrating mini grids with india's evolving electricity system may 2017
Integrating mini grids with india's evolving electricity system may 2017The Rockefeller Foundation
 
Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...
Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...
Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...magicaltenant8123
 
Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...
Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...
Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...magicaltenant8123
 
Global Energy Storage Alliance Overview
Global Energy Storage Alliance OverviewGlobal Energy Storage Alliance Overview
Global Energy Storage Alliance OverviewRandy Fish
 
ACEEE Local Energy Efficiency Workforce Development Webinar
ACEEE Local Energy Efficiency Workforce Development WebinarACEEE Local Energy Efficiency Workforce Development Webinar
ACEEE Local Energy Efficiency Workforce Development WebinarMary Shoemaker
 
Butler - Welfare Employment & Energy Demand Project
Butler - Welfare Employment & Energy Demand ProjectButler - Welfare Employment & Energy Demand Project
Butler - Welfare Employment & Energy Demand ProjectWelfareEmpEnergyDemand
 
Local Action Project Demo Area: Manchester
Local Action Project Demo Area: ManchesterLocal Action Project Demo Area: Manchester
Local Action Project Demo Area: ManchesterWestcountry Rivers Trust
 
Better or new NGO strategies to tackle the SCP challenge?
Better or new NGO strategies to tackle the  SCP challenge?Better or new NGO strategies to tackle the  SCP challenge?
Better or new NGO strategies to tackle the SCP challenge?CSCP
 
Governing Transitions in Energy (Demand)
Governing Transitions in Energy (Demand)Governing Transitions in Energy (Demand)
Governing Transitions in Energy (Demand)WelfareEmpEnergyDemand
 
Cut Carbon Symposium: Societal Readiness Levels
Cut Carbon Symposium: Societal Readiness LevelsCut Carbon Symposium: Societal Readiness Levels
Cut Carbon Symposium: Societal Readiness LevelsDecarboN8
 
Politics & Governance for Practice in a Post-Carbon World
Politics & Governance for Practice in a Post-Carbon WorldPolitics & Governance for Practice in a Post-Carbon World
Politics & Governance for Practice in a Post-Carbon WorldWelfareEmpEnergyDemand
 

What's hot (19)

Are people the problem or the solution: reflections on the role of people in ...
Are people the problem or the solution: reflections on the role of people in ...Are people the problem or the solution: reflections on the role of people in ...
Are people the problem or the solution: reflections on the role of people in ...
 
Iain Soutar
Iain SoutarIain Soutar
Iain Soutar
 
Gail Krantzberg, McMaster University - Great Lakes Opportunity for Regeneration
Gail Krantzberg, McMaster University - Great Lakes Opportunity for RegenerationGail Krantzberg, McMaster University - Great Lakes Opportunity for Regeneration
Gail Krantzberg, McMaster University - Great Lakes Opportunity for Regeneration
 
3.2 Gail Krantzberg
3.2 Gail Krantzberg3.2 Gail Krantzberg
3.2 Gail Krantzberg
 
Stoyko Vizualizing Systems Workshop
Stoyko Vizualizing Systems WorkshopStoyko Vizualizing Systems Workshop
Stoyko Vizualizing Systems Workshop
 
Integrating mini grids with india's evolving electricity system may 2017
Integrating mini grids with india's evolving electricity system may 2017Integrating mini grids with india's evolving electricity system may 2017
Integrating mini grids with india's evolving electricity system may 2017
 
Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...
Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...
Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...
 
Local Action Project Demo Area: Leicester
Local Action Project Demo Area: LeicesterLocal Action Project Demo Area: Leicester
Local Action Project Demo Area: Leicester
 
Briefing on North Carolina Next Generation Project
Briefing on North Carolina Next Generation ProjectBriefing on North Carolina Next Generation Project
Briefing on North Carolina Next Generation Project
 
Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...
Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...
Green Boot Camp at Harvard to Draw Top Officials from 17 U.S. Cities and the ...
 
