Content of Solar Tracking System of Final Report Submitted in B.Tech (EEE) Final Year.

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info4eee | Information For Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Candidate’s Declaration
We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report entitled
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING
STEPPER MOTOR in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering, College of
Engineering Roorkee, affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun (India),
is an authentic record of our own work carried out during session 2012-13, under the
supervision of Mr. Amit Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical
Engineering and Mr. J K Vashishtha , Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical
Engineering of College of Engineering Roorkee, Roorkee (India).
The matter embodied in this project report has not been submitted by us for the
award of any other degree or diploma.
Dated: May , 2013
(Amarjeet Singh Jamwal)
60060108014
(Chetan Mehta)
60060108015
(Bablu Kumar)
09060108028
(Ankit Agarwal)
09060108011

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info4eee | Information For Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Certificate
This is to certify that the project work “MICROCONTROLLER BASED SOLAR
TRACKING SYSTEM USING STEPPER MOTOR” is a bonafide record of work
done by Amarjeet Singh Jamwal, Ankit Agarwal, Bablu Kumar, Chetan Mehta
under our guidance in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the B-Tech project as per
the record of Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun in academic session of
2012-13 at College Of Engineering Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India -247667.
Mr. Amit Kumar Mr J. K. Vashishtha
(Assistant Professor) (Assistant Professor)
Department of Electrical
Engineering
Department of Electrical
Engineering
Mrs. Anuradha Mr. Akhilendra Yadav
(Project Co-ordinator) (Head of Department)
Department of Electrical
Engineering
Department of Electrical
Engineering

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Acknowledgement
We would like to express our profound and sincere gratitude to our project guides,
Mr. Amit Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering and Mr. J
K Vashishtha, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of
Engineering Roorkee, for their constant and valuable guidance, inspiration, forbearance
and keen interest during this project work.
We take this opportunity to thank Mrs. Anuradha, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering for providing the departmental facilities for
carrying out this work.
We are also very grateful for the forbearance shown by Mr. Akhilendra Yadav,
Head of Department, Department of Electrical Engineering, for his concern and advice,
during the period of our project.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge the immeasurable contribution of our
parents, without their constant inspiration and comradeship this work would never have
been over. After completion of this project we can confidently say that this experience
has not only enriched us with technical knowledge but also enhanced the maturity of
thoughts and vision.
Name of students
AMARJEET SINGH JAMWAL
CHETAN MEHTA
ANKIT AGARWAL
Dated : May , 2013 BABLU KUMAR

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Contents
Candidate’s Declaration
(i)
Certificate
(ii)
Acknowledgement
(iii)
Abstract
(vi)
List of Figures and Tables
(vii)
1. Introduction
1
1.1. Background
2
2. Literature Research
3
2.1. Technology of Solar Panel
3
2.2. Evolution of Sola Tracker
3
3. Project Description
5
3.1. Block Diagram
5
3.2. Schematic Diagram
5
3.3. Printed Circuit Board
6
4. Components Description
11
4.1. Solar Tracker
11
4.2. Methods of Tracker mount
11

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info4eee | Information For Electrical & Electronics Engineering
4.3. Methods of drive
11
4.4. Sensors
12
4.5. Motor
13
4.6. Microcontroller
18
4.7. Liquid Crystal Display
25
4.8. Transformer
25
4.9. Bridge Rectifier
27
4.10. Regulator IC
29
4.11. The Capacitor Filter
30
4.12. Light Emitting Diode
35
4.13. Resistor
35
5. Conclusion
39
6. References
40

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Abstract
This Project shows design and realization of automatic solar panel orientation system in
order to achieve high performances. This can be done by keeping the solar panel at 90
degree to The Sun rays. To achieve this we are using a microcontroller, a stepper motor,
five LDRs, and a LCD. The management of the system, depending on the movements,
the presence of sun, and the regular checkup of the system evolution, is ensured by an
electronic unit executed around a microcontroller.
Keywords: solar tracker, stepper motor, RTC, LDR, single axis tracking

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info4eee | Information For Electrical & Electronics Engineering
List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Caption Page No.
2.1
Sun’s apparent motion 4
3.1
Block Diagram of Project 5
3.2
Schematic Diagram of Project 5
3.3
Printed circuit board (PCB) 6
3.4
Single sided PCB 7
3.5 Double sided PCB 7
3.6
Multi layered PCB 7
4.1
Light Dependent Resistor 12
4.1
Unipolar Stepper motor operation 15
4.2 different type of photo diodes
13
4.2 Port A Pins Alternate functions
22
4.3
Stepper Motors 14
4.4
Bipolar and Unipolar stepper Motor 15
4.5
Bipolar and Unipolar drivers with MOS transistors 16
4.6
Block diagram of demo application 17
4.7 Operating states for different speed profile parts
17
4.8 State machine for timer interrupt
17
4.9
Pin diagram of ATmega16 20

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info4eee | Information For Electrical & Electronics Engineering
4.10
2x16 LCD Display
25
4.11 Transformer
26
4.12 Bridge rectifier
27
4.13 Bridge rectifier in parallel capacitor at the output
28
4.14 MCT7805CT voltage regulator
30
4.15 Full-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter
31
4.16 Half-wave rectifier without filtering
31
4.17 Half-wave rectifier with filtering
32
4.18 Capacitor filter circuit
33
4.19 Capacitor filter circuit
33
4.20 Full-wave rectifier with capacitor filter
34
4.21 LED
35
4.22 From top to bottom: W, W, and 1-W resistors.
36
4.23 Different types of resistors.
37
4.24 Fixed resistors: (a) wire wound type; (b) carbon film type.
37
4.25 Color coding
37