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King khalid University
Bisha Faculty of Science and Arts




           1432-1433 H
             Drama
      Dr. Abdel-Fattah Adel
Plot
Upon the completion of this section, you will
be able to:
1. To define "plot" as an element of drama
2. To summarize the development of the
   understanding of the dramatic structure from
   Aristotle to modern times.
3. To recognize the parts Freytag's pyramid of
   the development of dramatic plot.
4. To state the main criticism to Freytag's
   pyramid.
5. To apply Freytag's pyramid on a story line.
Plot
Dramatic   structure
 Plot is a literary term for the events a
  story comprises, particularly as they
  relate to one another in a pattern, a
  sequence, through cause and effect, or
  by coincidence.
 It is the artistic arrangement of a
  sequence of events.
   Dramatic structure is the structure of
    a dramatic work such as a play or film.
 There is no difference between
 plot and dramatic structure.
          •Agree
          •Don’t agree
   There is no difference between plot and
    dramatic structure.


 Plot is related to the arrangement of the
  events.
 Dramatic structure is the overall layout
  of the story.
 There can be more than one plot
 in a play.
          •Agree
          •Don’t agree
   There can be more than one plot in a play.


   The play may contain a main plot a
    several sub-plots.
Plot
 Aristotle
 Horace
 Freytag
   In his Poetics, Aristotle considered plot
    ("mythos") the most important element
    of drama—more important than
    character, for example.
 He put forth the idea that ("A whole is
  what has a beginning and middle and
  end.
 This three-part view of a plot structure
  (with a beginning, middle, and end –
  technically, the protasis, epitasis, and ca
  tastrophe) must causally relate to one
  another as being either necessary, or
  probable.
   The Roman drama critic Horace
    advocated a 5-act structure: ("A play
    should not be shorter or longer than five
    acts").
   Gustav Freytag (1816 –1895) was a
    Nineteenth Century German novelist
    and dramatist who saw common
    patterns in the plots of stories and
    novels and developed a diagram to
    analyze them. He diagrammed a story's
    plot using a pyramid.
   -------- advocated a 5-act structure.
       A. Aristotle
       B. Horace
       C. Freytag
   ------ diagrammed a story's plot using a
    pyramid.
       A. Aristotle
       B. Horace
       C. Freytag
   ------ considered plot the most important
    element of drama —more important than
    character.
       A. Aristotle
       B. Horace
       C. Freytag
Plot
 A diagram of dramatic structure that is a
  visual representation of the structure
  of a story’s events.
 It shows complication and emotional
  tension
 Emotional tension rising like one side
  of a pyramid toward its apex, which
  represents the climax of action.
 Once the climax is over, the
  descending side of the pyramid
  depicts the decrease in tension and
  complication as the drama reaches its
  conclusion and denouement.
Plot
 Freytag designed the chart for
  discussing tragedy, but it can be
  applied to many kinds of fiction.
 It is also called Freytag's
  Triangle, Freytag's Arc.
1.   Exposition
2.   Rising Action
3.   Climax
4.   Falling Action
5.   Dénouement
1.   Exposition: setting the scene.
2.   Rising Action: the story builds and
     gets more exciting.
3.   Climax: the moment of greatest tension
     in a story.
4.   Falling Action: events happen as a
     result of the climax
5.   Dénouement: the ending
1.   Which part of the plot sets the scene?


       A. Rising Action
       B. Exposition
       C. Climax
1.   Which part of the plot is the moment
     of greatest tension in a story?


       A. Rising Action
       B. Exposition
       C. Climax
Plot
   Freytag's analysis was intended to apply
    not to modern drama, but rather to
    ancient Greek and Shakespearean
    drama.
 A specific exposition stage is criticized
  by Lajos Egri in The Art of Dramatic
  Writing. He states, “exposition itself is
  part of the whole play, and not simply a
  fixture to be used at the beginning and
  then discarded.”
 According to Egri, the actions of a
  character reveal who they are, and
  exposition should come about naturally.
  The beginning of the play should therefore
  begin with the initial conflict.
   Contemporary dramas increasingly use the
    fall to increase the relative height of the climax
    and dramatic impact (melodrama). The
    protagonist reaches up but falls and succumbs
    to their doubts, fears, and limitations.
   Arguably, the negative climax occurs when
    they have an epiphany and encounter their
    greatest fear or lose something important. This
    loss gives them the courage to take on
    another obstacle. This confrontation becomes
    the classic climax.
Plot
Exposition: the main characters are
introduced
(Gregers, Hialmar, Ekdal, werle), the
setting is set.
   Rising action: Hialmar and Gina's
    confrontation of her past, the
    progressive revelation of Hedvig's
    uncertain parentage, and the arrival of
    Hedvig's birthday gift that ultimately
    precipitates this revelation in its explicit
    form.
   Climax: The Wild Duck features two
    immediately discernable climaxes:
    Hialmar's exit from his home and
    Hedvig's suicide
   Falling action: the discovery and the
    display of Hedvig's body as well as the
    final dialogue between Relling and
    Gregers. This dialogue leaves Gregers
    utterly disillusioned and precipitates his
    exit from the world.
   Dénouement : Gregers utterly
    disillusioned and his exit from this world.
Plot