Global Energy Storage Alliance Overview
Global Energy Storage Alliance OverviewGlobal Energy Storage Alliance Overview
Global Energy Storage Alliance Overview
 
ACEEE Local Energy Efficiency Workforce Development Webinar
ACEEE Local Energy Efficiency Workforce Development WebinarACEEE Local Energy Efficiency Workforce Development Webinar
ACEEE Local Energy Efficiency Workforce Development Webinar
 
Butler - Welfare Employment & Energy Demand Project
Butler - Welfare Employment & Energy Demand ProjectButler - Welfare Employment & Energy Demand Project
Butler - Welfare Employment & Energy Demand Project
 
Local Action Project Demo Area: Manchester
Local Action Project Demo Area: ManchesterLocal Action Project Demo Area: Manchester
Local Action Project Demo Area: Manchester
 
Better or new NGO strategies to tackle the SCP challenge?
Better or new NGO strategies to tackle the  SCP challenge?Better or new NGO strategies to tackle the  SCP challenge?
Better or new NGO strategies to tackle the SCP challenge?
 
Governing Transitions in Energy (Demand)
Governing Transitions in Energy (Demand)Governing Transitions in Energy (Demand)
Governing Transitions in Energy (Demand)
 
Cut Carbon Symposium: Societal Readiness Levels
Cut Carbon Symposium: Societal Readiness LevelsCut Carbon Symposium: Societal Readiness Levels
Cut Carbon Symposium: Societal Readiness Levels
 
Politics & Governance for Practice in a Post-Carbon World
Politics & Governance for Practice in a Post-Carbon WorldPolitics & Governance for Practice in a Post-Carbon World
Politics & Governance for Practice in a Post-Carbon World
 
13. DEUSTOTECH_Viernes_7
13. DEUSTOTECH_Viernes_713. DEUSTOTECH_Viernes_7
13. DEUSTOTECH_Viernes_7
 

Viewers also liked

Happy birthday Millecamille :)
Happy birthday Millecamille :)Happy birthday Millecamille :)
Happy birthday Millecamille :)Moreen Guese
 
Random 130507113138-phpapp01
Random 130507113138-phpapp01Random 130507113138-phpapp01
Random 130507113138-phpapp01Mohamed Mnessar
 
كتاب اغنى رجل في بابل
كتاب اغنى رجل في بابلكتاب اغنى رجل في بابل
كتاب اغنى رجل في بابلMohamed Mnessar
 
Marta Continente
Marta ContinenteMarta Continente
Marta ContinenteJSe
 
Aps grassroots nistads june 2011 final
Aps grassroots nistads june 2011 finalAps grassroots nistads june 2011 final
Aps grassroots nistads june 2011 finalAdrianPaulSmith
 

Viewers also liked (6)

Milleca
MillecaMilleca
Milleca
 
Happy birthday Millecamille :)
Happy birthday Millecamille :)Happy birthday Millecamille :)
Happy birthday Millecamille :)
 
Random 130507113138-phpapp01
Random 130507113138-phpapp01Random 130507113138-phpapp01
Random 130507113138-phpapp01
 
كتاب اغنى رجل في بابل
كتاب اغنى رجل في بابلكتاب اغنى رجل في بابل
كتاب اغنى رجل في بابل
 
Marta Continente
Marta ContinenteMarta Continente
Marta Continente
 
Aps grassroots nistads june 2011 final
Aps grassroots nistads june 2011 finalAps grassroots nistads june 2011 final
Aps grassroots nistads june 2011 final
 

Similar to Community innovation in sustainable energy

Practically Realising Prosperity - Katie Williams
Practically Realising Prosperity - Katie WilliamsPractically Realising Prosperity - Katie Williams
Practically Realising Prosperity - Katie WilliamsSouth West Observatory
 
Challenges of Feedback in Organisations: can we foster partnerships not projects
Challenges of Feedback in Organisations: can we foster partnerships not projectsChallenges of Feedback in Organisations: can we foster partnerships not projects
Challenges of Feedback in Organisations: can we foster partnerships not projectsNottingham Trent University
 
Session 3 - National Energy Research and Policy Conference 2022
Session 3 - National Energy Research and Policy Conference 2022Session 3 - National Energy Research and Policy Conference 2022
Session 3 - National Energy Research and Policy Conference 2022SustainableEnergyAut
 
Dr Claire Haggett - SEAI National Energy Research & Policy Conference 2022
Dr Claire Haggett - SEAI National Energy Research & Policy Conference 2022Dr Claire Haggett - SEAI National Energy Research & Policy Conference 2022
Dr Claire Haggett - SEAI National Energy Research & Policy Conference 2022SustainableEnergyAut
 
