This presentation includes the topic MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS.

1. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Presented to:
Madam Azeema Talib
Presented by:
Aisha Kalsoom
Maryam Khalid
Muhammad Ahmad
Faiza Tariq
Aqsa Khalid

2. THE TOPIC IS:
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS

3. MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
5/13/2012
Motivation
• Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior.
• The factors that direct and energize the behavior of
humans and other organisms.
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4. PERSPECTIVES ON MOTIVATION
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 Instincts
 Drive Reduction Approaches
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Arousal Approaches
 Incentive Approaches
 Cognitive Approaches
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5. INSTINCTS
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 Inborn, goal-directed behavior that is characteristic
of an entire species
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Human behavior is not easily explained by instincts
because
 Most important human behavior is learned
 Human behavior is rarely inflexible
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6. DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY
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 Drive
 A state of tension or arousal caused by bodily
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
needs
 Theories suggested that a lack of a basic
biological requirement such as water
produces a drive to obtain that requirement.
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7. DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY
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 Primary drive
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Unlearned drive, such as hunger, based on a
physiological state
 Secondary drive
 Learned drive, such as ambition
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8. AROUSAL THEORY
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 People are motivated to seek an optimal level of
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
arousal for a given moment
 Yerkes-Dodson law
 States that there is an optimal level or arousal for best
performance on any task
 The more complex the task, the lower the level of
arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with
performance
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YERKES-DODSON LAW

10. INCENTIVE APPROACHES
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 External stimuli that prompt goal-directed behavior
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 We are often unaware of the incentive
 Examples
 Aroma of food may cause us to eat even when not
hungry
 Advertisements can lead us to buy a product
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11. COGNITIVE APPROACHES
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 Theories suggesting that motivation is a product of
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
people’s thoughts and expectations.
 Cognitive approaches of motivation draw a key
distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation.
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12. INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
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 Intrinsic motivation
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Motivation for a behavior is the behavior itself
 Children playing is an example
 Extrinsic motivation
 Behavior is performed in order to obtain a reward or to
avoid punishment
 A bonus program is an example
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13. 5/13/2012
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
Fig. 12.7 Monkeys happily open locks that are placed in their
cage. Since no reward is given for this activity, it provides 13
evidence for the existence of stimulus needs. (Photo courtesy of
Harry F. Harlow.)

14. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
5/13/2012
 Self-actualization - according to Maslow, the point
that is seldom reached at which people have
sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
their full human potential.
 Peak experiences- according to Maslow, times in a
person’s life during which self-actualization is
temporarily achieved.
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15. 5/13/2012
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
Fig. 12.12 Maslow believed that lower needs in the hierarchy are dominant.
Basic needs must be satisfied before growth motives are fully expressed.
Desires for self-actualization are reflected in various meta-needs. 15