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Plot

  • 1. King khalid University Bisha Faculty of Science and Arts 1432-1433 H Drama Dr. Abdel-Fattah Adel
  • 3. Upon the completion of this section, you will be able to: 1. To define "plot" as an element of drama 2. To summarize the development of the understanding of the dramatic structure from Aristotle to modern times. 3. To recognize the parts Freytag's pyramid of the development of dramatic plot. 4. To state the main criticism to Freytag's pyramid. 5. To apply Freytag's pyramid on a story line.
  • 5.  Plot is a literary term for the events a story comprises, particularly as they relate to one another in a pattern, a sequence, through cause and effect, or by coincidence.  It is the artistic arrangement of a sequence of events.
  • 6. Dramatic structure is the structure of a dramatic work such as a play or film.
  • 7.  There is no difference between plot and dramatic structure. •Agree •Don’t agree
  • 8. There is no difference between plot and dramatic structure.  Plot is related to the arrangement of the events.  Dramatic structure is the overall layout of the story.
  • 9.  There can be more than one plot in a play. •Agree •Don’t agree
  • 10. There can be more than one plot in a play.  The play may contain a main plot a several sub-plots.
  • 13. In his Poetics, Aristotle considered plot ("mythos") the most important element of drama—more important than character, for example.
  • 14.  He put forth the idea that ("A whole is what has a beginning and middle and end.  This three-part view of a plot structure (with a beginning, middle, and end – technically, the protasis, epitasis, and ca tastrophe) must causally relate to one another as being either necessary, or probable.
  • 15. The Roman drama critic Horace advocated a 5-act structure: ("A play should not be shorter or longer than five acts").
  • 16. Gustav Freytag (1816 –1895) was a Nineteenth Century German novelist and dramatist who saw common patterns in the plots of stories and novels and developed a diagram to analyze them. He diagrammed a story's plot using a pyramid.
  • 17. -------- advocated a 5-act structure. A. Aristotle B. Horace C. Freytag
  • 18. ------ diagrammed a story's plot using a pyramid. A. Aristotle B. Horace C. Freytag
  • 19. ------ considered plot the most important element of drama —more important than character. A. Aristotle B. Horace C. Freytag
  • 21.  A diagram of dramatic structure that is a visual representation of the structure of a story’s events.  It shows complication and emotional tension
  • 22.  Emotional tension rising like one side of a pyramid toward its apex, which represents the climax of action.  Once the climax is over, the descending side of the pyramid depicts the decrease in tension and complication as the drama reaches its conclusion and denouement.
  • 24.  Freytag designed the chart for discussing tragedy, but it can be applied to many kinds of fiction.  It is also called Freytag's Triangle, Freytag's Arc.
  • 25. 1. Exposition 2. Rising Action 3. Climax 4. Falling Action 5. Dénouement
  • 26. 1. Exposition: setting the scene. 2. Rising Action: the story builds and gets more exciting. 3. Climax: the moment of greatest tension in a story. 4. Falling Action: events happen as a result of the climax 5. Dénouement: the ending
  • 27. 1. Which part of the plot sets the scene? A. Rising Action B. Exposition C. Climax
  • 28. 1. Which part of the plot is the moment of greatest tension in a story? A. Rising Action B. Exposition C. Climax
  • 30. Freytag's analysis was intended to apply not to modern drama, but rather to ancient Greek and Shakespearean drama.
  • 31.  A specific exposition stage is criticized by Lajos Egri in The Art of Dramatic Writing. He states, “exposition itself is part of the whole play, and not simply a fixture to be used at the beginning and then discarded.”  According to Egri, the actions of a character reveal who they are, and exposition should come about naturally. The beginning of the play should therefore begin with the initial conflict.
  • 32. Contemporary dramas increasingly use the fall to increase the relative height of the climax and dramatic impact (melodrama). The protagonist reaches up but falls and succumbs to their doubts, fears, and limitations.  Arguably, the negative climax occurs when they have an epiphany and encounter their greatest fear or lose something important. This loss gives them the courage to take on another obstacle. This confrontation becomes the classic climax.
  • 34. Exposition: the main characters are introduced (Gregers, Hialmar, Ekdal, werle), the setting is set.
  • 35. Rising action: Hialmar and Gina's confrontation of her past, the progressive revelation of Hedvig's uncertain parentage, and the arrival of Hedvig's birthday gift that ultimately precipitates this revelation in its explicit form.
  • 36. Climax: The Wild Duck features two immediately discernable climaxes: Hialmar's exit from his home and Hedvig's suicide
  • 37. Falling action: the discovery and the display of Hedvig's body as well as the final dialogue between Relling and Gregers. This dialogue leaves Gregers utterly disillusioned and precipitates his exit from the world.
  • 38. Dénouement : Gregers utterly disillusioned and his exit from this world.