LSE media policy project_Launch sept27
LSE media policy project_Launch sept27LSE media policy project_Launch sept27
LSE media policy project_Launch sept27LSEMediaPolicy
 
Sustainable energy adoption in poor rural areas
Sustainable energy adoption in poor rural areasSustainable energy adoption in poor rural areas
Sustainable energy adoption in poor rural areasAraz Taeihagh
 
Swk2003 community involvement the duty to involve
Swk2003 community involvement  the duty to involveSwk2003 community involvement  the duty to involve
Swk2003 community involvement the duty to involveTim Curtis
 
ESRC Knowledge Exchange Opportunities
ESRC Knowledge Exchange OpportunitiesESRC Knowledge Exchange Opportunities
ESRC Knowledge Exchange OpportunitiesAberdeen CES
 
Does representation matter in Natural Resource Management?
Does representation matter in Natural Resource Management?Does representation matter in Natural Resource Management?
Does representation matter in Natural Resource Management?Aberdeen CES
 
KJ Poppe AKIS 3 at Euragri 2014 Montpellier
KJ Poppe AKIS 3 at Euragri 2014 MontpellierKJ Poppe AKIS 3 at Euragri 2014 Montpellier
KJ Poppe AKIS 3 at Euragri 2014 MontpellierKrijn Poppe
 
Anatomy of an innovation ecosysem
Anatomy of an innovation ecosysemAnatomy of an innovation ecosysem
Anatomy of an innovation ecosysemDario Cottafava
 
A Political Economy Assessment Of Domestic Climate Governance
A Political Economy Assessment Of Domestic Climate GovernanceA Political Economy Assessment Of Domestic Climate Governance
A Political Economy Assessment Of Domestic Climate GovernanceWorld Resources Institute (WRI)
 
Rsd6 presentation jeffrey chan & zhang ye
Rsd6 presentation jeffrey chan & zhang yeRsd6 presentation jeffrey chan & zhang ye
Rsd6 presentation jeffrey chan & zhang yersd6
 
CSR Cement Initiatives
CSR Cement InitiativesCSR Cement Initiatives
CSR Cement InitiativesTimo MARQUEZ
 
Conference of the Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Initiative (SCO...
Conference of the Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Initiative (SCO...Conference of the Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Initiative (SCO...
Conference of the Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Initiative (SCO...FutureEarthAsiaCentre
 

Similar to Community innovation in sustainable energy (20)

Practically Realising Prosperity - Katie Williams
Practically Realising Prosperity - Katie WilliamsPractically Realising Prosperity - Katie Williams
Practically Realising Prosperity - Katie Williams
 
Challenges of Feedback in Organisations: can we foster partnerships not projects
Challenges of Feedback in Organisations: can we foster partnerships not projectsChallenges of Feedback in Organisations: can we foster partnerships not projects
Challenges of Feedback in Organisations: can we foster partnerships not projects
 
Session 3 - National Energy Research and Policy Conference 2022
Session 3 - National Energy Research and Policy Conference 2022Session 3 - National Energy Research and Policy Conference 2022
Session 3 - National Energy Research and Policy Conference 2022
 
Dr Claire Haggett - SEAI National Energy Research & Policy Conference 2022
Dr Claire Haggett - SEAI National Energy Research & Policy Conference 2022Dr Claire Haggett - SEAI National Energy Research & Policy Conference 2022
Dr Claire Haggett - SEAI National Energy Research & Policy Conference 2022
 
Connected Communities Shearer West presentation December 2010
Connected Communities Shearer West presentation December 2010Connected Communities Shearer West presentation December 2010
Connected Communities Shearer West presentation December 2010
 
LSE media policy project_Launch sept27
LSE media policy project_Launch sept27LSE media policy project_Launch sept27
LSE media policy project_Launch sept27
 
Sustainable energy adoption in poor rural areas
Sustainable energy adoption in poor rural areasSustainable energy adoption in poor rural areas
Sustainable energy adoption in poor rural areas
 
Future.org.final
Future.org.finalFuture.org.final
Future.org.final
 
Swk2003 community involvement the duty to involve
Swk2003 community involvement  the duty to involveSwk2003 community involvement  the duty to involve
Swk2003 community involvement the duty to involve
 
o-rafferty_phd
o-rafferty_phdo-rafferty_phd
o-rafferty_phd
 
ESRC Knowledge Exchange Opportunities
ESRC Knowledge Exchange OpportunitiesESRC Knowledge Exchange Opportunities
ESRC Knowledge Exchange Opportunities
 
Does representation matter in Natural Resource Management?
Does representation matter in Natural Resource Management?Does representation matter in Natural Resource Management?
Does representation matter in Natural Resource Management?
 