16. HUMAN NEEDS AND MOTIVATION
Eat, Drink and be Daring.

17. MOTIVATION BEHIND HUNGER AND EATING
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 Brain control of hunger
 Biological control of hunger
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 External control of hunger
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18. 5/13/2012 MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
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19. BRAIN CONTROL OF HUNGER
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 Eating is modulated by
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
the hypothalamus
 Under eating occurs after
destruction of the LH
 Overeating occurs after
destruction of the VMH
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20. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF HUNGER
5/13/2012
 One important factor is changes in the chemical
composition of the blood.
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Changes in levels of glucose regulate feelings of
hunger.
 Metabolism
 The rate at which food is converted to energy and
expended by the body.
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21. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF HUNGER
5/13/2012
 Leptin - a hormone that, when released into the
bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the
body has had enough food and reduces the
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
appetite while increasing the feeling of being full.
 Role of leptin in obesity.
 Genetics and obesity.
 Genetics may play a part in anorexia and
bulimia, as well as insensitivity to leptin.
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22. EXTERNAL CONTROL OF HUNGER
5/13/2012
 Culture is a key factor in the control of eating
 When we eat (dinner at 6 pm or 10 pm)
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 What we eat (red meat versus vegetarian)
 Group size: amount consumed increases as the
size of the dinner party increases
 External cues of food may produce greater internal
impact (salivation, insulin secretion) in some people
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23. EATING DISORDERS: OBESITY
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 A condition in which the body
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
weight of a person is 20 percent or
more over the ideal body weight for
that person’s height (actual percents
vary across definitions).
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24. EATING DISORDERS: ANOREXIA NERVOSA
5/13/2012
 Active self-starvation or sustained loss of appetite
that seems to have psychological origins
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Control issues seem to be involved
 Very difficult to effectively treat
 Affects adolescent females overwhelmingly
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25. EATING DISORDERS: BULIMIA NERVOSA
(BINGE-PURGE SYNDROME)
5/13/2012
 Excessive eating usually followed by self-induced
vomiting and/or taking laxatives
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Difficult to treat
 Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosa
 Affects females overwhelmingly
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26. CAUSES OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND BULIMIA
NERVOSA
5/13/2012
 Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of
becoming fat; they think they are fat when the
opposite is true!
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight;
anorectics with perfect control
 Anorectics will often be put on a “weight-gain” diet
to restore weight
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27. SOME PROBLEMS IN EATING BEHAVIOR
5/13/2012
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
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28. BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF
PSYCHOLOGY
5/13/2012
 There is an easy route to weight control.
 Keep track of what you eat and what you weigh.
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Eat “big” foods.
 Exercise.
 Decrease the influence of external, social stimulus
on your eating behaviour.
 Avoid fad diets.
 Maintain good eating habits.
 Set reasonable goals.
 Don’t feel guilty.
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29. THIRST
5/13/2012
 Extracellular Thirst: When water is lost from
fluids surrounding the cells of the body
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Intracellular Thirst: When fluid is drawn out
of cells because of increased concentration
of salts and minerals outside the cell
 Best satisfied by drinking water
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30. PAIN
5/13/2012
 Pain Avoidance: An episodic drive
 Occurs in distinct episodes when bodily damage
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
takes place or is about to occur
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31. SEX DRIVE
5/13/2012
 Estrus: Changes in animals that create a desire for
sex; females in heat
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Estrogen: A female sex hormone
 Androgens: Male hormones
 Non-homeostatic: Independent of bodily need
states
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32. THE NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT: STRIVING FOR
SUCCESS
5/13/2012
 A stable, learned characteristic in which a person
obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
level of excellence.
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33. MEASURING ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
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 TAT—Thematic Apperception Test
 Developed by Henry Murray, personality theorist
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Projective device consisting of 20 drawings (black and
white) of various situations
 People must make up stories about the people in it
 Central themes are examined and interpreted
 Good at revealing feelings about a person’s social
relationships
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35. THE NEED FOR AFFILIATION: STRIVING FOR
FRIENDSHIP
5/13/2012
 An interest in establishing and maintaining
relationships with other people.
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Individuals with a high need for affiliation write TAT
stories that emphasize the desire to maintain or
reinstate friendships and show concern over being
rejected by friends.
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36. THE NEED FOR POWER: STRIVING FOR
IMPACT ON OTHERS
5/13/2012
 A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence
over others, and to seen as a powerful individual.
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
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37. EMOTIONS

