FAO

1. FAO
Role and Emerging Partnerships for
Crop Improvement in India
SHAHZADA SALEEM YOUNIS
MTECH GBU GREATER NOIDA
India

2. Outline
• Contribution of plant sciences to crop production :
Green Revolution
• Lessons from Green Revolution: inter-regional
variations and lack of inclusive growth
• Future Challenges
• Partnership between Europe and Developing
world with special reference to Africa
• Way Forward

3. Unprecedented Progress during
the last 60 years
• Increased agricultural production
(from 50 MT to 252 MT)
• Higher real income and reduced prices
(from 1975 to 2007)
• Reduced poverty
(by 40%)
• Life expectancy doubled
(64 years)

4. Food Grains Production in India
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Yield
AreaandProduction
Area in m.ha Production in m.t Yield in kg/ha
Productivity X3
Production X5
Area- marginal inc.

5. Production and Productivity of Wheat in India
Prodn.x 9
Yield x3
Area x 2.5

6. Mexican Wheat in India
Dwarf wheat travelled from Japan to US to Mexico and to India
• Salmon (USDA) to Vogel (WSU) to Borlaug (CIMMYT) to IARI
• Rabi 1961-62 -Observational Nursery from USDA
• Summer 1962 -Multiplication at Wellington in Southern India
• Rabi 1962-63 -Demonstration at IARI farm in New Delhi
Dr. Borlaug invited & visited in March 1963
• Rabi 1963-64 -Multilocation Trial 4 places
• Rabi 1964-65 -Large Multilocation trails-155 places
• 1965- Two Mexican Lines Sonora 64 & Lerma Roho 64 A Released
for Commercial cultivation by CVRC (CSCSNRV)
• 18,000 tonnes seeds imported despite scarce foreign exchange
• Yield increased from 8.3 q/ha in1965-66 to 13 q/ha in 1970-71
• Similar was the story in rice with introduction of IR8-dwarf rice
INDIA BECAME SELF-SUFFICIENT IN FOOD GRAINS IN EARLY 1970s

7. 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
TE 1952 TE1981 TE2006
42 45
35
8
16
25
8
9 9
42
30 31
Others
Oilseeds
Fruits &
Vegetables
Food grains
Shareincropsub-sector
(inpercentage)
The Challenges
Diversification of Crop sub Sector

8. Source:: Evenson & Gollin (2003) CABI

9. Reasons for Transformation
GREEN REVOLUTION
• Partnership with CGIAR Institutions - Key to success
• Adoption of HYVs along with associated technology
• Joint efforts of
– Agricultural scientists
– Bureaucrats
– Farmers
– Polity
• R&D in agriculture in partnership with US Land Grant
Institutions- helped in removing the minor deficiencies in
Sonora 64 and Lerma Roho 64A

10. Wide Inter-Regional Variations in Yield
Sl. No. State Food grain yield, 2009-10
(t/ha)
1. Punjab 4.1
2 Tamil Nadu 2.5
3 West Bengal 2.5
4 Uttar Pradesh 2.2
5 Bihar 1.5
6 Orissa 1.4
7 Madhya Pradesh 1.3
 Focus on high potential eastern region for
immediate yield gains and inclusive growth

11. Agricultural Production
Scenario
Commodity Production
in 1950
(Million tonnes)
Production
in 2011
(Million tonnes)
Food grains 50.00 252.0
Vegetables 58.50 (91-92) 125.0
Fruits 28.60 (91-92) 63.6
Milk 17.00 104.8
Egg (nos.) 1.80 53.5 billion
Fish 0.75 7.3
4-27 times increase in production of various commodities

12. FUTURE CHALLENGES
&
STRATEGIES TO MEET THEM

13. Food Requirement- Indian Scenario
Production 2010-11
(Million tonnes)
• Rice 103.41
• Wheat 90.23
• Coarse cer41.9
• Pulses 17.02
• Total 252.5
• Oilseed-31 Million Tonnes
Demand 2021
(Million tonnes)
120
100
40
25
• 285
Rice
Wheat
Coarse
cereals
Pulses
Total
Rice
Wheat
Coarse
cereals
Pulses
Total
Will India import food grains in 2023

14. Dr. S. Raman, New Delhi Winter
School, 20/3/09
Fresh Water Resources – 4.6 %
Land – 2.3 %
Population – 17 %
Rainfall – 1170 mm
Resources and Liabilities
XXXXXXXXXXXX

15. The Challenges
Second Generation Problems
of Green Revolution
-Nutritional Security?
-Breaking yield barrier
-Decline in Factor Productivity
- Soil Health and Water Table declining
- Increased Incidence of Diseases and Pests
- Climate change- the biggest threat
-

16. The Challenges
Incidence of malnutrition among children
(< 3 years)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Severe Moderate Overall
Percentage
Undernutrition
Rural
Urban
All

17. The Challenges
Raise Productivity
(Small farms holdings)
Increase Income
(Low Cost technology)
Manage Natural
Resources

18. IndianAgriculturalResearchInstitute

19. Climate Change : Effect of Enhanced CO2
Change in insect-pest
dynamics

20. Climate Change
Need for Anticipatory Research

21. Recent Successes
 Bt Cotton
Area reached 8.4 m ha in 2011 nearly 85% of total area.
Production doubled 2.3 mt in 2002 to 4.9 mt in 2010
Pesticide consumption reduced by 40%
Income of 5 m farmers increased substantially
Cotton export fetched US $ >1.5 billion in 2010
 Soybean
Area - 30, 000 ha (1970) to 10.3 Mha in 2011
Production - 0.14 MT (1970) to 12.4 MT in 2011
Productivity - 430 kg/ha-----------to 1300 kg/ha in 2011- x3 times
40% contribution to oilseed: 25% to edible oil of the country
7.67 7.63
8.78 8.68 9.14 9.44 9.37 9.6
0.029 0.086 0.053
1.25
3.8
6.2
7.6
8.4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2002-
03
2003-
04
2004-
05
2005-
06
2006-
07
2007-
08
2008-
09
2009-
10
Millionhectares
Year
Adoption of Bt cotton in India
total (mha)
Bt (mha)

22. Recent Successes- contd
• Revolution in potato production & productivity
• Area 0.54 mha in 1950 to 1.8 mha in 2011
• Prodn. 1.56mt -------------- to 40 mt in 2011
• Prodn. 28 times: Productivity 3 times
Basmati Rice :
Volume of Export – 8 times in 20 yrs
1990 2010
0.25 mt 2.0 mt
Export earning increased by 1,000 times ?

23. 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Value of Basmati Export
(Rs. in Crores)
2 billion US $

24. Single Cross Maize Hybrids in India
• During the last decade, maize production doubled
• Maize productivity increased by 80%
• Maize has shown fastest growth rate (~8%) during the
last 5 yrs. – highest among cereals
• Maize production can further be doubled in next decade
• Hybrid coverage to be increased (from current 35%)
• QPM will help in reducing protein malnutrition (25% food)
• QPM- feed for better conversion ratio in poultry (61%)
• QPM through Marker assisted backcross breeding
• Baby corn export (1 million US $ in 2008 & 2009)

25. Consumption of Chemical Fertilizers