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Plasma Glucose Result
(mg/dL)
Diagnosis
99 and below
Normal
Pre-diabetes
(impaired fasting glucose)
126 and above
Diabetes*
2-Hour Plasma Glucose
Result (mg/dL)
Diagnosis
139 and below
Normal
140 to 199
Pre-diabetes
(impaired glucose
tolerance)
200 and above
Diabetes*
When
Plasma Glucose Result
(mg/dL)
Fasting
95 or higher
At 1 hour
180 or higher
At 2 hours
155 or higher
At 3 hours
140 or higher
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100 to 125
*Confirmed by repeating the test on a different day.
Source: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health.
diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
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Source: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health.
diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
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Source: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health.
diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
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Most women with gestational diabetes can make it to their due dates safely and begin labor naturally. In some cases, though,
gestational diabetes could change the way you feel or how your baby is delivered. Again, keep in mind that just because you have
gestational diabetes does not mean that you will have any change in delivery. Talk to your health care provider about ANY
concerns you have about labor or delivery.
an
Keeping your blood sugar level under control during labor and
delivery is vital to your own health and to your baby's health. If
you do not take insulin during your pregnancy, you probably
won't need it during labor or delivery. If you do take insulin
during your pregnancy, you may receive an insulin shot when
labor begins, or you may get insulin through a thin, plastic tube
in your arm that goes into your bloodstream during labor.
Gestational diabetes puts women at higher risk than women
without the condition for developing preeclampsia, late in their
pregnancies. Preeclampsia is a condition related to a sudden
blood pressure increase; it can be a serious. (For more
information on preeclampsia, go to the Your health care
provider might also tell you to: Have your blood pressure
checked as indicated section of this booklet.) The only way to
cure preeclampsia is to deliver the baby; but delivery may not
be the best option for your health or for the health of the baby.
Your health care provider will keep you under close watch,
possibly at the hospital, and will run multiple tests to determine
whether early delivery is safe and needed. Your health care
provider will give you more information about early delivery,
should it be necessary.
This is a type of surgery used to deliver the baby, instead of
natural delivery through the vagina. Cesarean delivery is also
called a cesarean section, or "C" section. Simply having
gestational diabetes is not a reason to have a C section, but your
health care provider may have other reasons for choosing a
cesarean delivery, such as changes in your health or your baby's
health during labor.
Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health. www.nichd.nih.gov
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Most women who have gestational diabetes give birth to healthy babies, especially when they keep their blood sugar under
control, eat a healthy diet, get regular, moderate physical activity, and maintain a healthy weight. In some cases, though, the
condition can affect the pregnancy.
Keeping glucose levels under control may prevent certain problems related to gestational diabetes.
Below are some conditions that can result from your having gestational diabetes. Keep in mind that just because you have
gestational diabetes does not mean that these problems will occur.
Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health. www.nichd.nih.gov
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Diabetic eye disease refers to a group of eye problems that people with
diabetes may face as a complication of diabetes. All can cause severe
vision loss or even blindness.
Diabetic eye disease may include:
Cornea
Pupil
Lens
Iris
Cataract:
clouding of the eye's lens.
Cataracts develop at an
earlier age in people with
diabetes.
Vitreous gel
Macula
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Retina
Optic nerve
Diabetic
Retinopathy:
damage to the
blood vessels in
the retina.
Glaucoma:
increase in fluid
pressure inside the
eye that leads to optic
nerve damage and
loss of vision. A
person with diabetes
is nearly twice as
likely to get glaucoma
as other adults.
Source: National Eye Institute, U.S. National Institute of Health. www.nei.nih.gov
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Diabetic retinopathy is the most common diabetic eye disease and a
leading cause of blindness in American adults. It is caused by changes in
the blood vessels of the retina.
Source: National Eye Institute, U.S. National Institute of Health. www.nei.nih.gov
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Diabetic neuropathy can be classified as peripheral, autonomic, proximal, or focal. Each affects different parts of the body
in various ways.
Source: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,
National Institutes of Health. diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
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Esophagus
Gastroparesis, also called
delayed gastric emptying, is
a disorder in which the
stomach takes too long to
empty its contents. Normally,
the stomach contracts to
move food down into the
small intestine for digestion.
The vagus nerve controls the
movement of food from the
stomach through the
digestive tract. Gastroparesis
occurs when the vagus nerve
is damaged and the muscles
of the stomach and intestines
do not work normally. Food
then moves slowly or stops
moving through the digestive
tract
Stomach
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Small Intestine
What are the complications ofgastroparesis?
If food lingers too long in the stomach, it can cause bacterial overgrowth from the
fermentation of food. Also, the food can harden into solid masses called bezoars that
may cause nausea, vomiting, and obstruction in the stomach. Bezoars can be
dangerous if they block the passage of food into the small intestine.
Gastroparesis can make diabetes worse by making blood glucose control more difficult.
When food that has been delayed in the stomach finally enters the small intestine and
is absorbed, blood glucose levels rise. Sincegastroparesis makes stomach emptying
unpredictable, a person’s blood glucose levels can be erratic and difficult to control.
Source: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,
National Institutes of Health. diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
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Pneumonia is named for the way in which a person gets the infection or for the germ that causes it.
Source: National Heart and Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. www.nhlbi.nih.gov
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The pneumococcal shot protects you from getting a serious infection in your blood or brain that can
cause dangerous health problems, hospitalization or death.
Source: Center for Disease Control; and Prevention. www.cdc.gov