38. ELEMENTS OF EMOTION
5/13/2012
 Emotion
- the “feeling” aspect of
consciousness, characterized by a certain physical
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion
to the outside world, and an inner awareness of
feelings.
 Components of emotion include
 Cognitive: thoughts, beliefs and expectations
 Physiological: Internal physical changes related to
arousal
 Behavioral: Outward signs of an emotional state
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39. THE FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS
5/13/2012
 Psychologists have identified several important
functions that emotions play in our lives:
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Preparing us for action.
 Shaping our future behaviour.
 Helping us interact more effectively with others.
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40. BRAIN AND EMOTION
5/13/2012
 Amygdala
 Part of limbic system that produces fear
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
responses
 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):
 Neural system that connects brain with internal
organs and glands
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41. BRAIN AND EMOTION
5/13/2012
 Sympathetic Branch:
 Part of ANS that activates body for emergency
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
action
 Parasympathetic Branch:
 Part of ANS that quiets body and conserves
energy
 Parasympathetic Rebound:
 Overreaction to intense emotion
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MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
Fig. 12.15 An amygdala can be found buried within the temporal lobes on
each side of the brain. The amygdala appears to provide “quick and dirty” 42
processing of emotional stimuli that allows us to act involuntarily to danger

43. LIE DETECTORS
5/13/2012
 Polygraph:
 Device that records heart rate, blood
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response
(GSR); lie detector
 GSR:
 Measures sweating
 Irrelevant Questions:
 Neutral, nonthreatening, non-emotional questions in a
polygraph test
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44. LIE DETECTORS
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 Relevant Questions:
 Questions to which only someone guilty should react
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Control Questions:
 Questions that almost always provoke anxiety in a
polygraph (e.g. “Have you ever taken any office
supplies?”)
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45. 5/13/2012
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
Fig. 12.17 A typical polygraph includes devices for measuring heart rate, blood
pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response. Pens mounted on the top of the
machine make a record of bodily responses on a moving strip of paper. (right)
Changes in the area marked by the arrow indicate emotional arousal. If such
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responses appear when a person answers a question, he or she may be lying, but
other causes of arousal are also possible.

46. DETECTING LIES
5/13/2012
 Illustrators:
 Gestures people use to illustrate what they are saying
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Emblems:
 Gestures that have widely understood meanings within
a particular culture
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47. PRIMARY EMOTIONS AND MOOD
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 Eight primary emotions (Plutchik, 2001)
 Fear
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Surprise
 Sadness
 Disgust
 Anger
 Anticipation
 Joy
 Trust
 Mood: Low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state
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49. BODY LANGUAGE (KINESICS)
5/13/2012
 Study of communication through body
movement, posture, gestures, and facial
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
expressions
 Emotional Tone:
 Underlying emotional state
 Facial Blends:
 Mix of two or more basic expressions
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50. 5/13/2012
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
Fig. 12.18 When shown groups of simplified faces (without labels) the angry
and scheming faces “jumped out” at people faster than sad, happy, or neutral
faces.
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51. COMMON SENSE THEORY OF EMOTION
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 Common Sense Theory of Emotion
 A stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
bodily arousal.
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52. JAMES-LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION
5/13/2012
 James-Lange theory of Emotion:
 Theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
labeling of an emotion.
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53. CANNON-BARD THEORY OF EMOTION
5/13/2012
 Cannon-Bard theory of Emotion:
 Theory in which the physiological reaction and the
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
emotion are assumed to occur at the same time.
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54. SCHACTER AND SINGER’S STUDY OF
EMOTION
5/13/2012
 Participants who were exposed to the “angry” man
interpreted their physical arousal as anger
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Participants who were exposed to the “happy” man
interpreted their physical arousal as happiness.
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55. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION OF EMOTION
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 Voice quality
 Facial expression
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Body language
 Posture and the way we move communicates
information
 Personal space
 Explicit acts
 For example, slamming doors
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56. GENDER, CULTURE AND EMOTION

57. GENDER AND EMOTION
5/13/2012
 Men and women feel emotions equally, but express
them differently
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Men and women may experience different emotions
in the same situation
 Anger
 Men tend to direct their anger outward
 Women tend to direct their anger inward
 Women are more skilled at understanding
nonverbal components of emotion
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58. CULTURE AND EMOTION
5/13/2012
 Expression of emotion can be influenced by cultural
norms
MOTIVATIONS AND EMOTIONS
 Some emotional displays are universal
 Display rules
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