College delft
College delftCollege delft
College delft
 
KJ Poppe AKIS 3 at Euragri 2014 Montpellier
KJ Poppe AKIS 3 at Euragri 2014 MontpellierKJ Poppe AKIS 3 at Euragri 2014 Montpellier
KJ Poppe AKIS 3 at Euragri 2014 Montpellier
 
Social innovations for social cohesion. What welfare politics can learn from ...
Social innovations for social cohesion. What welfare politics can learn from ...Social innovations for social cohesion. What welfare politics can learn from ...
Social innovations for social cohesion. What welfare politics can learn from ...
 
Anatomy of an innovation ecosysem
Anatomy of an innovation ecosysemAnatomy of an innovation ecosysem
Anatomy of an innovation ecosysem
 
A Political Economy Assessment Of Domestic Climate Governance
A Political Economy Assessment Of Domestic Climate GovernanceA Political Economy Assessment Of Domestic Climate Governance
A Political Economy Assessment Of Domestic Climate Governance
 
Rsd6 presentation jeffrey chan & zhang ye
Rsd6 presentation jeffrey chan & zhang yeRsd6 presentation jeffrey chan & zhang ye
Rsd6 presentation jeffrey chan & zhang ye
 
CSR Cement Initiatives
CSR Cement InitiativesCSR Cement Initiatives
CSR Cement Initiatives
 
Conference of the Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Initiative (SCO...
Conference of the Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Initiative (SCO...Conference of the Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Initiative (SCO...
Conference of the Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Initiative (SCO...
 

Community innovation in sustainable energy

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.

Editor's Notes

  1. Purpose of the presentation – introduce people to a project that is ongoing, and flag up some of the methodological issues we have had to address in terms of conceptualising community energy (as grassroots innovations), and the dilemmas that these grassroots innovators are grappling with – and spark a discussion about what this means for niche theory, as well as strategies for boosting GIS
  2. Three year research project (2010 – 2013) funded by EPSRC and ECLEER-EdFThree partners – SPRU, CSERGE, and ECLEERRootedness of community energy projects raises all sorts of interesting questions about the facility with which they can spread, grow and scale-upBold signifies preliminary evidence we are drawing upon in this presentation
  3. Community development been a contested term and resource throughout its history. Providing competing legitimacies for different interests and purposes.Geographical-; identity-; issue-based communities. Sustainable energy = issue-based, clearly, with big overlap of geography and identitySustainable energy? For whom, how, and why – the contested qualities of sustainability. CE projects as ‘simple’ niches cf. ‘strategic’ niches, i.e. Groups who wish to simply power their community centre with cleaner energy used more efficiently (saving money), cf. groups who see themselves as part of a decentralised, democratic energy revolution.Signals three enduring issues in community development generally:Community development as conservative/ameliorating treatment of immediate surface issues or transformational/empowering address of root causes in socio-economic justiceIssues about the balance between community development as a technical, professionalised service cf. value-based radical activism.3. Cutting across these two:Development for communities – top-down, role in management/delivery of activities (targets and outputs)Development with communities – bottom-up, role in strategic direction/negotiation of activities (process and outcomes)1) co-operatives, such as windfarms and community heating projects; 2) community charities, such as associations and organisations; 3) development trusts which raise funds for community energy projects ; and 4) shares owned by a local community organisation, for instance in energy projects
  4. Intermediaries include:policy-makers (such as DECC) businesses interested in community energy (such as Good Energy)
  5. Niche analytical framework informing our research – networks of projects - opportunities arising from policy interest (and some utilities)
  6. “The aims of the event were to:Explore how community organisations can play a key role in the delivery of carbon reduction targetsEnable a broad range of ‘community and climate’ organisations to get up to speed on a developing new agenda, and to jointly discuss their responsesStrengthen the capacity of this ‘community and climate’ sectorEnable the development of relationships between this sector and other agencies.”
  7. Table too dichotomous – some things not compatible or mutually exclusive