"Internet of Things and Web Squared: Open for Inclusive Development?" Presentation of Katja Henttonen at OSS2016, Göteborg, Sweden.

1. VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND LTD
Internet of Things and Web Squared:
Open for Inclusive Development?
OSS2016 Doctoral Consortium
Katja Henttonen
katja.henttonen@vtt.fi
https://twitter.com/katjahenttonen

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Content
Background: IoT, “openness” and
development
Research questions
Theoretical foundations
Methodology

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Internet of Things and Web Squared
(“Third generation Internet”)
• Expansion of Internet
into physical “things”
and even organisms
• Effective storage and
analysis of masses of
data (uploaded by
objects and people)
• Many social and
environmentalist IoT
initiatives exists,
although a niche
Adapted from Oreste et al. 2013References: O’Reilly and Battelle 2009; Gubbi et al. 2013; Shin 2014

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What is openness?
Openness as a way to arrange social activities which favors:
universal over restricted access
universal over restricted participation and
collaborative over centralized production
Content
Process People
Openness
Right to access
Right to manipulate
Participation
Collaboration
Transparency
Contingency
Picture based on Relly and Smith 2014
Definition by Smith and Elder 2010

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Open development?
Positive bottom-up change catalyzed by ‘open’ information-
networked activities in international development
ICT role in open development is two-fold:
• Open ICT development (e.g. open source, open hardware) to
address socio-economic goals
• ICTs enabling other open process (e.g. participatory budgeting,
open online education)
Critiqued for failing to address the issue of power
• How existing socio-economic power structures and capabilities
define who can access, participate and collaborate?
• Supporting bottom-up or consolidating the ‘top’?
References: May 2009; Smith and Elder 2010; Relly and Smith 2014

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Inclusive development and innovation?
Inclusive development = societal development which
emphasizes inclusion of previously disadvantaged groups as
agents and beneficiaries of development
Inclusive innovation = inventions which create value with/by/for
the previously disadvantaged groups, particularly the poor
Inclusion is in a key component in…
socially sustainable development (exclusive
systems do not create fair distribution)
environmentally sustainable development
(most ‘green’ innovations emerge bottom-up?).
References: Heeks et al. 2010, Gubta el al. 2014

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Preliminary research questions
Research questions:
• In what ways and to what extent can 3GI infrastructure and
applications be open?
• What factors drive or hinder the constructions of 3GI towards a
degree of ‘openness’?
• How does the ‘openness’ of 3GI influence the inclusivity of
development outcomes?
Purpose statement:
To understand and conceptualize the role of openness in ‘making’
the 3rd generation Internet (3GI) to serve inclusive development
Research questions and purpose statement are to be redefined during
pilot study, focus on a domain and/or geographical area to be determined
3GI = third generation Internet

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Conceptual framework
Conceptual framework is built during an inductive pilot study.
The framework will draw on studies of open ICT activities (open
source etc.), open development and inclusive development
In addition, it may build on one of the following:
Political economy of technology (how political and economic
power structures shape and are shaped by 3GI developments)
New institutionalism (how design and evolution of 3GI influences
and is influenced by conflicting institutional logics)
Socio-technical transitions (on how 3GI as an innovation
challenges existing socio-technical regimes)
Acknowledgement: Thanks to prof. Richard Heeks (University of Manchester) for suggestions

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Methodology
• Inductive, exploratory
”pilot case”
• Multiple interpretivist case
studies, iterative circle
• Data collection via
interviews and participant
observation
• Data analysis with directed
content analysis (possibly
etnography)
References: Kezar 2000; Hsieh and Shannon 2005

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Biography
Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M.: Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements,
and future directions. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 29, 1645–1660 (2013).
Gupta, J., Baud, I., Bekkers, R., Bernstein, S., Boas, I., Cornelissen, V., Iguchi, M., Kanie, N., Kim, R.E., Lima,
M.B., Obani, P., Schoof, P., Stevens, C., Zoomeren, D. Van: Sustainable Development Goals and Inclusive
Development. (2014)
Heeks, R., Amalia, M., Kintu, R., Shah, N.: Inclusive Innovation : Definition , Conceptualisation and Future.
Acad. Innov. Entrep. 1–24 (2013)
Henttonen, K. (2016) Internet of Things and Web Squared: Open for Inclusive Development? Online
proceedings of the 12th Internatiotional conference on open source systems, Göteborg, 30 May - 2 June 2016
Hsieh, H.-F., Shannon, S.E.: Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual. Health Res. 15, 1277–
1288 (2005)
Kezar, A.: The Importance of Pilot Studies: Beginning the Hermeneutic Circle. Res. High. Educ. 41, 385–400
(2000).
May, C.: Opening other windows: a political economy of “openness” in a global information society. Rev. Int.
Stud. 34, 69–92 (2008)
O’Reilly, T., Battelle, J.: Web Squared: Web 2.0 Five Years On. O’Reilly Media Inc (2009).
Oreste et al: The evolution of the Internet: Towards common capture and surveillance of the collective
intelligence? In: The Internet Identity Ecosystem Seminar. W3, Roma (2013)
Shin, D.: A socio-technical framework for Internet-of-Things design: A human-centered design for the Internet of
Things, (2014)
Smith, M., Elder, L.: Open ICT ecosystems transforming the developing world. (2010)
Relly, K., Smith, M.: The emergence of open development in a network society. In: Smith, M. and Relly, K.
(eds.) Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development. The MIT Press, Cambridge
(2014)

11. Thank you!
Email: katja.henttonen@vtt.fi
Twitter: @katjahenttonen