2. Computers In Society
More impact than any other invention
Changed
work and leisure activities
Used by all demographic groups
Computers are important because:
Provide
information to users
Information is critical to our society
Managing information is difficult
3. Computers In Society
Computers at home
Many homes have multiple computers
Examples
Staying in touch with family and friends
Information like weather
Computers are used for
Business
Entertainment
Communication
Education
4. Computers In Society
Computers in education
Computer literacy required at all levels
Computers in small business
Makes businesses more profitable
Allows owners to manage
Small business can handle their own accounts and
payrolls
Computers in industry
Computers are used to design products
Assembly lines are automated
5. Computers In Society
Computers in government
Necessary
to track data for population
Police
officers
Tax calculation and collection
Millitary
Governments
were the first computer users and
responsible for development of new technology
US government played a key role in development
of internet
6. Computers In Society
Computers in health care
Revolutionized
health care
New treatments possible
Scheduling of patients has improved
Delivery of medicine is safer
More easy for doctors to share information
7. Parts of the Computer System
1B-7
Computer systems have four parts
Hardware
Software
Data
User
8. Parts of the Computer System
Hardware
Mechanical
devices in the computer
Anything that can be touched
Software
Tell
the computer what to do
Also called a program
Thousands of programs exist
9. Parts of the Computer System
Data
Pieces
of information
Computer organize and present data
Users
People
operating the computer
Most important part
Tell the computer what to do
14. Motherboard
Every device in a computer is either attached
to the motherboard directly or it is connected
to the motherboard.
The processor is usually directly on the
motherboard
Has circuits to connect the processor with
other components such as memory
15. Motherboard
In most personal computers the internal
devices such as sound cards, video cards are
directly plugged into the motherboard.
16. Processor
Processing devices
Brains
of the computer
Carries out instructions from the program
Manipulate the data
Most computers have several processors
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Secondary processors
Processors made of silicon and copper
17. Processor
Has
three basic parts
Arithmetic
executes all the arithmetic and logic instructions
Control
Logic Unit (ALU)
Unit
decodes instructions and determines which is next to be
executed
Buses/Registers
Buses are paths for information entering/exiting the CPU
Registers are memory for processing information
19.
Processor is also called the CPU
It is the brain of the computer and does all the
calculations and processing.
20. Multi-core processor
A multi-core processor is a
single computing component with two or more
independent actual central processing
units (called "cores“.
21. The Central Processing Unit
The CPU continuously follows the fetch-
decode-execute cycle:
Retrieve an instruction from main memory
fetch
execute
Carry out the
instruction
decode
Determine what the
instruction is
23. Primary Storage
On board memory (located on the
motherboard)
Very fast, but expensive
Types
– Random Access Memory
ROM – Read Only Memory
Registers
Cache
RAM
24. Random Access Memory
RAM comes in integrated circuit chips, often
called modules or sticks, which are plugged
directly into a computer's motherboard.
Main memory is directly or indirectly
connected to the central processing unit via
a memory bus
26. Random Access Memory
RAM - Random Access Memory
Read/write capability
Contents lost when computer is turned off (volatile)
A program must be in RAM for it to execute
128 to 256MB for a typical desktop computer
You can read or write at any address, as opposed to
sequential memory
RAM impact on the speed and power of a computer
The unit of measurement for RAM is byte
These days RAM’s are so large that we talk about GB
1GB is 1 billion bytes (1000,000,000)
28. Registers
located inside the processor
Registers are the fastest of all forms of
computer data storage.
Holds only 32 bit or 64 bit
Example we have to add 23 and 14, then one
register will store 23 and the other 14
29. Cache
The cache is a smaller, faster memory which
stores copies of the data from the most
frequently used RAM locations.
When the processor needs to read from or
write to a location in main memory, it first
checks whether a copy of that data is in the
cache.
There are two levels of cache L1 and L2
L1 is located on the processor chip itself
L2 is not on the processor chip but is very fast
as well
30. ROM
ROM - Read Only Memory
It
is written on to only once
Read but not write capability
Permanent (non volatile)
Stores the preliminary instructions to be executed
when the computer is turned on, for example
To
check RAM
To check communications with peripheral devices
Bootstrap loader program
31. Secondary Storgae
Secondary Storage (secondary memory)
External
devices (not on the motherboard);
either inside or outside the computer
Store programs and data permanently
Slower, but cheaper
35. Optical Storage
The CD surface is a mirror covered with
billions of tiny bumps that are arranged in a
long, tightly wound spiral.
The CD player reads the bumps with a precise
laser and interprets the information as bits of
data.
36. DVD
DVD’s are made from the same material as a
CD and are physically the same size but they
can store a lot more data
The reason is that in a CD there is only one
layer that has data arranged in spiral form
In a DVD there are several thin layers that can
store data that are joined together.
The materials on the top layers allows the
laser to pass through to the inner layer to read
data.
37. Blu Ray
The format offers more than five times the storage
capacity of traditional DVDs and can hold up to 25GB
on a single-layer disc
While current optical disc technologies such as
DVD, DVD±R, DVD±RW, and DVD-RAM rely on a red
laser to read and write data, the new format uses a
blue-violet laser instead, hence the name Blu-ray
The benefit of using a blue-violet laser (405nm) is that
it has a shorter wavelength than a red laser
(650nm), which makes it possible to focus the laser
spot with even greater precision. This allows data to
be packed more tightly and stored in less space, so
it's possible to fit more data on the disc even though
it's the same size as a CD/DVD
38. CD vs. DVD vs. Blu Ray
Most DVDs will hold about 4 hours of quality
video
A CD can have 700 MB, or approximately 80
minutes of audio.
DVD stores 4.7 GB of data
Blu Ray can store upto 50 GB data
*to get an idea 2 GB storage can give you approximately 300 mp3 songs
39.
40. Hardware
Units of measure
All
done relative to a Byte (8 bits - 1 character)
KB = Kilobyte - 1 thousand bytes (1024)
MB = Megabyte - 1 million bytes (1,048,576)
GB = Gigabyte - 1 billion bytes
TB = Terabyte - 1 trillion bytes
41. Software Runs The Machine
Tells the computer what to do
Reason people purchase computers
Two types
System
software
Application software
42. Software Runs The Machine
System software
Most
important software
Operating system
Windows
Network
XP
operating system (OS)
Windows
Server 2003
Utility
Symantec AntiVirus
43. References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core_processor
Chapter 1b of Text book
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ram.htm
http://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htm
http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4899593_ramwork-computer.html
http://tuxthink.blogspot.com/2010/06/memoryhierarchy.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storag
e
Hinweis der Redaktion
Discuss how automobiles changed our lives
A computer's RAM is strictly meant to provide short term-memory space that can be accessed as quickly as possible. Since a computer hard drive contains so much data, which must be accessed by the spinning of a physical disk, accessing the data is much slower than using a data module with no moving parts. In this way, the RAM acts as an intermediary between the hard drive and the processor; the hard drive sends data to the RAM necessary for running a given application, and the processor accesses the data saved to the RAM to run the application. As soon as a certain process stops, the data saved the RAM associated with that process is dropped, freeing it up for use toward something else. This is, in part, why closing a few applications while multitasking will speed up other applications that remain open.
Basically ROM stores the information necessary to start a computer.
Hard disk is slower then RAM beacuse it is a mechanical system, the read and write head has to phyiscally move to a different location. Where as RAM is a purely electronic system