01 lecture dpt 4 introduction and organization of the nervois system by abdul ghafoor sajjad

Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences

DPT
ANATOMY IV
NEURO ANATOMY
CREDIT HOURS 3(2-1)
Dr Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad
Assistant Professor
RCRS,RIU

DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
• Central Nervous System: Disposition,
Parts and Functions
• Brain stem (Pons, Medulla, and Mid
Brain)
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus

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Internal Capsule
Blood Supply of Brain
Stroke and its types
Ventricles of Brain
CSF circulation and Hydrocephalus
Meninges of Brain


• Neural pathways (Neural Tracts)
• Pyramidal and Extra pyramidal System
(Ascending and Descending tracts)
• Functional significance of Spinal cord level
• Cranial Nerves with special emphasis upon
IV, V, VII, XI, XII (their course, distribution,
and palsies).
• Autonomic nervous system, its components
• Nerve receptors

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SPINAL CORD
Gross appearance
Structure of spinal cord
Grey and white matter (brief description)
Meninges of spinal cord
Blood supply of spinal cord
Autonomic Nervous system

Recommended Text Books:
• Gray’s Anatomy by Prof. Susan Standring
39th Ed., Elsevier.
• CLINICAL NEUROANATOMY BY
RICHARD S.SNELL 7TH EDITION.
• Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith Moore.
• Clinical Anatomy by R.J. Last, Latest Ed.


Lecture No 01
INTRODUCTION AND ORGANIZATION
OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

LECTURE OBJECTIVES
• To understand the basic organization of
the main structure that form the nervous
system.
• To gain the Three-dimensional
appreciation of the parts of the brain and
their relative position to one. another


NERVOUS SYSTEM
• A regulatory system of the body that
consists of neurons and neuroglial cells.
OR
• The body’s primary communication and
control system.
• Can be divided according to:
– Structural categories
– Functional categories.

Nervous System
Structural Organization
Structural subdivisions of the nervous system:
• Central nervous system (CNS)
– Brain and Spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
– Cranial nerves (nerves that extend from the
brain)
– Spinal nerves (nerves that extend from the
spinal cord)
– ganglia (clusters of neuron cell bodies (somas)
located outside the CNS)

Nervous System
Functional Organization
Functional divisions of the nervous system:
• Sensory afferent division:
– receives sensory information (input) from
receptors
– transmits this information to the CNS.
• Motor efferent division:
– transmits motor impulses (output) from the
CNS
– to muscles or glands (effector organs).

Central Nervous System

BRAIN


Brain
• An adult brain weighs between 1.35 and
1.4 kilograms (kg) (around 3 pounds) and
has a volume of about 1200 cubic
centimeters (cc).
• Brain size is not directly correlated with
intelligence
• It is not the physical size of the brain that
determines intelligence—it is the number
of active synapses.

Support and Protection of the
Brain
• The brain is protected and isolated by multiple
structures:
1. Bony cranium
2. Meninges:
• Protective connective tissue membranes
• Surround and partition portions of the brain.

1. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• acts as a cushioning fluid.

1. Blood-brain barrier:
• prevents entry of harmful materials from the
bloodstream.

Organization of Brain Tissue
• Gray matter:
– Motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies,
dendrites, axon terminals
– Unmyelinated axons.

• White matter:
– composed primarily of Myelinated axons.


A COMMON BRAIN DIVISION


FOREBRAIN
• Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex, Basal
Ganglia.
• Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus.


Cerebral Cortex
• The word "cortex" comes from the
Latin word for "bark" (of a tree).
• The thickness of the cerebral
cortex varies from 2 to 6 mm.
• The right and left sides of the cerebral
cortex are connected by a thick band of
nerve fibers called the "corpus
callosum.“
• bulge on the cortex is called gyrus and
a groove is called a sulcus.

Basal Ganglia
(Part Of Telencaphalon Of Forebrain)

Functions:
• Movement
• The basal ganglia are a group of
structures, including the Globus Pallidus,
Caudate Nucleus, Subthalamic Nucleus,
Putamen And Substantia Nigra, that are
important in coordinating movement.

Thalamus
(Part Of Diencephalon Of Forebrain)

Functions:
• Sensory processing
• The thalamus receives sensory
information and relays this information to
the cerebral cortex.
• The cerebral cortex also sends information
to the thalamus which then transmits this
information to other areas of the brain and
spinal cord.

Hypothalamus
(Part Of Diencephalon Of Forebrain)

Functions:
• Body Temperature (acts as a "thermostat")
• Emotions
• Hunger
• Thirst
• Circadian Rhythms


MIDBRAIN
Mesencephalon: tectum (inferior and
superior colliculi) and tegmentum
BASIC FUNCTIONS:
• Vision
• Hearing
• Eye movement
• Motor control

HINDBRAIN
1. Metencephalon: Pons and Cerebellum
2. Metencephalon: Medulla
BASIC FUNCTIONS:
• Monitoring And Controlling Body
Movements
• Homeostasis


The Pons
The pons are situated on the anterior
surface of the cerebellum, inferior to the
mid brain and superior to the medulla
oblongata.


The Medulla Oblongata
• The medulla is the most inferior part of
the brain stem. The cell bodies of several
cranial nerves are found there.


Cerebellum
• The word "cerebellum" comes from the
Latin word for "little brain."
The cerebellum is located behind the brain
stem. In some ways, the cerebellum is
similar to the cerebral cortex: the
cerebellum is divided into hemispheres
and has a cortex that surrounds these
hemispheres.

Cerebellum
Functions:
• Movement
• Balance
• Posture


Brain stem
• The brain stem is a general term for the
area of the brain between the thalamus
and spinal cord. Structures within the
brain stem include the Medulla, Pons,
Tectum, Reticular Formation And
Tegmentum. Some of these areas are
responsible for the most basic functions of
life such as breathing, heart rate and blood
pressure.

CLINICAL NOTES
• Head injuries
– Fracture of skull
• Pond Fracture

– Brain Injuries
• Contrecoup injuries
• TBI (Explosion or Blast)


CLINICAL NOTES
– Intracranial Hemorrhage
1. Epidural (anterior division of middle meningeal
artery)
2. Subdural ( superior cerebral veins)
3. Subarachnoid ( non traumatic leakage or rupture
of congenital aneurysm on circle of willis)
4. Cerebral {most common in HTN pt. due to
rupture of lenticulostraite artery ( branch of
Middle Cerebral Artery), involve descending
nerve fiber in the internal capsule, produce
hemiplegia of opposite side of the body}

CLINICAL NOTES
• Shaken baby syndrome
• Space occupying lesions{ SOL (tumor,
hematoma, and abscess)}
• Diagnosis
– CT
– MRI
– PET


01 lecture dpt 4 introduction and organization of the nervois system by abdul ghafoor sajjad

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01 lecture dpt 4 introduction and organization of the nervois system by abdul ghafoor sajjad